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[EN] Poor reforestation outcomes imply unfulfillment of program goals and might erode institutional willpower and political momentum towards reforestation efforts, affecting both public and private support. However, program improvement in real reforestation projects is challenging due to the conjunction of many different variables of distinct nature that mutually interact and feedback in an inextricable fashion. In this work, we deploy a comprehensive integral assessment of reforestation program based in a study case where technical and environmental information is gathered and related to indicators of performance both in the short and mid-term. This assessment aims to provide reliable end-results for survival and growth, unveils pitfalls on successful plantation establishment and allows for learning processes on how to improve plantation performance and the potential margin for this improvement. The selected project was carried out on harsh site conditions, with different species, cultural treatments and contractors, and was affected by the driest year on record, encompassing enough technical and ecological complexity that makes it suitable for the purpose of this study. Mortality, either in the short (53%) or in the mid-term (83%), was high, but very variable according to site and species. Anthropogenic variables (project planning and execution) gathered high relative importance on plantation performance in the first two years (11-29%) that decreased with time, whilst environmental variables (site and meteorological) showed increased importance ten years after planting (>50%). In the short-term, soil moisture and meteorology during planting season have been identified as key factors that trigger the effects of both technical decisions (planting date and planting technique) and other environmental variables on performance. In the design phase, some decisions related to zoning, species selection and cultural treatments application have been related to poor performance. The results provide practical information and guidelines for forest restoration improvement under similar setup., This study is part of two research projects: "Comprehensive quality control of the reforestation works in the public forests of Cortes de Pallas, Valencia", signed by both the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and the state-owned company TRAGSA; and "Monitoring and evaluation of reforestation in forest V-143 Muela de Cortes, in the municipality of Cortes de Pallas (Valencia) , 10 years after its execution" (contract number CNMY18/0301/26) , signed by both the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and the Regional Government (CMAAUV, Generalitat Valenciana) . The authors are grateful to CYGSA staff (M Amparo Barber and Hector Cantos) , TRAGSA (Juan Ramon Torres) , Vaersa (Pedro Lazaro) and Ana Isabel Aparicio (UPV) for their assistance in the fieldwork during the installation of the plots and early growth measurements. Projects CEHYRFO-MED (CGL2017-86839-C3-2-R) , RESILIENT-FORESTS (LIFE17 CCA/ES/000063) and SilvAdapt.net (RED2018-102719-T) are acknowledged.

Flammability is a major factor involved in Mediterranean plant evolution that has led to the diversity of fire-related traits according to fire regimes and fire-adaptive strategies. With on-going climate change, new fire regimes are threatening plant species if they do not adapt or acclimate. Studying flammability and terpene content variation according to the different fire frequencies in the recent fire history represents a great challenge to anticipating the flammability of ecosystems in the near future. The flammability of shoots and litter as well as the needle terpene contents of two pine species with different fire adaptive strategies (Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris) were measured according to two fire modalities (0 vs. 1–2 fire events over the last 60 years). Results showed that, regardless of the species and the fuel type, flammability was higher in populations having undergone at least one past fire event even when factors influencing flammability (e.g., structural traits and hydric content) were considered. The terpene content did not vary in P. sylvestris’ needles according to the fire modality, but that of sesqui- and diterpenes was higher in P. halepensis’ needles sampled in the “Fire” modality. In addition, associations made between flammability and terpene content using random forest analyses indicated that the terpene molecules differed between fire modalities for both species and fuel types. The same results were obtained with significant terpenes driving flammability as were highlighted in the PLS analyses, especially for P. halepensis for which enhanced shoot flammability in the “Fire” modality agreed with the adaptive strategy of this species to fire.

This study aimed to identify and quantify phenolic and resin acid extractive compounds in Scots pine stemwood and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate their most optimal sources for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. The sample consisted of 140 trees from 28 stands, and sawdust lots from 11 log stands. NMR for the overall extractive analysis and HPLC for the quantitative estimation of phenolic and resin acid compounds were employed. Correlation analysis, multivariate factor analysis, principle component analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were applied for statistical analysis. HPLC identified 12 extractive compounds and NMR five more resin acids. Pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSMME), and partly neolignans/lignans occurred in the largest concentrations. Wood type caused the most variation, heartwood having larger concentrations than sapwood (sawdust between them). Regional differences in the concentrations were smaller, but factor analysis distinguished the northern and the southern regions into their own groups. The results indicated higher concentrations of PS, PSMME, and vanillic acid in southern regions and those of, e.g., PSMME glycoside, lignan 2, and neolignan 1 in northern regions. The rather low concentrations of extractives in stemwood and sawdust imply value-added products, efficient sorting and/or large raw material volumes.

The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0−1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The present study deals with a production of pine particleboards using the sugarcane bagasse content and using castor-oil based bicomponent polyurethane resin and urea-formaldehyde resin. The influence of incorporation of sugarcane bagasse on the physical and mechanical properties of the composites was evaluated. The particleboards were produced according Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14810, but performance requirements have been analyzed using Brazilian and international standards, as well. Treatment 2, using PU resin, were considered the best treatment using pine residue and sugarcane bagasse, presenting physical properties values 60% lower and mechanical properties 65% higher on average when compared with panel without sugarcane bagasse, indicating the good performance of sugarcane incorporation and the possibility of its use on commercial purpose for thermal and acoustic insulation. The addition of sugarcane bagasse improved physical and mechanical properties of particleboards when compared to panels manufactured from pine wood particles only. Statistical analysis indicated that moisture content and bagasse content were significant, enhancing properties when compared with reference treatments. Alta Paulista Fac, Dept Civil Engn, Tupa, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Fed Univ Southern & Southeastern Para, Technol Coll, Santana Do Araguaia, Para, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Civil Engn, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Fed Univ Rondonia, Dept Civil Engn, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

