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Employability, understood as a set of achievements – skills, knowledge, personal qualities – that make graduates employable and successful in their profession, is more and more often a subject of research, both in the context of improving the educational offer of universities, as well as examining the quality of life and professional satisfaction of graduates. Employability is differentiated from employment – the state of having a job. In today’s unstable job market where temporary contracts and protean-type careers dominate – equipping graduates with the resources to effectively change or modify their career path is crucial. The paper aims to present the psychometric proprieties of a Polish adaptation of the A. Rothwell and Arnold Self-Perceived Employability Scale. The final version consists of 9 items and has good psychometric properties. The study of the perceived employability of students provides important knowledge regarding the graduates’ competencies, and it is an important factor in modifying the educational offer at universities and planning graduates’ satisfying careers in the contemporary unstable job market.

Objectives: We assessed the influence of the risk of self-medication on health locus of control and the experienced symptoms – physical, psychological, and spiritual in a group of students from urban and rural regions. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 200 students from urban (N=100) and rural (N=100) areas. We used 3 research tools: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC); List of Noo-Psychosomatic Symptoms (LS-NPS); and Self-medication Risk Questionnaire (SMRQ). Results: We found a statistically significant difference between rural and urban residents in the area of the influence of chance (CHLC) on the control of health (p < .05). The correlations between the general assessment of the risk of self-medication and two health locus of control factors were statistically significant (p < .05). A greater tendency to undertake the risk of self-medication is connected to living in the city and prescribing importance in the control of one's health to others or chance. Conclusions: Predictors of the assessment of the risk of self-medication were 2 measures of health locus of control, ie, influence of others and chance and the residence of students.

The aim of the presented research was to distinguish categories of risky behaviors in drivers and to determine whether the age of drivers is associated with undertaking risky behaviors. The study included 120 participants, 60 in early and 60 in middle adulthood. Driver Risk Behavior Questionnaire (DRBQ) was used to measure this type of behavior. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, allowed to identify three dimensions of risky behaviors: (1) breaking the road traffic law, (2) overestimating own competences and (3) ignoring road hazards. Drivers in early adulthood more often than drivers in middle adulthood revealed risky behaviors resulting from overestimating their own competences and ignoring road hazards. Drivers in middle adulthood consider broader context and more perspectives when analyzing risk.

(1) Background: Professional driving is a stressful occupation that requires high levels of attention and decision-making, often leading to job stress. Impulsiveness, a personality trait characterized by a tendency to act without forethought, has been associated with negative outcomes such as anxiety, stress, and risky behaviors. Mindfulness has been proposed as a potential strategy for reducing job stress in various occupational settings. However, little is known about the relationship between these variables. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception among professional drivers. (2) Methods: A total of 258 professional drivers from Poland, Lithuania, and Slovakia, have completed self-report questionnaires: Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy; Subjective Assessment of Work; Five Facet Mindfulness. (3) Results: Results indicated a positive correlation between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception, and a negative correlation with mindfulness. Mindfulness partially mediated the relationship between impulsiveness and job stressfulness perception. Additionally, variations were identified in the perceived work environment factors and mindfulness among drivers based on their country of origin. (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that mindfulness could be a useful approach for reducing job stressfulness perception among professional drivers with high levels of impulsiveness. Given the implications of job stressfulness for professional drivers’ health and safety, developing mindfulness interventions tailored to their specific needs could be a promising direction for future research and intervention development. Keywords: mindfulness; impulsiveness; organizational factors; professional drivers; safety; perception; stress.

