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The paper assesses the volume and type of water consumption in Poznań using a water footprint indicator (WFTP) consisting of such components as green, blue and grey water consumption. Average rainfall over many years, water retention within the city, pollution indicators found in sewage and the amount of sewage treated from the city area were assessed. The water footprint obtained for Poznań was compared with the values of indicators for Wrocław. The presented analysis of the results of WFTP calculations should constitute the basis for assessing direct and indirect water consumption by consumers and producers of Poznań and serve better water management and maintenance in the urban area.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland in 1981-2010. Water needs were calculated by the plant coefficients, which were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney-Criddle’s equation, modified for Polish conditions. Rainfall deficit with the occurrence probability of normal, medium dry and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the growing season was 434 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the periods May-October and June-August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for most of the provinces. The rainfall deficit was recorded with the occurrence probability of normal as well as medium or very dry years in the entire study area. Due to climate changes, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. This research significantly broadens and refines the knowledge about the water needs of grapevines in central Poland, which will allow the design of resource-efficient irrigation programs for grapevines in the studied region of Poland.

The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses.

The goal of this study was to assess the water needs of elderberry. The investigation included elderberry plants that had been planted in land reclamation areas more than three years earlier. The water needs were evaluated for 5 agro-climatic regions of Poland. The calculations were based on the observation of meteorological conditions in the years 1981-2010 for the period from June 1 to July 31. To determine the water needs, the plant coefficient method was applied. The Blaney-Criddle formula, which was modified for Polish conditions by Żakowicz (2010), was used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration. The plant coefficients of elderberry, adapted to the reference evapotranspiration, were adjusted to Żakowicz’s method. The rainfall deficit with the probability of occurrence: N50%, N25% and N10%, was assessed in accordance with Ostromęcki’s method. The highest water needs of elderberry occurred in central-north-west (264 mm) and central-east (262 mm) Poland, while the lowest (244 mm) in the south-east region. In June, the highest total monthly water needs (119 mm) were noted for south-west Poland, whereas the lowest (107 mm) for the south-east region. In June and July, except for the central-north-west region, an upward time trend of water needs was noted throughout Poland. In June and July, the highest value (135 mm) of rainfall deficit N50% and N25% was estimated for the central-north-west region, while the highest rainfall deficit N10% (269 mm) for central-east Poland. The results of the presented research find application in the planning of irrigation treatments for elderberry in Poland.

The aim of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in the different regions of Poland. The grapevines water requirements, considered as the crop evapotranspiration, were determined using the plant coefficient method. The grapevine plants crop evapotranspiration was measured using the reference evapotranspiration and plant coefficients. The plant coefficients were adapted to the reference evapotranspiration that was calculated using the Blaney Criddle’s formula, modified for Polish conditions by Żakowicz. The grapevines water needs were determined for five agro climatic regions of Poland with the representative meteorological stations. The calculations of grapevines water requirements have been carried out for the thirty year period determined from 1981 to 2010. The study based on the six month growing season established from May 1 to October 31. As the irrigation period, four months, including May, June, July and August, were considered. The highest grapevines water needs (440 mm), during the growing season, in the north west and central east region of Poland were observed. While the lowest water requirements in the south east (414 mm) and north east (415 mm) region of the country were revealed. During the irrigation period, the highest grapevines water needs occurred in the central north west (355 mm) and central east (353 mm) region of Poland, while the lowest (329 mm) – in the south east region of the country. The upward time trend of the grapevines water requirements was observed both in the growing season and in the irrigation period. With the exception of the central north west region, this time trend was significant throughout Poland. The highest increase of grapevines water needs in the growing season (by 6.9 mm in each subsequent ten year period) in the central east and south east region of Poland was revealed. In the irrigation period, the highest rise of grapevines water requirements in the south west (7.4 mm decade-1) and south east (7.6 mm decade-1) region of the country was noted. The highest rainfall deficit was observed in the central north west region of Poland; 125 mm during the growing season, and 117 mm in the irrigation period.

The ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo L.) has low habitat requirements, which is why this species is often used in the reclamation or industrial areas. Development of the reclamation plantings depends on the optimal water soil conditions that can be controlled by watering treatments. However, the use of irrigation requires determining the water needs of cultivated species. The objective of the study was to evaluate the water needs of ash-leaved maple in the reclamation plantings, in the period of over three years after planting. The water needs of ash-leaved maple were determined using the crop coefficients method. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated using the Blaney-Criddle’s formula that was modified for Polish conditions by Żakowicz. The water needs of ash-leaved maple were assessed for five agro-climatic regions of Poland, in the years 1981-2010. The water needs of ash-leaved maple in the growing period (April-October) were the highest in the C-E (638 mm) and C-N-W (637 mm) regions, and the lowest in the N-E (598 mm) and S-E (601 mm) regions. In July, the highest water needs were noted in the C-N-W region (149 mm) and the lowest in the S-W region (129 mm). In the studied thirty-years period, there was a significant upward trend in the water needs of ash-leaved maple both during the growing season (except for the C-N-W region) and in July, in all considered regions.

Most species of Cucurbitaceae respond favorably to irrigation, especially when combined with fertilizers. The effect of drip irrigation combined with nitrogen fertigation in melon grown on a very light soil in Central Poland, during 2013–2015, was evaluated. The field experimental design was a split-plot with four replications. Two factors were studied: (1) irrigation treatments applied in two combinations—drip irrigation + broadcast nitrogen fertilization (control), and drip irrigation + fertigation with nitrogen, (2) two cultivars—Melba and Seledyn. The total marketable yield of fruits, weight of a single fruit, and the concentration of dry matter, total sugars, monosaccharides, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, and polyphenols were evaluated. Tested factors presented a significant effect both on the yield and nutritive value characteristics. Drip irrigation combined with nitrogen fertigation, comparing to the control, notably improved yields and nutritional value of fruits. Seledyn produced better yields than Melba. This study shows that on very light soil, with low water and nutrient retention capacity, melon should be drip-irrigated and nitrogen-fertigated to obtain the best cultivation results.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of several methods of mulching degraded forest soil with wood chips on the development of mite (Acari) community, with particular emphasis to oribatid mites (Oribatida), and on the growth of young plantings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Mulching with wood chips should contribute to revitalize soil fauna and restore natural forests on degraded soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted at the post-military training ground. Four experimental treatments were tested: control&mdash, uncovered soil (C), mulching with wood chips (W), W + mycorrhiza preparation (WM), and W + forest litter (WL). At the end of the growing season in 2012, 2013 and 2014, the following plant measurements were carried out: length of annual increment of the main stem, stem base diameter, number and lengths of lateral shoots in the annual whorl. The mite calculations included average mite density, dominance index, species richness, oribatid mite diversity, average number of species, and Shannon general species diversity index. The use of mulching with wood chips did not significantly affect the growth characteristics of Scots pine plants, but strongly increased the mite community. After mulching, the total number and species diversity of Acari increased many times, and Oribatida began to dominate among micro-arthropods. The number of Oribatida increased most in W. The largest species diversity was observed in WL. 24 species of Oribatida were found that were used as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes. Tectocepheus velatus clearly dominated in all mulching treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus were also numerous populations of Oribatida. The study shows that mulching with Scots pine wood chips, especially with the addition of forest litter, significantly enriches soil fauna and is therefore useful in the regeneration process of degenerated forest soils.

The aim of the study was to present the concepts of water reclamation and development of post-mining areas of the Adamów Lignite Mine following the termination of its excavating operation. Reclamation procedures will accelerate the process of restoring the devastated post-mining area to the natural environment and, above all, will contribute to the increase in local water resources. It was decided to create several water reservoirs with different surface areas and capacities within the final workings of opencasts. The reservoirs are used for water retention, recreation, melioration and flood control purposes, as well as for depositing overburden from other opencast workings. In total, the construction of 5 water reservoirs will include 4 weirs, 7 monks and 3 culverts with damming as well as a number of kilometres of inflow and outflow channels. The schedule of works and expenditures of the investment amounts to PLN 14.509.512 and is divided into 5 stages, not only covering the construction of the reservoirs, but also the water and drainage infrastructure necessary for their proper operation. All constructed and planned water reservoirs (Przykona, Janiszew, Koźmin, Głowy, Adamów, Koźmin Końcowy and Władysławów) will become new permanent elements of the landscape and the hydrographic network, coupled with the catchment system of the Warta River. They will allow for increase in the retention capacity of the Adamów Lignite Mine's area from previous 32,3 million m3 to 219.6 million m3 in the perspective of 2023. They will improve the microclimate of post-mining areas and have a positive impact on lands created as a result of reclamation. They will provide retention for irrigation of adjacent agricultural areas and help reduce economic and natural losses caused by flooding. They will open recreational opportunities for residents of surrounding areas characterised by water shortages. The post-mining reservoirs, formed during mining operations, perfectly fit into the Small Retention Program. The existing and planned water bodies are the best proof for the rightness of decisions taken in the field of reclamation for water purposes. Landscape shaping during the exploitation of lignite, as practice shows, is a great opportunity for the post-mining region to create reservoirs in places where they do not occur in nature.