The conversion of native vegetation to tree plantation (afforestation) implies a drastic change in life forms and as a consequence, changes in the microenvironmental conditions, and the quantity and quality of organic matter entering the soil. This could affect soil microbial communities and the processes catalyzed by them. In Patagonia, afforestation with exotic, fast-growing tree species was a common practice but the consequences on the ecosystem remain poorly quantified. The objective was to study the effects of pine afforestation on litter decomposition, soil organic matter, soil microbial activity and associated biogeochemical functions in a semiarid area of NW Patagonia. We hypothesized that afforestation would decrease litter decomposition rate and soil biological activity including net N mineralization, due to changes of environmental conditions and organic matter quality. We measured in situ and potential soil net N mineralization, soil microbial biomass-C, soil enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and leucin-aminopeptidase) and litter decomposition rate. We also characterized soil pH, electrical conductivity, extractable P and total C and N. Pine plantations clearly affected decomposition rates of native grass vegetation, which was 10% lower under pine canopy cover, and decreased soil microbial biomass. Acid phosphatase activity and leucin-aminopeptidase activities were also marginally reduced. On the other hand, we did not find any significant effects of pines on soil chemical properties and N transformations after 13 years of plantation. Because effects depend strongly on time, the decrease of soil microbial biomass, acid phosphatase activity and grass decomposition rate (and the trend to lower enzyme activities related to P and N) under pine cover could be an evidence of possible changes on the long-term. Fil: Gonzalez Polo, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Bahamonde, Héctor Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Mazzarino, Maria Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Fariña, Clara María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Caballé, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina

espanolLa madera de pino representa el 20% de las especies forestales plantadas en todo el mundo, y actualmente es de vital importancia en aplicaciones industriales como en aserrio, fabricacion de papel y medicina. Actualmente, se ha destacado su uso en aplicaciones energeticas. En este estudio se presenta una breve revision sobre el analisis termico realizado a diversas especies de madera de pino. Nos enfocamos principalmente al analisis de los resultados respecto a como varia el contenido de masa o perdida de peso con el cambio de temperatura a partir del analisis de las curvas de termogravimetria y su derivada. Se han considerado diversas especies de madera de pino: Pinus caribaea, Pinus patula, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea y Pinus taeda. Con el objetivo de mostrar las diferencias y similitudes respecto a la estabilidad termica de las especies mencionadas, se han discutido los principales parametros a partir de las curvas de termogravimetria como energia de activacion, factor pre-exponencial y orden de reaccion. Ademas, se examinan las etapas de descomposicion de acuerdo a los principales componentes de la madera tales como agua, celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina y extractivos. Palabras clave: Conversion termica, Cupressus sempervirens, energia renovable, parametros cineticos, Pinus sp. EnglishPine wood accounts for 20% of the world's planted forest species, and is currently of vital importance in industrial applications such as sawmills, papermaking and medicine. Actually, its use in energy applications has been emphasized. This study presents a brief review on the thermal analysis of various species of pine wood. We focus mainly on the analysis of the results regarding how the mass content or weight loss varies with the temperature change from the analysis of the thermogravimetric curves and its derivative. Several species of pine wood have been considered: Pinus caribaea, Pinus patula, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea and Pinus taeda. In order to show the differences and similarities with respect to the thermal stability of the mentioned species, we have discussed the main parameters from the thermogravimetry curves such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order. In addition, the decomposition stages are examined according to the main components of the wood such as water, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives. Keywords:Cupressus sempervirens, kinetic parameters, Pinus sp, renewable energy, thermal conversion.

A functional perspective of tree communities is helpful for understanding forest dynamics, especially vegetation recovery after other land uses. Knowledge about ecological filters and survival strategies of trees are also important for the restoration of degraded areas. This study aimed to evaluate the functional composition and structure of adult and regenerative components of natural Araucaria forests, Araucaria plantations and plantations of exotic Pinus in subtropical southern Brazil. Differences in functional diversity and functional richness, and in community weighted mean trait values, including leaf traits and reproductive traits, were analyzed. RLQ analysis was used to assess the association between community structure, plant traits and environmental variables. Clear differences were found for most traits and for functional richness for the regenerative component, while the adult component was more similar among forest types. A clear separation in RLQ ordination associated with trait variation, for the adult component but not for regenerative trees, also indicates that communities are becoming functionally more similar with time. Plantations were shown to function as environmental filters by directly influencing species recruitment, richness and functional diversity. We conclude that passive restoration may be the best strategy for restoration of Araucaria forests.

Durango es el principal estado en México para la producción de madera (28.5 % del total nacional). Se estima que la superficie bajo aprovechamiento es de 2 millones de hectáreas; razón por la cual, la ordenación forestal es una tarea importante para los manejadores silvícolas. El conocimiento sobre la relación altura-diámetro (h-d) de los árboles se utiliza, principalmente, para caracterizar la estructura del rodal, estimar el volumen de los árboles individuales o del rodal, y para determinar la altura dominante con el propósito de evaluar la productividad vía el índice de sitio. En este trabajo se desarrolló una ecuación generalizada para describir la relación h-d de siete especies de coníferas en los bosques mezclados del noroeste de Durango, México. La ecuación considera como variables independientes al diámetro normal, altura dominante, área basal y la densidad. Para la variabilidad entre 44 sitios permanentes, el ajuste de la mejor ecuación fue mediante el enfoque de modelos mixtos no lineales. El modelo generalizado desarrollado explicó 82 % de la variabilidad total de los datos observados. Para calibrar el modelo mixto se determinó que se requiere medir la altura total de una submuestra de tres árboles de clase diamétrica promedio dentro de cada parcela. La ecuación generada constituye una herramienta para el manejo forestal de los bosques mezclados del área de estudio.

