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The MASTER Automation System is an entirely Polish system developed in the Institute of Power Systems Automation Ltd. It is currently being updated and optimized in the range of hardware and software. Apart from an unlimited ability to extend the amount of standard communication links it will enable application of protocols of any company. It ensures sufficient resources and mechanisms for complex plant automation as well as for creating heterogeneous installations through easy integration with other producers’ systems.

This paper analyzes the relationship between growth opportunity measures and the future growth of companies. If there is a correlation between a company’s growth potential and its real growth, then the markets are more predictable and effective. The survey was conducted on the example of the following European markets: Austria, the Baltic Countries, Hungary, France, Poland, and Germany. The goal of this paper is to assess the relationship between growth opportunity measures and the future growth of companies listed on the stock exchanges of some markets in the European Union. The countries considered can be classified according to the size of the state, market liquidity, and the maturity of the exchange. Those external factors were expected to influence the strength of the growth and its opportunity relationship. It was found that growth opportunity measures based on market prices have predicting power for the future growth of companies. They are also strongly related to companies’ future growth in large countries and weakly related to future growth in small countries. This paper adds to the literature on the application of growth opportunity measures regarding market characteristics. These results are in line with the view that market liquidity should increase its efficiency in revealing the value of stocks and the Comprehensive Advantage of Large Countries hypothesis.

Stock return predictability in highly developed countries has both empirical and theoretical justification in financial literature. The article aims to answer the question if market valuation ratios that relate share prices to various accounting quantities have any predictive power for long‑term stock index returns on investments in capital markets of some Central and Eastern European countries, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation‑consistent estimators with a small‑sample degrees of freedom adjustment were used in regressions to track the overlapping data problem and small sample bias. The results of an investigation show that some of these ratios, such as price to a ten‑year moving average of real earnings, commonly known as the cyclically adjusted price earnings (CAPE) ratio, price to estimated profits, market to book value and price to sales revenues have a strong predictive power for cumulative returns mainly over long horizons. On the other hand, price to one‑year earnings, dividend yield or price to cash flow ratios prove to be quite poor predictors. Following the arguments of behavioural finance, we conclude that the evidence obtained in the study proving a fairly significant link between current values of market ratios and future cumulative returns indicates a certain degree of ineffectiveness of the analysed markets during the examined period.

The paper discusses the links between stock market performance and real economic activity and presents results of an empirical inquiry into dynamic relationships between the main stock index quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG) and GDP in Poland over the years 1995–2019. In many empirical studies for highly developed countries not only short‑run dynamic interactions but also a long‑run cointegrating relationship between the stock index and output have been found. Previous studies for Poland reported mainly short‑run linkages between stock returns and changes of economic activity whereas the evidence for a long‑run cointegrating relationship is still quite scarce. In this paper, the VAR‑VECM methodology with the Johansen tests for cointegration is used to study a substantially longer quarterly data interval than has been investigated so far. Research results show that stock returns Granger‑cause GDP growth with up to three‑quarters lead. The evidence for the existence of a long‑term cointegrating relationship has also been found.

This paper discusses the links between economic growth, corporate earnings and stock returns. Cross-country correlation studies do not confirm the intuitive assumption that higher returns on equities are more likely in the fastergrowing countries. The problem can be analysed more deeply by analysing stock returns with respect to the growth of earnings per share (EPS) and changes in valuation (P/E ratio). Within this framework, two types of factors explaining the lack of correlation between GDP growth and stock returns are distinguished. The empirical research on developed and emerging market countries reveals that in the long run stock price returns are driven by companies’ earnings, and that the lack of correlation between GDP growth and equity returns is almost fully explained by the divergence between GDP growth and EPS growth. In this article the results of an investigation into this area, based on a sample of post-communist Central and Eastern European countries, are presented and discussed. It was found that in these countries changes in valuation (P/E ratio) appear to play an important role, cancelling the impact of EPS growth on stock returns.

The paper investigates the relationships between stock returns (represented by changes in the main stock index quoted on Warsaw Stock Exchange, WIG) and changes in Gross Domestic Product, as well as changes in long‑term and short‑term interest rates in Poland over the years 2001–2016. Quarterly data is examined applying time series econometric methods, allowing to take into account the existence of autocorrelation. The results suggest that stock returns lead and can forecast future economic growth. They also point to statistically significant but rather moderate inverse relationship between stock returns and current movements in interest rates, mainly long‑term. These results are consistent with the theoretical arguments in finance and economics.