The aim of the work was to analyse which of the selected geodetic and cartographic materials (maps and high resolution aerial images) are useful for inventory of water drainage devices. Obviously, correct determination of their quantitative and qualitative statuses can be made through field inventory. Quantitative inventory can also be done on the basis of maps. For the purpose of this research, an analysis was carried out which consisted of checking which of the selected cartographic and photogrammetric materials best reflect the location of irrigation devices in the field. The analyses were based on both digital and analogue maps at the scale of 1 : 50 000 to 1 : 5 000. The selected photogrammetric materials included images at the scale of 1 : 10 000 and 1 : 1000.

Water reclamation works, especially those related to stream maintenance, are necessary wherever their lack may cause a risk to the natural environment, as well as human life and property. This paper presents the assessment of the maintenance costs on natural and regulated streams in the years 2010-2016 in the Poznań district. In the analysed years, the costs for works on streams and water-drainage constructions amounted to an average of 1,214,800 PLN per year, which in terms of a 1km stream is approximately 3,575 PLN/km per year. Higher maintenance costs occurred on the regulated streams, where the average cost of a 1 km stream was approximately 7,042 PLN. Moreover, high costs were noted in the works on unregulated streams, where the average cost was approximately 8,948 PLN. The amount of public funding for the maintenance and current operation was quite insufficient, as it covered only 4.2% of the annual average demand. The positive trend is nearly a 6-fold increase in funds for current maintenance compared to the year 2010, when a flood occurred. The results of the conducted analyses indicate the cognitive need and purpose, as well as the economic importance, to establish water reclamation monitoring, as well as develop the existing IT system for recording water reclamation works and water management in agriculture.

W artykule, który powstał w ramach pracy dyplomowej realizowanej na kierunku Architektura Krajobrazu na Uniwersytecie Przyrodniczym w Poznaniu (Gębski 2016), przedstawiono koncepcję zagospodarowania glinianek – terenu znajdującego się w granicach Poznania. Mimo lokalizacji w bliskiej odległości od wielu osiedli mieszkaniowych, teren ten charakteryzuje się dużymi walorami przyrodniczymi oraz krajobrazowymi. Równie ważnym aspektem jest kulturowa przeszłość tego miejsca. Kilkadziesiąt stawów powstało wskutek wydobycia pokładów gliny, która w wielu pobliskich cegielniach była przetwarzana na materiał budowlany. Po wykonaniu analiz wyznaczono trzy strefy funkcjonalne omawianego terenu, umożliwiające zarówno uprawianie różnego typu sportów, jak i rekreacji. Obszar będący najcenniejszym miejscem pod względem przyrodniczym zdecydowano się zachować w niezmienionej formie. Kolejny fragment analizowanego obszaru stanowi łowisko wędkarskie oraz stadnina koni istniejąca na wydzierżawionym fragmencie powierzchni. Trzecia strefę przewidziano jako holistyczne miejsce integracji lokalnej społeczności poprzez umożliwienie mieszkańcom pobliskich osiedli różnych aktywności.

This paper presents the functioning of a closed pond as a small storage reservoir in the urban catchment area located in the Wilda district of Poznań. It presents the natural, hydro-geological and urban conditions and the factors conditioning the water level in the pond. Particular attention was focused upon on the pond as a rainwater receiver. The total catchment area and partial catchment area were determined. The inflow of water into the pond, with varying degrees of probability of occurrence, was calculated based on metrological data. The example of a pond in the John Paul II Park shows that this reservoir may be effectively used as rainwater receiver, without underestimating their other functions. They contribute to the increase of the underground water resources, increase the attractiveness of the recreational area and provide a natural value. However, the continuous urbanization, sealing the soil surface and the occurrence of extreme weather conditions necessitate a comprehensive look at the management of rainwater in urban areas. Calculations showed that the largest inflow of rain water occurs after a day’s rain with the probability p = 100%, and would amount to 3365 m3, and the water level in the pond would rise by only 0.25 m to a capacity of about 7000 m3. This represents 57% of the total capacity of the pond. If such an increase in the water level had occurred during the period of high water levels in the pond, it could not have damaging consequences of flooding. Only the occurrence of a day’s rain with the probability p = 10%, and capacity around 4700 m3, would completely fill the pond. Such a situation can be avoided by recultivation and desilting the bottom of the pond, where the slime collects with a capacity of 1300 m3.