Las plantaciones forestales constituyen una de las principales actividades productivas de Misiones y el noreste de Corrientes. En estas provincias, grandes extensiones de bosque y de pastizales nativos han sido convertidas a plantaciones de pinos sin que se conozcan en profundidad los impactos de esta actividad en las comunidades naturales. Estos monocultivos forestales pueden ofrecer un hábitat alternativo o resultar una barrera para la fauna nativa, dependiendo de su manejo y de las características de las especies que componen el conjunto faunístico regional. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue estudiar cómo la configuración espacial de los distintos componentes del paisaje productivo forestal, y algunos aspectos del manejo de los rodales de pinos, afectan la diversidad y la composición de los ensambles de mamíferos terrestres medianos y grandes del Bosque Atlántico, ecorregión originalmente representada por un bosque subtropical continuo, y de los Campos y Malezales y los Esteros del Iberá, ecorregiones dominadas por pastizales. También estudié el efecto de la pérdida y fragmentación del bosque nativo en el ensamble de mamíferos del Bosque Atlántico. Para todo ello, realicé dos grandes muestreos con trampas-cámaras. En el norte de Misiones establecí 184 estaciones de muestreo en bosque nativo continuo (n=53), en plantaciones de pino (n=62) y en fragmentos de bosque inmersos en la matriz productiva (n=69). En Corrientes y sur de Misiones establecí 234 estaciones en pastizales naturales (n=89), en bosque nativo (mogotes o bosques ribereños, n=54) y en plantaciones de pino (n=91). En el norte de Misiones la riqueza de especies disminuyó con la distancia al bloque de bosque continuo, mientras que la composición también se vio afectada por la proporción de bosque nativo en el paisaje y el acceso humano. Los rodales de pinos tuvieron subconjuntos empobrecidos de los ensamblajes originales cuya composición dependió principalmente de la accesibilidad humana y de la estructura del sotobosque. En los fragmentos de bosque nativo, el ensamble de mamíferos fue más similar al bosque continuo cuando el entorno estuvo dominado por usos de la tierra boscosos (bosque nativo o plantaciones forestales). En Corrientes y sur de Misiones, la riqueza y composición de especies difirió entre los bosques nativos y los demás ambientes, pero no existieron diferencias entre los pastizales y las plantaciones. Los ensambles de mamíferos también se vieron afectados por la proporción de bosque, de humedales y heterogeneidad de ambientes en el entorno y por la estructura de la vegetación en los estratos bajos. Los rodales de pino tuvieron una composición de especies más similar a los bosques nativos cuando fueron de edades adultas, poseyeron densidades intermedias de árboles y tuvieron una baja carga ganadera. La implantación de pinos provocó un empobrecimiento de los ensambles de mamíferos de los bosques nativos en ambas regiones, aunque no tuvo un efecto importante en los mamíferos de pastizal debido a la presencia en éstos de especies generalistas. El impacto de este monocultivo dependió de la región. Si bien existe un pool regional de mamíferos definido para cada área de estudio, la fragmentación del bosque continuo en el norte de Misiones y su reemplazo por plantaciones forestales promovió una mayor similitud de sus ensambles con los de los bosques empobrecidos del sur de la provincia y noreste de Corrientes. Los resultados de esta tesis derivaron en recomendaciones de manejo forestal a distintas escalas y para cada región estudiada. Forest plantations are the main productive activities of Misiones and northeastern Corrientes. In these provinces, extensive areas of native forests and grasslands have been converted to pine plantations without knowing the impacts of this activity on the natural communities. Tree monocultures can offer an alternative habitat or to be a barrier for native animals, depending on their spatial configuration, the management practices and the characteristics of the regional pool of species. The general objective of this thesis was to study how the spatial configuration of forest plantation landscapes, and some aspects of pine stand management, affect the diversity and composition of the assemblages of medium and large terrestrial mammals of the Atlantic Forest, ecoregion originally represented by a continuous subtropical forest, and the Campos and Malezales and Esteros del Iberá, ecoregions dominated by grasslands. I also studied the effect of native forest loss and fragmentation on the mammal assemblage of the Atlantic Forest. I conducted two large camera-trap surveys. In northern Misiones I established 184 sampling stations in continuous native forest (n=53), pine plantations (n=62) and forest fragments immersed in the productive matrix (n=69). In Corrientes and southern Misiones I established 234 stations distributed in natural grasslands (n=89), native forests (natural forest islands or riparian forests, n=54) and pine plantations (n=91). In northern Misiones mammal species richness decreased with the distance to the continuous forest block, while the composition was also affected by the proportion of native forest in the landscape and the cost of human access. The pine plantation stands contained impoverished subsets of the original assemblages and their composition depended mainly on human accessibility and the structure of their understory. In forest fragments, the mammal assemblage was more similar to that of the continuous forest when the surroundings comprised a large proportion of forested land uses (native forest or forest plantations). In Corrientes and southern Misiones, species richness and composition differed between native forests and other environments, while there were no differences between grasslands and plantations. The mammal assemblages were also affected by the proportion of forest, wetlands and the heterogeneity of environments in the surroundings, and by the vegetation structure in the lower strata. The similarity of the mammal assemblages of pine plantations to those of the native forests increased with stand age and at intermediate tree densities, and it decreased with livestock densities. Pine plantations caused an impoverishment of native forest mammal assemblages in both regions, although it did not have a significant effect on grassland assemblages because of the dominance of generalist mammal species in the latter. The impact of tree monocultures differed between regions. Although there is a different pool of mammal species in each study area, the fragmentation of the continuous forest in the north of Misiones and its replacement by forest plantations promoted its similarity with the assemblages of the impoverished forests of the south of the province and northeast of Corrientes. One of the results of this thesis is a set of recommendations for better plantation management in each region and at different scales. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina

t Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell (teleomorph Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O'Donnell) is a fungal pathogen causing Pine Pitch Canker (PPC). Since this world-wide spread and devasting pathogen was introduced in Europe, a large research interest is emerging to understand the potential further progress of the infection in the continent. At a regional scale, the airborne inoculum of F. circinatum represents one of the main ways of spreading of the disease in forest stands, free landscape, urban greenery and tree nurseries. Nowadays, this disease typically occurs at sites with rather warm climate with sufficient humidity. However, putative development of the pathogen by sexual breeding may lead to a development of new races that may be able to infect currently less suitable areas. To find out whether there is a possibility of sexual breeding in current populations of PPC established in Europe we have designed and tested a set of F. circinatum mating type specific primers and hydrolysis probe for its qPCR detection. This detection method was tested on DNA samples extracted from tapes of rotating arm spore traps installed for five 48h samplings in naturally PPC infected forest of Monterey pine in Galicia (NW Spain).

Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-12T18:11:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 56999p174.pdf: 359347 bytes, checksum: d38e2b7ee6c3279a1f73334664ddaf12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Edição especial dos resumos do IUFRO World Congress, 25., 2019, Curitiba.

