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Celem artykułu jest omówienie rodzinnej polityki językowej wybranych rodzin polsko-‑australijskich mieszkających w Melbourne. Rodzinna polityka językowa obejmuje takie koncepcje, jak: przekonania językowe, działania językowe oraz zarządzanie językiem. Dla lepszego zrozumienia kontekstu badania została zarysowana historia polskiej emigracji do Australii. Elementy kluczowe w badaniu nad rodzinną polityką językową obejmują socjalizację językową oraz języki odziedziczone (w omawianym przypadku – język polski), które zostały omówione w dalszej części artykułu. Następnie przedstawiono opis badania przeprowadzonego w polskiej diasporze w Australii w latach 2014-2016. Badanie obejmowało rodziny mieszane, które wyraziły zgodę na udział w studium przypadku, obejmującym wywiady, obserwacje i portrety rodzinne dzieci. Wcześniej, na podstawie badania internetowego, obejmującego 124 rodziców, została przeprowadzona analiza ilościowa.

The article focuses on Polish-speaking families residing in Australia and their digitally mediated communication practices. Against the backdrop of social changes influencing family roles, a new father–child relationship characterised by presence and active involvement in a child’s life has recently transpired. As the fathers’ role in minority language transmission has not been given much prominence in research, this article offers novel insights into how Polish fathers endeavour to maintain Polish through digitally mediated communication. Research on digital practices in the context of code-switching (CS) has been scant, despite the fact that everyday reality of transnational multilingual families has been permeated by technology. With this article, I aim to touch upon the themes situated at the intersection of transnationalism, family multilingualism, language transmission, as well as new media and their role in contemporary communication practices. Six excerpts containing examples of CS practices among three different families, where instant messaging via Messenger has been adopted to maintain Polish will be scrutinised.

Aims:By applying the tripartite framework of family language policy, this study seeks to gain insight into heritage language maintenance of Polish families in Melbourne. To this end, an integrative investigation of family language policy encapsulating the heritage language perceptions, practices and management will be employed.Methodology:Based on the data collected through the online questionnaire supplemented with in-depth interviews, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been conducted to obtain a sociolinguistic picture of the convoluted dependencies.Data and analysis:The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded according to the grounded theory approach. The recurrent themes were noted. The existing social patterns were conceptualised through the process of constant comparison. The excerpts selected for analysis illustrate how critical have been the informants’ beliefs and practices concerning heritage language maintenance.Findings and conclusions:The data analyses of the researched families disclose a wide range of practices where certain discrepancies are observed between declarations and the actual language behaviours. It also emerges that without parents’ reinforcement and establishing the heritage language as a default means of communication at home, children suffer from lower productive skills.Originality:This paper delves into how Polish is maintained as a heritage language by the second generation of Polish-speaking immigrants. It explores the Polish community, one of the well-established yet understudied groups that make up multicultural Australia. It unfolds an account of the dynamics of family language policy, illustrating how they are constantly negotiated, contested and formed by parents.Significance/implications:The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion of language policies and heritage language maintenance by demonstrating that the hardship and distress resulting from heritage language acquisition as well as language maintenance are incumbent primarily on family language policy. The researched group is an average-size immigrant community situated in the context with limited institutional support resolving down to Polish Saturday schools.

Artykuł przedstawia powstanie i rozwój Kliniki Traumatologii, Ortopedii i Chirurgii Ręki (początkowo nazywanej Kliniką Chirurgii Ręki) Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Poznaniu. Został napisany z okazji stulecia Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, uczelni założonej w 1919 r., z której w 1950 r. wyodrębniona została Akademia Medyczna (od 2007 r. Uniwersytet Medyczny) w Poznaniu. Artykuł dostarcza gruntownej wiedzy o rozwoju Kliniki i ortopedach z nią związanych, zwłaszcza o prof. Hieronimie Strzyżewskim (1926-1971).