Anxiety can negatively affect an individual’s psychological wellbeing and lead to mild-to-moderate functional impairment in various areas of their lives. Despite this, the relationship between anxiety and driving performance has received very little empirical attention. The Driving Behaviour Scale ( Clapp, Olsen, Beck, et al., 2011 , Clapp, Olsen, Danoff-Burg, et al., 2011 ) was developed as a measure of anxious driving behaviours to support research in this area. The current study details adaptation and validation of the Driving Behaviour Scale (DBS; Clapp, Olsen, Beck, et al., 2011 , Clapp, Olsen, Danoff-Burg, et al., 2011 ) in 310 university students in Poland. The overall internal consistency for the DBS was 0.76, while the two subscales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (safety/cautious = 0.75 and hostile/aggressive behaviours = 0.85). The reliability estimates for performance deficit returned a lower coefficient of 0.65. Factor analysis produced a three-factor solution that supported the original structure of the DBS. The DBS may be utilised as a measure of driving anxiety in samples drawn from the general population.

Introduction Medical care in geriatrics has its own specificity, and in order to build a successful doctor-patient relationship it is important while studying medicine to learn some functioning aspects of this age group. Objective The aim of this study is to explore and describe the role of emotional intelligence in the attitudes of medical students towards elderly patients, taking into account their the place of residence. The place of residence has an impact on social relations and socialization, which could effect with disparities in behaviour towards elderly patients. Material and methods Medical University of Lublin students from rural (N=71; M=23.44 SD=1.80) and urban (N=87; M=23.34; SD=1.38) areas took part in the study. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE) and Attitude Towards Elderly Patients Questionnaire (ATEP) were used. Results There are statistically significant differences between medical students from rural and urban areas in their attitude towards elderly patients (p=0.001), but no differences were observed between rural and urban residents in terms of emotional intelligence (general result, action factor and cognitive factor). Positive correlations were observed between action factor (r=0.322), cognitive factor (r=0.311) and general INTE result (r=0.358) and attitude towards elderly patients in the group of medical students from rural area. Conclusions Medical students from rural areas are characterized by a more positive attitude towards elderly patients than medical students from urban areas. The predictors of attitudes towards elderly patients are the cognitive factor of emotional intelligence and the place of residence of medical students. The results give the opportunity to design a well-developed programme of a geriatric course which could be matched to the personal predispositions of students.

The matter of road safety is particularly important in modern transport systems. This is due to the fact that despite the high level of technical sophistication of transport safety systems, the number of road incidents is relatively high. Generally speaking, transport safety is understood as control over various possible traffic hazards. Road conditions or vehicles damage is not the only source of threat in transport. Drivers and their personality traits affect the occurrence of risk situations and impediments while driving on public roads. Professional drivers should especially be characterized by their efficiency in controlling their reactions because they are responsible not only for transported goods but also for other people. Subjective assessment of drivers’ personality and the level of occupational stress may impact not only on their functioning but also the quality of driving and safe behaviors on the road. For this reason, studies determining the relationship between personality traits and stress in professional drivers are important. The authors of the article attempted to define these relations using surveys among public and freight transport drivers (N=150). They represented two transport companies from the Lublin City: Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji (City Bus Company) and Poczta Polska (Polish Mail). Eysenck Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy Questionnaire (Eysenck, 2006) and Questionnaire for Subjective Assessment of Work (Dudek et. al, 2004) were used in the study. Based on the above-mentioned questionnaires, statistical analyses were carried out using specialized statistical software SPSS Statistics, based on which the relationship between personality traits and the subjective assessment of occupational stress were determined. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between research groups and there is a positive correlation between personality traits and work stress. Finally, there was also found the correlation between different types of traffic incidents.

Purpose The aim of the study was to provide support for the hypothesis that there was a correlation between the subjective appraisal of one’s disease and the level of stress, as well as the hypothesis that coping styles may have a mediating role on the relationship between the perception of the disease and stress level in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Methods The study involved 97 respondents diagnosed with lung cancer, including 50 men and 47 women. The following methods were used for the study: the Disease-Related Appraisals Scale, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Socio-demographic data were also collected. Results The results show that emotion-oriented coping (EOC) acts as a mediator on the relationship between the appraisal of the disease and stress level in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. A total of 4 multiple mediation models were tested. Conclusion The research findings provide support for the hypothesis that coping style is crucial for the way patients appraise their disease and for their stress level. It is important to diagnose individual specific needs of lung cancer patients. The research results are an important source of information for those responsible for training medical staff on how to support cancer patients in their illness.