British Ecological Society Special Feature: Demography Beyond the Population., As herbivory can modulate climate‐induced shifts in species distribution, disentangling the relative importance of herbivory and climate on plant growth can help to predict and manage future changes in vegetation, such as those occurring at treeline areas. An individual‐based hierarchical Bayesian time‐series model (individual‐based model; IBM) was developed to estimate the time‐varying impact of climate and herbivory on individual pine sapling height growth in woodland and treeline ecosystems of southern Europe during a 16‐year period. The performance of the IBM was compared to a linear mixed‐effects (LME) model to test for potential inferential effects when individual variability is marginalized. Time‐varying models were also compared to constant parameter approaches. Model fitting and posterior predictive checking suggests a better statistical performance of individual‐scale, time‐varying inference. LME modelling overestimated herbivory effects and underestimated environmental stochastic effects, and model validation indeed suggested severe overfitting in the LME model relative to the IBM strategy. These results reveal a potential failure of common aggregation strategies to correctly resolve the effects of climate and herbivory variability at the individual scale. Moreover, ignoring the time‐varying nature of the effects may preclude the correct estimation of the temporal scale of climate and herbivory impacts. In general, we found stronger individual‐ and time‐averaged effects of summer precipitation relative to the effects of herbivory, particularly at the treelines. Also, individual pine responses showed effects of the same sign more consistently in the case of precipitation. This suggests that precipitation is more pervasive at the population level, while herbivory act as a spatially aggregating force through individual‐level damage. Synthesis. Our results suggest that accounting for individual and temporal variability in ecological inference greatly improves the assessment of the relative importance of climate and herbivory on species distribution shifts. Strong effects of precipitation at the treeline could allow tree upward expansion, although increasing ungulate populations and associated browsing damages might limit positive climatic responses of pine saplings in the near future. In this context, the spatially heterogeneous effect exerted by herbivory could result in diverse vegetation structures in ecotones, adding a new dimension to the predictions on climate‐driven vegetation shifts., This study was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Government) Projects CGL2008‐04794 and CGL2011‐29910 to R.Z., and by grants FPU‐MEC (AP2005‐1561) and Basque Country Government postdoctoral grant (POS‐2014‐1‐88) to A.H.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1678-86212018000300227.pdf: 888905 bytes, checksum: 22fd990606591d5846a362f4864d3623 (MD5) Resumo Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a influência do período de exposição ao intemperismo (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 meses), do tipo de agente preservante (CCA ou CCB) e do tipo de revestimento superficial (resina à base de óleo de mamona ou à base de água com filtro solar) nos valores da rugosidade (Ra) de painéis de partículas fabricados com madeira de Pinus sp. e resina poliuretana à base de mamona, assim como, investigar a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade em função dos valores dos parâmetros colorimétricos (L*, a* e b*). Os valores de rugosidade (entre 0,07 e 2,82 µm) foram inferiores a 12,5 µm, o que categoriza os painéis produzidos na classe N10 da norma ABNT NBR 8404 (1984), evidenciando assim, a potencialidade dos compósitos fabricados. O uso do revestimento com resina poliuretana forneceu os menores valores da rugosidade, além disso, as rugosidades dos painéis envelhecidos durante os quatro meses foram estatisticamente equivalentes, o que demonstra o bom desempenho dos materiais fabricados quanto às intempéries, e a boa qualidade obtida dos modelos de regressão multivariáveis (R2 = 77,02%) evidenciam a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade por meio de parâmetros colorimétricos. Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the period of exposure (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months), the type of preservative agent (CCA and CCB) and the surface coating type (castor oil based polyurethane resin; water-based open pore coating with sunscreen) in the roughness values (Ra) of particleboards manufactured with wood Pinus sp.and castor oil based polyurethane resin, as well as to investigate the possibility of roughness estimation as a function of the measurements of colorimetric parameters (L*, a* and b*). The results of the roughness values (between 0.07 µm and 2.82 µm) were lower than 12.5 µm, which categorizes the panels produced in the N10 class of ABNT NBR 8404 (1984) standard, thus showing the potentiality of the composites manufactured. The use of the castor oil based polyurethane resin coating gave the lowest values of roughness and the roughness values of the aged panels during the four months were statistically equivalent, evidencing the good performance of the fabricated materials. The good quality obtained from the multivariable regression models (R2 = 77.02%) show the possibility of estimating the roughness by colorimetric parameters. Universidade de São Paulo Universidade Federal de São Carlos Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho

Fil: Pereyra, Yamila Mariel. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Bragañolo, Adelaida. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Weber, Elizabeth Maria. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Bobadilla, Elisa Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Suirezs, Teresa María. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Éste trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el comportamiento de las tensiones de corte en uniones de maderas encoladas de uso estructural entre planos de corte tangencial externo e interno, y el porcentaje de rotura en madera. Para ello se tomaron muestras de vigas laminadas de Pinus sp. fabricadas industrialmente y encoladas con adhesivo urea-melamina en una industria del sur de la provincia de Misiones, las probetas para los ensayos fueron elaboradas en el laboratorio de tecnología de la madera de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, posteriormente se las identificó con el número de la viga seguido por el número de probeta y cada lámina fue identificada con una letra. Los ensayos de corte en la línea de adhesivo se realizaron según especifica la norma IRAM 9660-2, en máquina universal de ensayos electromecánica. Con los resultados obtenidos se pudo establecer la existencia de diferencia significativa entre las combinaciones de planos de corte de la madera tangencial interno-tangencial interno y tangencial externo-tangencial externo. El porcentaje de rotura en madera fue inferior al valor que establece la norma. This work had as an objective to study the behavior of shear stresses in glued wood joints for structural use between internal and external tangential cutting planes and the percentage of wood failure. To do this, samples of laminated beams of Pinus sp. industrially manufactured and glued with Urea-Melamina adhesive in a factory from the south of the province of Misiones were taken. The samples for the tests were made in the wood technology laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry Sciences, and were identified with the beam number followed with the sample number and each sheet was identified with a letter. The shear tests in the adhesive line were made as the IRAM Norm 9660-2 specifies with an electromechanical Universal Testing Machine. It was possible to establish the existence of significant differences between the combinations of wood cutting sections of “tangential internal- tangential internal” and “tangential external- tangential external”, with the obtained results.The percentage of wood failure was lower than the standardized.