In the paper rivers, canals and levees and the technical condition of drainage localized on them are evaluated. Research was related to the needs and scope of works performed in 2013 and 2014. To ensure technical efficiency drainage systems are subject to periodic maintenance treatments. To ensure technical efficiency drainage systems are subject to periodic maintenance treatments 2,01 millions PLN was spent on sustaining and maintains of melioration devices in the activity area of Lubuski Zarząd Melioracji i Urządzeń Wodnych. The expenses concerning rivers and channels as well as mowing and sustaining flood defences devices. The other expenses were spent on three pumping station of total yield equals 6.350 dm3·s-1 influencing on area of 4069 ha. Downward trend of work amount as the result of downward trend of spending financial means was observed at analysed area. Decrease of spending financial means was about 11% in 2013 and 2014 years. Financial means allocated on current sustaining and maintains suffice only for 30 to 40% of entire basic drainage devices.

The purpose of research was to determine the irrigation effects on the root yield of red beet grown on light soil in different regions of Poland, depending on rainfall amounts during the period July-August. Relationship between the increases of root yield and applying of irrigation was estimated using the Grabarczyk’s formula. The amounts of rainfall in the average dry year, medium dry and very dry were determined by the Ostromecki’s method. Rainfall deficits in the cultivation of red beet were determined according to the difference between optimum and real precipitation in five meteorological stations. The highest precipitation deficiencies in the red beet crops in July-August were observed in the central Poland, where amounts 51–52, 98 and 118–124 mm, in average dry, medium dry and very dry years, respectively. The highest increases of the root yield obtained using irrigation were estimated also in the central Poland, where amounts 9.26 and 8.96 t ha−1, 17.30 and 17.28 t ha−1, and 20.92 and 22.00 t ha−1 in average dry, medium dry and very dry years, respectively. The increases of red beet yield obtained using irrigation showed the large possibilities of raising its productivity in the field cultivation under optimal water conditions.

Black locust, considered an ornamental plant, is often used in the soil reclamation process, because it enriches the soil with nitrogen. High seedling survival rate in the first stage of reclamation depends mainly on sufficient water conditions controlled by irrigation, which in turn requires determining the plant’s water needs. The aim of the research was the estimation of black locust water needs during the first three years of growing. Potential evapotranspiration, as the measure of the plant water needs, was calculated in the study. The formula of Blaney-Criddle, modified by Żakowicz for Polish conditions, by using the adjusted crop coefficients, was applied. The calculations were carried out for the growing period (April–October) during the thirty years period (1981–2010), for five agro-climatic regions of Poland. The results presented a rising tendency in the black locust water needs for all tested 30 years and in each considered region. The water needs during the growing season increased in each ten years period of the analyzed 30 years by 9.8 mm in the central-eastern and south-eastern regions, by 9.4 mm in the south-west region, by 8.3 mm in the north-east region and by 5.8 mm in the north-west region.

State of water-drainage infrastructure affects the conditions for sustainable development of rural areas. Irrigation-drainage systems for governing water relations in soils of the valley areas consist of a system of rivers, canals and ditches with impoundment structure. The considerable neglect in the maintenance of existing water-drainage infrastructure resulted in their recapitalization. The most important way to restore the efficiency of their proper functioning should be their correct and timely maintenance. The study evaluated the need for maintenance of basic drainage structures in the district of Stargard. The study covered the years 2010–2012.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of carp pond culture on mycological condition of surface waters. The study was conducted in a fish farm in Ślesin. To indicate the number of fungi the water was sampled at the tributary, ponds production and winter habitats and at the outflow. This study has shown that ponds may slightly reduce the number of fungi, as well as improve some physicochemical parameters of water.