A review of the literature on moral issues indicates that none of the empirical approaches to moral reasoning proposes an experimental approach which controls for such object-related experimental variables as: knowledge, motivation, acceptance of moral norms and consequences of human behavior in moral situations in a single research procedure. A unique element of the proposed experimental method is a multi-stage model determining morality indicators. In the two-phase design experiment, psychology students were asked to create model ethical stories and then conduct an overall assessment of each of these stories. As a result, a base of ethical stories was created with empirical moral indicators (positive, negative, neutral). The patterns in the moral evaluation of ethical stories were determined by identifying three processes (selection, differentiation and integration). The final result is a confirmed design of the experiment and a set of formulas that can be used in education and research on morality reasoning.

Introduction Many studies attempt to explain the relationship between living in highly industrialized societies and the development of various diseases among people. Nowadays, the incidence of lung cancer is increasing worldwide. This is a highly stressful situation, both psychologically and physically. The study investigates the variable of social support and its moderating role between stress level and the perception of the disease among patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Objective The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the subjective appraisal of one's disease and the level of stress, as well as the hypothesis that social support is a moderator between the perception of the disease and stress level in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Material and methods The study involved 97 respondents diagnosed with lung cancer - 50 men and 47 women. The following methods were used for the study: the Disease-Related Appraisals Scale, the Disease-Related Social Support Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Socio-demographic data were also collected. Results The results show that informational support may increase the level of perceived stress in lung cancer patients. It can be concluded that social support fulfils its moderating function in forming a stress response to cancer. A statistically significant moderating effect was observed of social support on the relationship between the appraisal of one's disease as harmful and the stress level. Conclusions The research findings demonstrate that social support plays a substantial role. It is important to diagnose the individual specific needs of lung cancer patients concerning the support they need.

Background The medical simulation environment is a specific type of work environment. It would seem essential for educators to have a tool with which they could identify its features to maximize the effectiveness of medical simulation – teachers’ workplace - and optimize their work efforts. The purpose of this research study was to construct a proprietary tool, which would help to characterize the medical simulation environment as a type of work environment and also to identify particular factors that are important in organizing the educational environment in simulation. Methods At first, six faculty members took part in semi-structured interviews, whose findings were used to develop a standardized questionnaire consisting of 30 items. The authors then validated the questionnaire in a survey among the other 32 academic teachers involved in teaching with the use of medical simulation. Results The Work In Simulation Healthcare questionnaire addresses the aspects of teaching in a simulation environment referring to technical-administrative conditions, teacher development, and the overall score. The Cronbach's alpha reliability index for the overall result of the questionnaire is α = 8.22 based on standardized items; the reliability index for the scale of ‘the technical and administrative conditions’ and ‘the professional development of teachers’ is α = 0,57 and α = 0,76, respectively. The questionnaire allowed the authors to know the ratings of academic teachers for the two scales. Conclusions The Work In Simulation Healthcare questionnaire allows educators to identify the traits of the simulation-teaching environment. It provides the potential to optimize the conditions of medical simulation, improve the quality of teaching and the overall educational process, as well as design effective faculty development programs. The authors of this study consider the WISH questionnaire the first method of this type.

Background: In order to improve the quality of courses in simulation, it is necessary to get to know the educational environment. The objective of this study was to adapt the DREEM scale and to present a new questionnaire called QuESST, that allows to define medical simulation environment as a specific type of educational environment.Methods: The DREEM scale was translated and adapted into Polish conditions. A new tool – QuESST questionnaire was developed to complete the data with medical simulation environment aspects. Reliability, t-test, Component Analysis as well as correlation between the two methods were assessed in a sample of medical science students (N=312).Results: Statistical analysis presented a good reliability of the Polish translation of the DREEM scale (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0,95). The t-test for the DREEM questionnaire was stable and reliable relevant (t=-,584, p=,562). Significant strong correlation was reported with the DREEM and QuESST tool (r=0,559, p£ 0.001). Also, moderate and high correlations were found with the overall result of QuESST and the results of individual DREEM subscales.Conclusions: The QuESST scale may be considered helpful in determining the medical simulation environment conditions and can be used to supplement the DREEM scale to create an effective educational environment with medical simulation.