Resumo No processo de secagem da madeira o módulo de elasticidade estático não sofre alteração até o ponto de saturação das fibras (PSF); para teores de umidade abaixo do PSF, contudo, o módulo de elasticidade estático é afetado. O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar a influência do teor de umidade na obtenção do módulo de elasticidade de vigas de madeira serrada de Pinus sp. pelos ensaios de vibração transversal livre e flexão estática. Foram utilizadas 20 vigas com dimensões nominais de 5 cm x 10 cm x 200 cm originadas de plantios de reflorestamento do estado de São Paulo. Tais vigas foram extraídas de toras recém-abatidas e condicionadas em ambiente fechado para secagem com temperatura e umidade controladas. O módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente obtido pelo método de vibração transversal livre estabilizou-se com umidade na faixa de variação do PSF, tal como ocorre no ensaio de flexão estática. Constatou-se que o ensaio de vibração transversal livre pode ser utilizado para obter o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal aparente em peças de madeira tanto com teor de umidade acima quanto abaixo do PSF. Abstract In the wood drying process, the static modulus of elasticity does not change until the fibre saturation point (FSP) is reached; however, for lower than FSP moisture content, the static modulus of elasticity changes. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of moisture content on obtaining the modulus of elasticity of sawn wooden beams of Pinus sp. through free transverse vibration and static bending tests. We used 20 beams with nominal dimensions of 5 cm x 10 cm x 200 cm from reforestation forests in the State of São Paulo. The beams were taken from newly harvested logs that were kept indoors for drying under controlled temperature and humidity. The apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity, obtained through the free transverse vibration method, stabilized with humidity in the FSP variation range, as it occurs in the static bending test. The study showed that the free transverse vibration test can be used to obtain the apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity from pieces of wood with a moisture content that is either above or below the FSP.

No presente estudo, foram analisadas as propriedades fisico-mecânicas de paineis de madeira aglomerada, de tres camadas, produzidos em laboratorio, com a adicao de dois tipos de serragem obtidas em serrarias, as quais foram classificadas como tipo “fino” e “grosso” por meio de analise granulometrica. Tres proporcoes de serragem (10, 20 e 30%) foram adicionadas as particulas de madeira de Pinus taeda para a confeccao dos paineis. Foram, tambem, confeccionados paineis sem residuo, constituindo um experimento fatorial com sete tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Utilizou-se adesivo de ureia-formaldeido na proporcao de 10% e parafina na proporcao de 1%. Os paineis foram produzidos com densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm³ temperatura dos pratos da prensa de 160°C, pressao de prensagem de 40 Kgf/cm², tempo de prensagem de 8 minutos e tempo de fechamento da prensa de 40 segundos. Apos a confeccao, os paineis foram esquadrejados ficando com dimensoes de 40 x 40 x 1,5 cm. Os ensaios de densidade aparente, estabilidade dimensional, flexao estatica, tracao perpendicular a superficie dos paineis e arrancamento de parafusos foram realizados de acordo com a norma norte-americana ASTM D 1037 – 93. Os resultados foram submetidos a analise estatistica entre tratamentos e entre fatores. Verificou-se que os paineis produzidos com adicao de ate 10% de serragem apresentaram qualidade semelhante aos produzidos apenas com particulas obtidas de madeira rolica, sendo assim uma alternativa para um melhor aproveitamento da serragem como materia prima. Para maiores proporcoes, foi observado que um aumento da proporcao de serragem causou diminuicao das propriedades mecânicas e efeito negativo na estabilidade dimensional dos paineis. Abstract In this paper we analyzed the quality of three layers particleboard, produced in the laboratory with addition of two types of sawdust collected in the sawmills. The sawdust was classified as type a “thin” and a type a “thick”, using sieve analysis. Three ratios of sawdust (10, 20 and 30%) were added to the particles Pinus taeda wood for making the panels. Panels were also made without residue, constituting a factorial design with seven treatments and three replications. It was used for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in a proportion of 10% and paraffin at a ratio of 1%. The panels were produced with nominal density of 0.65 g/cm³, temperature of the press platens to 160 oC, pressing pressure of 40 kg/cm², pressing time of 8 minutes and closing time of the press 40 seconds. After fabrication, the panels were squared up with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 1.5 cm. Tests of apparent density, dimensional stability, bending strength, tensile strength perpendicular to surface and screw withdrawal were performed according to standard American ASTM D 1037 - 93. The results were statistically analyzed between treatments and between factors. It has been found that panels produced with addition 10% sawdust had a similar quality to those produced only by particles obtained round wood, therefore an alternative to a better use of sawdust as raw material. To highest ratios it was observed that increased proportion of sawdust caused a decrease of mechanical properties and adverse effect on the dimensional stability of the panels.

The near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy presents it self as an interesting non-destructive test tool as it enables a fast, simple and reliable way for characterizing large samplings of biological materials in a short period of time. This work aimed to establish multivariate models to estimate the crystallinity indices and tensile and burst strength of cellulosic and nanocellulosic films through NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectra were recorded from the films before tensile and bursting strength, and crystallinity tests. Spectral information were correlated with reference values obtained by laboratory procedures through partial least square regression (PLS-R). The PLS-R model for estimating the crystallinity index presented a coefficient of determination in cross-validation (R²cv) of 0,94 and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) was 3,77. The mechanical properties of the films presented a high correlation with the NIR spectra: R²p = 0,85 (RPD = 2,23) for tensile and R²p = 0,93 (RPD = 3,40) for burst strength. The statistics associated to the models presented have shown that the NIR spectroscopy has the potential to estimate the crystallinity index and resistance properties of cellulose and nanocellulose films on in-line monitoring systems.