The systematic comparative adsorption studies of three phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol) from aqueous solutions onto three types of carbon sorbents are presented. The equilibrium sorption studies along with sorption kinetics were investigated onto carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles, multi-wall carbon nanotubes and granulated activated carbon. These carbon sorbents have significantly different morphological and textural properties. Their surface area varied between 36 and 1187 m2 g−1. The highest adsorption capacity (280–550 mg/g) was found for activated carbon. The uptakes of adsorbates onto carbon nanotubes and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles were substantially lower, i.e. 24–87 mg/g and 5–11 mg/g, respectively. The performed sorption kinetics studies revealed that the sorption kinetic rates for carbon nanotubes and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles are 2–3 orders of magnitude larger (2–10 × 10−2 g mg−1 min−1) in comparison to activated carbon (1.9–4.5 × 10−4 g mg−1 min−1). The sorption performance and sorption kinetics were systematically discussed in the frames of morphology and textural properties of sorbents and the properties of adsorbates. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the sorption capacity of carbon nanotubes and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles can be largely improved by the post-synthesis activation process. In this case the adsorption capacities increased even 2–7 times. The spent sorbents were regenerated in acetone. It was also found that carbon nanotubes and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles retain up to 65% of their pristine adsorption performance, whilst the sorption capacity of activated carbon is reduced of 80%.

The paper shows the results of analysis distribution of the amount and rainfall intensity in Bydgoszcz based on network measurements of rain, which is operated by the Municipal Water Supply and sewers in Bydgoszcz. The system consists of six rain-gauges type TPG-036-H24 by A-STER, which are equipped with electronic data recording system with GPRS transmission to a central server. A record of the amount of rainfall measurement results is carried out in 2-minute intervals with an accuracy of 0.1 millimeters. The extreme highs and the intensity of rainfall registered in the audited period was analyzed. The results were presented in a form of tables and graphs. The intensity measurements and the amount of rainfall were used by a dense network of rainwater, which allows you to get valuable results, essential in the analysis of the functioning of municipal sewer system.

In an attempt to assess the needs of the modernization of the North Channel of Obra, the construction began in 1852. The condition of drainage occurring on this course coming generally from the early 20th century and is unsatisfactory. This is the result of longstanding neglect and lack of maintenance. The first modernization works started in 1986. Undergoing on the North Channel of Obra are primarily made in the framework of four tasks, which was the regulation of the water course on a length of approximately 35 km 8 dams were built and 9 dams were demolished. The cost of upgrading the North Channel of The Obra was significantly different, what is the result of the works. They include the cost of reconstruction of the drainage channels, and the reconstruction of hydraulic structures. At this work, in addition to the needs assessment of the North Channel of Obra, further modernization needs were indicated.

The report shows the results of investigations and analyses on four experimental areas located at the “Kazimierz” quarry (in Pojezierze Kujawskie latitude 52o20’ N, longitude 18o05’ E). The results of the investigations show the dynamics of moisture in the upper layer of post mining grounds are formed under metrological conditions. It shows that the most important dynamic of water retention occurred on the upper cultivated layer of post mining grounds in which there was a moisture reaction to the water precipitation. An unprofitable distribution of precipitation during the vegetation period 2013 caused this water deficit to the plants cultivated on post mining grounds. The longest water deficit (63 days) occurred in profiles typical to crop cultivation (average 12 mm). The results of the investigation confirm that post mining grounds should cultivate plants which are resistant to water deficit and which would benefit from the water reserves in the deeper layers of post mining grounds and which have deep roots system, such as lucerne.

Willow bush growing in floodplains is a dominant form of vegetation in lowland river valleys due to the availability of water and light. Uncontrolled growth of this plant results in a lower capacity of floodplain areas. Vegetation can narrow the active width of water flow, as well as change water flow velocities at hydrometric verticals falling within the floodplain and the main channel. This paper analyses the impact of long-term growth of willow shrubs on flow resistance coefficient values. Both an increase in the average diameter and the density characterised by the average distance between branches have a significant impact on reducing the flow. The adopted research variants were based on data on the growth rate of the most popular species and forms of willow found in the floodplains of the Warta River above the Jeziorsko reservoir. Two research scenarios were analysed, including data from 12 years, on the development of floodplain vegetation. The first scenario included only the change in diameter (vegetation grew on a cultivation plot), whereas the density remained constant. The second scenario investigated the inverse model—vegetation growing in an uncontrolled manner. The analysis of the tests proved the impact of various bush development scenarios on flow conditions. The results, referred to in the available research papers, indicated the importance of the dynamics of shrub development to the local flow conditions. It was stated that reduction in the flow, depending on the analysed scenario, could reach 45% for scenarios in which the only considered factor was the increase in diameter (at a constant density), and up to 70% in the case of increase in the density of vegetation. Thorough knowledge of this phenomenon may help manage and maintain natural river valleys.