The constantly growing demand for active, durable, and low-cost electrocatalysts usable in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors or electrodes in metal-air batteries, has triggered the rapid development of heteroatom-doped carbon materials, which would, among other things, exhibit high catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this article, a method of synthesizing nitrogen-doped graphene is proposed. Few-layered graphene sheets (FL-graphene) were prepared by electrochemical exfoliation of commercial graphite in a Na2SO4 electrolyte with added calcium carbonate as a separator of newly-exfoliated FL-graphene sheets. Exfoliated FL-graphene was impregnated with a suspension of green algae used as a nitrogen carrier. Impregnated FL-graphene was carbonized at a high temperature under the flow of nitrogen. The N-doped FL-graphene was characterized through instrumental methods: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical performance was determined using cyclic voltamperometry and linear sweep voltamperometry to check catalytic activity in ORR. The N-doped electroexfoliated FL-graphene obeyed the four-electron transfer pathways, leading us to further test these materials as electrode components in rechargeable zinc-air batteries. The obtained results for Zn-air batteries are very important for future development of industry, because the proposed graphene electrode materials do not contain any heavy and noble metals in their composition.

The paper describes currently binding legal regulations for execution of flights by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) of particular categories. The division of the air space in the Warsaw’s flight information region (FIR) including consideration of possibilities for flights with the use of UAVs in different parts of this space is also presented. The final part of the paper provides information on legal consequences after violation of binding law regulations relating to the performance of flights by the UAVs.

The overriding aim of the article is to present, evaluate and discuss the effectiveness of early bilingual education in a monolingual environment, such as Poland. As opposed to situations where parents use two languages due to their different nationalities and backgrounds or instances of employing foreign nannies to address children in another language (usually their own L1), this paper will focus on a controversial issue of using a foreign language (L2) by a parent and speaking it to a child in a natural way. The purpose of the theoretical section is to depict the role of parents, the possible strategies used in raising children bilingually as well as potential problems to be encountered in the process. The subsequent empirical part outlines the results of analysed case studies collected from 22 Polish families who have successfully employed such a model of language learning and communication with their children. El objetivo primordial de este artículo es presentar, evaluar y debatir la efectividad de la educación bilingüe temprana en un entorno monolingüe, como es el de Polonia. Frente a situaciones en las que los padres usan dos idiomas debido a sus diferentes nacionalidades u orígenes, o a casos en los que niñeras extranjeras hablan a los niños en otro idioma (generalmente su propia L1), este trabajo se centra en el controvertido asunto del empleo de un idioma extranjero (L2) por parte de un progenitor y su utilización de forma natural para dirigirse al niño. La sección teórica plasma el papel de los padres, las posibles estrategias utilizadas en la crianza de los niños de forma bilingüe y los posibles problemas que se pueden encontrar en el proceso. La parte empírica posterior analiza los resultados de los estudios de caso recopilados: 22 familias polacas que han empleado con éxito este modelo de aprendizaje de idiomas y comunicación con sus hijos.

In EN 13670:2009 standard: Execution of concrete structures there are general rules of moisture curing of concrete in structures. In the standard 4 classes of concrete curing are described. Determination of curing class depends on required level of compressive strength immediately after curing (percentage of required characteristic strength after 28 days). Time of curing depends on rate of strength development and concrete surface temperature. In the standard there is a lack of information about influence of curing class on concrete durability characteristics. The main condition to obtain durable concrete is proper curing regime. Not cured on improperly cured concrete has weakened surface layer. Extremely faults in curing process could lead to defects visible on the concrete surface. More often defects are latent inside the concrete and could be revealed during exploitation, leading to durability reduction. The main effect is increase of surface layer porosity (reinforcement cover) and decrease of its protective properties and tightness. Consequently worsening of mechanical properties could be observed as well as water-tightness, frost resistance, chemical aggression resistance, carbonation resistance and diffusivity of chloride. The analysis shown in the paper are the result of 3-yers long investigation conducted by authors, which main goal was to determine appropriateness and way to include durability requirements in designing of curing class according to EN 13670:2009. Thawing-freezing resistance, scaling with salts resistance, depth of water penetration under pressure and absorptivity were adopted as the basic durability factors. Concretes with different cement types, different rate of compressive strength development, air-entrained and non-air-entrained were tested. Time of curing was differentiated in the range of classes 1,3,4 following standard EN 13670:2009 requirements. Practical conclusions were formulated which allows to consider durability presumptions in technological requirements contained in concrete works specifications.