Os isópodos terrestres são um importante e dominante componente nas comunidades de meso e macro-decompositores de solo. O presente estudo investiga a diversidade e composição de espécies de isópodos terrestres em três formações vegetais diferentes na Serra Geral do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A área compreende duas formações naturais (Mata Primária e Mata Secundária) e área de plantio de Pinus sp. As armadilhas do tipo pitfall ficaram operantes de março de 2001 a maio de 2002, compreendendo dois períodos de verão e um de inverno. Contabilizaram-se 14 datas amostrais até a retirada das armadilhas. Foram identificadas cinco espécies de isópodos terrestres: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) e Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); somente A. floridana foi abundante em todos ambientes e B. glaber abundante nas formações naturais. Os dados obtidos possibilitaram a realização de inferências sobre as características populacionais destas espécies. A Análise de Similaridade revelou diferença quantitativa entre as áreas, mas não diferença qualitativa. A análise da Proporção Sexual Operacional (OSR) de A. floridana não revelou diferenças significativas entre a proporção sexual entre as áreas. O período reprodutivo identificado no presente estudo, para A. floridana, compreende da primavera até o outono na Mata Primária e plantio de Pinus, e durante o ano todo na Mata Secundária. A Proporção Sexual Operacional (OSR) de B. glaber não apresentou diferenças entre quantidade de machos e fêmeas na Mata Secundária, porém a Mata Primária apresenta diferença entre esta proporção. O período reprodutivo para B. glaber estende-se do verão até o outono (Mata Primária e Secundária). Este é o primeiro registro para o Brasil do estabelecimento de populações de isópodos terrestres em área de plantio de Pinus sp., evidenciado pela presença de jovens, adultos e fêmeas ovígeras, equilíbrio da proporção sexual, padrões esperados de fecundação e reprodução, comparados ao de populações em áreas com vegetação nativa. Terrestrial isopods are important and dominant component of meso and macrodecomposer soil communities. The present study investigates the diversity and species composition of terrestrial isopods on three forests on the Serra Geral of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The area has two natural formations (Primary Woodland and Secondary Woodland) and one plantation of introduced Pinus. The pitfall traps operated from March 2001 to May 2002, with two summer periods and one winter. There were 14 sampling dates overall. Of the five species found: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) and Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); only A. floridana is abundant on all environments and B. glaber is nearly exclusive for the native forests. The obtained data made it possible to infer about population characteristics of this species. The Similarity Analysis showed a quantitative difference among the Secondary forest and Pinus plantation, but not a qualitative one. The operational sex ratio (OSR) analysis for A. floridana does not reveal significant differences in male and female proportions among environments. The reproductive period identified in the present study for A. floridana was from spring to autumn in the primary forest and Pinus plantation and during all year for the secondary forest. The OSR analysis for B. glaber reveals no significant differences in abundance between males and females for secondary forest, but the primary forest was a significant difference. The reproductive period for B. glaber extended from summer to autumn (for primary and secondary forest). This is the first record for Brazil of an established terrestrial isopod population in a Pinus sp. plantation area, evidenced by the presence of young, adults and ovigerous females, balanced sex ratio, expected fecundity and reproduction pattern, as compared to populations from native vegetation areas

A utilização do preservante CCA (sais de cromo, cobre e arsênio) tem sido questionada devido ao impacto relacionado à dispersão, principalmente, do cobre e do arsênio para o ambiente, antes de sua completa fixação na madeira. Outra questão se relaciona à disposição indevida dos resíduos provenientes da madeira tratada, viabilizando a lixiviação devido à maior área passível desses rejeitos sujeita a tal fenômeno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de painéis de partículas, avaliando o efeito da adição de resíduos de Pinus sp. tratado com sais de cromo, cobre e arsênio (CCA), em associação com material da mesma espécie sem preservantes, além de alterações no teor de adesivo poliuretano à base de mamona empregado na produção. As propriedades dos painéis produzidos foram determinadas conforme recomendações da NBR 14810-3: 2006. Por meio de análise estatística, observou-se que a adição da madeira tratada proporcionou desempenho superior no inchamento em espessura (2 h), ao passo que esse insumo utilizado na mesma proporção que a madeira sem preservantes foi significante, obtendo os melhores resultados na adesão interna. Os módulos de ruptura e de elasticidade na flexão não sofreram influência das variações nos insumos utilizados nos painéis. Os painéis, em grande parte, apresentaram-se em conformidade com os principais requisitos nesse âmbito, mostrando a possibilidade da utilização dos referidos insumos na produção, além da obtenção de um produto com considerável apelo ambiental. The use of preservative CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) has been questioned due to the impact mainly related to the dispersion of copper and arsenic to the environment prior to its complete fixation in timber. Another issue is related to the inappropriate disposal of wastes from treated wood, which may cause leaching due to the increased area susceptible to these wastes. This study aimed the particleboard production, evaluating the effect of adding waste from CCA-treated Pinus sp., in association with the same specie without preservative, in addition to variations in content of castor oil-based polyurethane resin. Particleboards properties were determined according to NBR 14810-3: 2006. By statistical analysis, it was observed that the addition of treated wood resulted in better performance in the thickness swelling (2 hours), whereas this treated wood used the same proportion as the timber without preservatives was significant in internal bond, showing the better values. The modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were not influenced by variations in raw-materials used in particleboards production. Most of the panels were in accordance to the main requirements, showing feasibility of using these materials in their production, as well as obtaining a product with considerable environmental appeal.

Summary Here, we describe a method for the combined metabolomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and genomic analysis from one single sample as a major step for multilevel data integration strategies in systems biology. While extracting proteins and DNA, this protocol also allows the separation of metabolites into polar and lipid fractions, as well as RNA fractionation into long and small RNAs, thus allowing a broad range of transcriptional studies. The isolated biomolecules are suitable for analysis with different methods that range from electrophoresis and blotting to state-of-the-art procedures based on mass spectrometry (accurate metabolite profiling, shot-gun proteomics) or massive sequencing technologies (transcript analysis). The low amount of starting tissue, its cost-efficiency compared with the utilization of commercial kits, and its performance over a wide range of plant, microbial, and algal species such as Chlamydomonas, Arabidopsis, Populus, or Pinus, makes this method a universal alternative for multiple molecular isolation from plant tissues.