Background The environment of medical simulation is a specific educational environment for teaching medicine. Medical universities are obliged to ensure appropriate conditions for conducting classes in medical simulation. In order to improve the quality of courses in simulation, it is necessary to get to know the educational environment and the medical simulation environment. It will be possible thanks to appropriately selected methods, which include important variables shaping these environments.MethodsAmong 312 medical students who had classes in medical simulation, the DREEM method (Roff et al.) and the QuESST method (Mamcarz et al.) were applied.Results The process of adapting the DREEM tool to Polish conditions and the construction stages of the QuESST tool were presented. The overall results of the QuESST and DREEM questionnaires correlated significantly. Also the overall result of QuESST correlated significantly with the results of individual DREEM scales.Conclusions The presented tools may be helpful in determining the educational conditions and conditions of medical simulation as a specific educational environment for teaching and learning medicine.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate factors affecting personal well-being of Polish immigrants living in the UK in the face of a significant political change-the Brexit vote. We measured perceived changes in attitude or behaviour of supervisors and co-workers, respondents' perceived stress, and its outcomes such as psychological well-being and intention to leave the UK after the Brexit vote.Method551 Polish migrants residing in various regions of the UK took part in the study in the form of Qualtrics online survey. We used self-report measures: Perceived Stress Scale, The Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scale of Psychological Well-being.ResultsThe most of the respondents did not notice any change in the attitude or behaviour of the supervisor (81%) or co-workers (84%), and only a small percentage of the participants reported negative changes in attitude or behaviour of supervisors (9%) and co-workers (14%). Also, negative change in attitude or behaviour of supervisors or co-workers are associated with perceived stress, which inturn is linked with intention to leave the UK, psychological well-being and life satisfaction.ConclusionPolish and British co-existence in a workplace setting has not changed much after the Brexit vote.

The article investigates differences between Polish and Swedish students with regard to perception of their own culture based on four dimensions: Masculinity/ Femininity, Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, and Uncertainty Avoidance, and also students’ declared expectations from career counselling. In both groups, the direction and range of cultural factors’ influence upon expectations from a career counsellor were also examined. The sample comprised 163 Polish and Swedish students. Results were analysed using ANOVA and canonical analysis. As expected, differences between the groups were statistically significant for all the four cultural dimensions. Significant differences between the two nationalities in expectations from counselling were found on: Motivation, Openness, Realism, Directiveness, Attractiveness, Tolerance, and Outcomes. Cultural dimensions that influence formation of Swedish students’ expectations from counselling to the greatest extent were: Power Distance and Individualism. In the case of Polish students, cultural factors did not predict variability in the structure of their expectations from a career counsellor.

This article is an attempt of presenting feeling of threat problem as well as connecting this phenomenon with psychological components of persons functioning in dangerous work environment conditions. Subject of feeling of threat can be understood as “experiencing apprehension concerning results of potential/actual dangers”, oscillates in terminological area of anxiety, fear, stress, restlessness and it highlights a cognitive process distinctive for listed phenomenon’s. Together with technological and organization changes increases number of health problems affecting workers in different institutions. The hardest work conditions affect people working in high-risk occupation. Physical factors of work environment as well as coexisting psychic occurrence affects multidimensional functioning of worker not only in terms of working conditions. The analysis of feeling of threat and its correlates is going to be presented based on empirical study executed on group of 304 (100 firefighters, 100 miners, and 104 employees of chemical factory). Obtained results will be used to present dependence between multidimensional functioning of person in dangerous work environment and feeling of threat.