No presente estudo, foram analisadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas de painéis de madeira aglomerada, de três camadas, produzidos em laboratório, com a adição de dois tipos de serragem obtidas em serrarias, as quais foram classificadas como tipo “fino” e “grosso” por meio de análise granulométrica. Três proporções de serragem (10, 20 e 30%) foram adicionadas às partículas de madeira de Pinus taeda para a confecção dos painéis. Foram, também, confeccionados painéis sem resíduo, constituindo um experimento fatorial com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Utilizou-se adesivo de uréia-formaldeído na proporção de 10% e parafina na proporção de 1%. Os painéis foram produzidos com densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm³ temperatura dos pratos da prensa de 160°C, pressão de prensagem de 40 Kgf/cm², tempo de prensagem de 8 minutos e tempo de fechamento da prensa de 40 segundos. Após a confecção, os painéis foram esquadrejados ficando com dimensões de 40 x 40 x 1,5 cm. Os ensaios de densidade aparente, estabilidade dimensional, flexão estática, tração perpendicular à superfície dos painéis e arrancamento de parafusos foram realizados de acordo com a norma norte-americana ASTM D 1037 – 93. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística entre tratamentos e entre fatores. Verificou-se que os painéis produzidos com adição de até 10% de serragem apresentaram qualidade semelhante aos produzidos apenas com partículas obtidas de madeira roliça, sendo assim uma alternativa para um melhor aproveitamento da serragem como matéria prima. Para maiores proporções, foiobservado que um aumento da proporção de serragem causou diminuição das propriedades mecânicas e efeito negativo na estabilidade dimensional dos painéis. AbstractIn this paper we analyzed the quality of three layers particleboard, produced in the laboratory with addition of two types of sawdust collected in the sawmills. The sawdust was classified as type a “thin” and a type a “thick”, using sieve analysis. Three ratios of sawdust (10, 20 and 30%) were added to the particles Pinus taeda wood for making the panels. Panels were also made without residue, constituting a factorial design with seven treatments and three replications. It was used for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in a proportion of 10% and paraffin at a ratio of 1%. The panels were produced with nominal density of 0.65 g/cm³, temperature of the press platens to 160 ºC, pressing pressure of 40 kg/cm², pressing time of 8 minutes and closing time of the press 40 seconds. After fabrication, the panels were squared up with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 1.5 cm. Tests of apparent density, dimensional stability, bending strength, tensile strength perpendicular to surface and screw withdrawal were performed according to standard American ASTM D 1037 - 93. The results were statistically analyzed between treatments and between factors. It has been found that panels produced with addition 10% sawdust had a similar quality to those produced only by particles obtained round wood, therefore an alternative to a better use of sawdust as raw material. To highest ratios it was observed that increased proportion of sawdust caused a decrease of mechanical properties and adverse effect on the dimensional stability of the panels.

Veći radovi na pošumljavanju krša u nas, prema dostupnoj dokumentaciji, datiraju od druge polovice 19. stoljeća a izvodila ih je Krajiška uprava 1865. godine. Za pošumljavanje krša Vojne krajine osnovano je u Senju 1878. godine Nadzorništvo za pošumljavanje primorskoga krša. U Dalmaciji su intenzivna pošumljavanja provođena u razdoblju od 1904. do 1914. godine. U razdoblju od 1865. do 1945. godine, pošumljeno je na kršu oko 16 000 ha šumskih kultura. U radu se prikazuje trenutna struktura šumskih kultura na Mediteranskom području Republike Hrvatske s obzirom na zastupljenost vrsta, površinu, dob, drvnu zalihu i prirast. Uspjeh pošumljavanja i osnivanja kultura četinjača ovisi o visokom stupnju harmonizacije između posebnih zahtjeva vrste i produktivnosti tla. Vrste roda Pinus L. imaju važnu ulogu u procesu progresivne sukcesije vegetacije na Sredozemnom području. Općenito se može reći da uspjeh pošumljavanja sadnicama ovisi o kompleksu klimatskih, mehaničkih i bioloških čimbenika. Vruća i suha ljeta, plitko tlo i južne ekspozicije samo su neki od čimbenika koji negativno utječu na podizanje šumskih kultura na području Sredozemlja. U novije vrijeme suša se savladava modernim agrotehničkim mjerama kojima je cilj stvaranje što boljih uvjeta za održanje vlage u tlu i sprečavanje evaporacije. Radi popravljanja vlažnosti tla, mogu se primjenjivati hidrogelovi, a za smanjivanje transpiracije i vodnog stresa različite vrste antitranspiranata. Uporabom tvorničkih gnojiva sa kontroliranim otpuštanjem hranjivih tvari kao što je Agroblen i sl. osiguravamo optimalan rast i visoku otpornost biljke tijekom duljeg razdoblja. Na tlima izuzetno slabe mikrobiološke aktivnosti može se primjenjivati Frisol F organsko gnojivo s kontoliranim otpuštanjem hranjiva i progresivnim učinkom na tlo. Tijekom povijesti puno se pisalo o čimbenicima koji utječu na uspjeh pošumljavanja kao što su kvaliteta sadnica (genetska i morfološka), broj biljaka/ha, način pripreme zemljišta, vrijeme, godišnje doba i način obavljanja sadnje, izbor vrsta drveća, provenijencija i održavanje nasada. Dosta istraživača bavilo se problematikom stanja i uspijevanja umjetno podignutih šumskih nasada, metodama prorednih zahvata, produkcijom i kemizmom biomase, melioracijskom učincima pojedinih vrsta, prirastima, prirodnom obnovom nakon požara, sanacijom površina poharanih požarom, odnosima stanišnih čimbenika u sastojinama itd. Buduće aktivnosti valjalo bi usmjeriti prema istraživanjima fizioloških kriterijia kvalitete sadnica (potencijal rasta korijena, vodni turgor itd.) i utjecaju mehaničkih čimbenika (osjetljivost sadnica na oštećivanje, štetni utjecaj vađenja, dorade, klasiranja, čuvanja, transporta, tehnike ručne ili strojne sadnje) na uspjeh pošumljavanja na kršu. Odgovarajuća priprema površine za pošumljavanje, pažljiva i stručna tehnika sadnje (izbjegavanje tzv. U, J i L zakorjenjivanja, loše zatrpavanje i gaženje sadne jeme, pretjerano orezivanje korijena, ...), zaštita sadnica postavljanjem manjeg kamenja ili zaštitne ploče te kontrola korova samo su neke od mjera koje se primjenjuju za ublažavanje stresova kod podizanja šumskih kultura na području krša.

木材の乾縮率の決定に関与する因子は壁のフィブリル傾角,木化度,早晩材の構成比,細胞形などが提案されているが,因子の関与度合はあまり明らかにされていない。本報告は早成樹ニュージランドパイン(Pinus radiata)を対象に細胞壁の乾縮と細胞の乾縮の関係を検討した。マツ材は残留応力や水溶性の抽出成分を除去し,切片上で乾縮を計測した。乾燥は切片に新たな応力や変形を生じないようにアルコールで脱水した。仮道管の脱水により,細胞壁は乾縮するが,細胞内腔は膨張した。膨張量は乾縮量よりも大きいために仮道管は膨張した。また放射壁と切線壁の乾縮量の比は仮道管群の寸法変化率や木材ブロックの乾縮率の比と異なっていた。これらのことから木材の乾縮は隣接する仮道管の寸法変化の相互作用や細胞の配置状態による影響があると推察された。, It was suggested by Boyd (1974) that the mechanisms affecting a shrinkage of wood were fibril angle, degree of lignification, a ratio of early wood to late wood in one growth ring and a cell shape. But it was not clear the effecting degree of factors. In this article, it was discussed the relation between tracheid shrinkage and cell wall shrinkage caused by a moisture content in the cross section of a fast grown tree, New Zealand pine (Pinus radiata). Specimen were treated with warm water at 40℃ for removing residual stress like growing stress and extractives. A shrinkage was measured with a thin specimen, and was dehydrated step by step with ethyl alchol solution to avoid abnormal shrinkage. By dehydration, a tracheid cell wall shrank but a lumen of the tracheid swelled. As a quantity of the swelling was greater than the shrinkage, tracheids swelled consequently. The shrinkage ratio of radial wall to tangential wall was differ from the average wood shrinkage ratio of eleven pinus species in US. The dimension change coefficient of one tracheid was greater than the coefficient of tracheid group contained many tracheids. It was concluded from the results obtained that a dimensional change of wood was affected by the interaction of a dimensional change of adjacent tracheids and by the geometrical arrangement., 紀要論文

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:07:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 O homem cultiva a terra há vários séculos, mas o uso intensivo e empresarial dos solos sob vegetação de cerrado para a produção agrícola cresceu a partir da década de setenta. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar atributos físicos do solo em função da época de amostragem e dos tipos de usos do solo em área de cerrado no município de Uberlândia- MG, Brasil. Os manejos adotados foram: pastagem degradada (M-1), cultivo convencional (M-2), cultivo mínimo (M-3), ausência de preparo (M-4), plantio direto (PD) 3o ano (M-5); PD 9o ano (M-6), PD de 3o ano pós Pinus (M-7); PD de 1o ano pós Pinus (M-8) e floresta de Pinus (M-9) de 25 anos. As avaliações foram realizadas no ano agrícola de 2002/03, em duas áreas. Sendo a área 1 de solo Latossolo Vermelho (LV-1, M-1 até M-5) e a área 2 de Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA e LV-2, M-6 até M-9). Os atributos físicos estudados sofreram alterações em função da classe de solo, época de amostragem e dos sistemas de uso, com destaque para os solos da área 2, que, em geral, melhor conservaram os seus principais atributos físicos. Manejos com intensa mobilização do solo, como o sistema M-2, são os que mais degradam fisicamente o solo, tendo apresentado alterações negativas principalmente para a densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade e macroporosidade. Já os sistemas que promovem menor mobilização do solo tendem, em curto prazo, a preservar atributos físicos desejáveis. O sistema de manejo M-9 apresentou a menor variação de atributos, comparado aos demais. Man cultivates the soil for centuries, but the intensive business and use of the soils under Cerrado vegetation for agricultural production grew out of the seventies. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical characteristics as a function of sampling time and the soil uses in a Cerrado area in Uberlandia City - MG, Brazil. The managements were adopted: degraded pasture (M-1), conventional tillage (M-2), minimum tillage (M-3), tillage absence (M-4), no-tillage (NT) for three years (M-5); NT for nine years (M-6), NT for three years after Pinus (M-7), PD for one year after Pinus (M-8) and Pinus forest (M-9) with 25 years old. The evaluations were conducted in 2002/03 growing season, in two areas. The soils were: area 1, an Oxisol (Red Latosol - LV-1, M-1 through M-5) and area 2, two Oxisols (Red Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol - LVA and LV-2, M-6 through M-9). The physical attributes studied changed depending of the soil class, sampling time and management systems, with emphasis on the area 2 soils, which, in general, better preserved its main physical attributes. Managements with intense tillage, such as the M-2, are the most soil physically degrade, presenting mostly negative changes to soil bulk density, total porosity, microporosity and macroporosity. Since the systems which promote less tillage, in short term, to preserve desirable physical attributes. The M-9 system had the lowest attributes range, compared to the others. Lab Brasileiro Anal Agr LABRAS, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) UFU, Inst Ciencias Agr ICIAG, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) UFES, Ctr Ciencias Agr CCA, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

[ES] Se ha ensayado la eficacia de un difusor de la feromona de la procesionaria del pino fabricado por la empresa Trécé lncorporated denominado Pherocon® PPM, distribuido por la empresa Kenogard. La eficacia se ha verificado dentro de una experiencia más amplia en la que también se ensayaban varios modelos de trampas como alternativa a la Trampa G. Se han colocado un total de 60 trampas, la mitad de ellas cebadas con Pherocon® y la otra mitad con Pityolure®. El número de capturas obtenido mediante el empleo de los dos difusores ha sido similar, no arrojando el análisis de la varianza diferencias significativas. Se concluye que el difusor Pherocon® consigue los mismos niveles de capturas que el difusor Pityolure®