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This was a cross-sectional study that aimed to evaluate the association between breastfeeding and motor development of infants at 3-4 months of age in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The outcome, infant motor development, was evaluated through the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (Bayley III). The prevalence of infants that stopped breastfeeding before reaching 3-4 months of age was 16.6%. The most prevalent reason for early weaning was 'insufficient milk flow' (50.4%). The general mean of motor development was 104.9 (±13.2) points, and the lowest means were attributed to babies who never breastfed (101.5; SD ±14.6), followed by those stopped breastfeeding (102.5; SD ±14.1). The results revealed that infants who never breastfed and those who had stopped at 3-4 months of age presented -1.9 (CI 95% -3.8;-0.2) points in the motor development scale means when compared with infants who were still breastfeeding.

This study aimed to verify the course of maternal anxiety disorders and its impact on child development of toddlers. This is a cohort study that followed 497 pregnant adolescents who received antenatal care in the public health service in a southern city in Brazil. We assessed maternal anxiety disorders during gestation, postpartum, and when children were 2-3 years old and we evaluated child development in toddlerhood. We performed a structured modelling approach to compare the effect of three different hypothesized life course models (accumulation, critical period, and mobility) of maternal anxiety on child development. The course of maternal anxiety manifests in different ways in each dimension of child development. However, only child cognitive development was directly impacted by maternal anxiety disorders (B -4.05; 95%CI -7.16; -0.93). Research on the impact of life course models of anxiety disorders is needed to help the implementation of interventions to prevent future negative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS: We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION: Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems. DESCRIPTORS: Child Development. Infant, Low Birth Weight. Cesarean Section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para o nascimento de crianças pequenas para a idade gestacional. MÉTODOS: Nos meses de outubro a dezembro de 1996, cinco maternidades de Pelotas, RS, foram visitadas diariamente para entrevistar puérperas. O peso ao nascer foi obtido do registro dos berçários. A idade gestacional foi calculada a partir da data da última menstruação. Considerou-se como pequena para a idade gestacional (PIG) aquelas crianças cujo peso ao nascer, de acordo com o sexo e a idade gestacional, estava abaixo do percentil 10 da população de referência de Williams. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado nas análises bivariadas e a regressão logística, não-condicional, na análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 1.082 puérperas e a prevalência de nascimento PIG foi de 13,1%. Mesmo após controle para possíveis fatores de confusão, as crianças cuja renda familiar era superscript three10 salários-mínimos. Um pré-natal de baixa qualidade também aumentou a chance de PIG (OR: 3,28 IC95% 1,09-9,91). Baixa estatura materna e exposição ao tabaco também estiveram associados com nascimentos PIG. CONCLUSÕES: O baixo nível socioeconômico, tabagismo materno, estatura materna e pré-natal de baixa qualidade foram os principais fatores de risco para PIG.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e fatores associados ao sedentarismo em adolescentes residentes em uma área urbana. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de 960 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 18 anos, em 2002, em Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário anônimo e auto-aplicado. Foi definindo como sedentário o adolescente que participava de atividades físicas por um tempo menor do que 20 minutos diários e uma freqüência menor do que três vezes por semana. Variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais foram avaliadas. Para as comparações entre proporções, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado, e para a análise multivariada, a regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto para as variâncias. Foi feito controle para efeito de delineamento. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 960 adolescentes, dos quais 39% foram considerados sedentários. As meninas foram mais sedentárias do que os meninos, 2,45 (IC 95% 2,06-2,92). Os adolescentes das classes sociais mais baixas foram mais sedentários, 1,35 (IC 95% 1,06-1,72). Escolaridade inferior a quatro anos de estudo do adolescente 1,30 (IC 95% 1,01-1,68) e da mãe 1,75 (IC 95% 1,31-2,23) apresentaram maior risco para o sedentarismo. Após controle para possíveis fatores de confusão, mostrou-se também positiva a associação entre o sedentarismo e a presença de transtornos psiquiátricos menores e relação inversa, fator de proteção para os sexualmente ativos 0,84 (IC 95% 0,71-0,99). CONCLUSÕES: Ser do sexo feminino, pertencer à classe social baixa, ter uma baixa escolaridade e ser filho de mãe com baixa escolaridade são fatores associados ao sedentarismo.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência e os fatores de risco para o tabagismo em uma amostra de base populacional de adolescentes residentes em área urbana. MÉTODOS: Em 1997, realizou-se um estudo transversal com uma amostragem em múltiplos estágios dos adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 18 anos completos residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi definido como sendo fumante todo aquele adolescente que informou ter fumado pelo menos um cigarro por semana no último mês. Para as comparações entre proporções, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates para tabelas 2X2. A regressão logística não condicional foi utilizada na análise multivariada. RESULTADOS/ CONCLUSÕES: Foram entrevistados 632 adolescentes, sendo que com outros 38 não foi possível realizar a entrevista. Na amostra estudada, 11,1% dos adolescentes eram fumantes, 6,8% eram ex-fumantes e 82,1% nunca haviam fumado regularmente. A prevalência de tabagismo foi diretamente relacionada com a idade do adolescente. Mesmo após controle para possíveis fatores de confusão, aqueles adolescentes que não estavam estudando, que eram repetentes, cujos pais estavam separados ou que relataram terem abusado de bebidas alcoólicas no último mês apresentaram uma maior razão de odds para tabagismo.

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Prior to the availability of generic third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins were widely used for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in developing countries despite concerns about rising levels of penicillin resistance among pneumococcal isolates. We examined the impact of penicillin resistance on outcomes of pneumococcal meningitis over a ten year period in an infectious diseases hospital in Brazil. Methods Clinical presentation, antimicrobial therapy and outcomes were reviewed for 548 patients with culture-confirmed pneumococcal meningitis from December, 1995, to November, 2005. Pneumococcal isolates from meningitis patients were defined as penicillin-resistant if Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for penicillin were greater than 0.06 μg/ml. Proportional hazards regression was used to identify risk factors for fatal outcomes. Results During the ten-year period, ceftriaxone replaced ampicillin as first-line therapy for suspected bacterial meningitis. In hospital case-fatality for pneumococcal meningitis was 37%. Of 548 pneumococcal isolates from meningitis cases, 92 (17%) were resistant to penicillin. After controlling for age and severity of disease at admission, penicillin resistance was associated with higher case-fatality (Hazard Ratio [HR], 1.62; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.08-2.43). Penicillin-resistance remained associated with higher case-fatality when initial therapy included ceftriaxone (HR, 1.68; 95% CI 1.02-2.76). Conclusions Findings support the use of third generation cephalosporin antibiotics for treatment of suspected pneumococcal meningitis even at low prevalence of pneumococcal resistance to penicillins.

Introduction: Pregnancy in adolescence has long-term consequences that can negatively influence oral conditions. In this study, we aimed to assess malocclusion in deciduous dentition and its association with prolonged breastfeeding, pacifier use, and perinatal health indicators pertaining to the periods immediately before and after birth.Methods: This cross-sectional study was nested in a cohort of adolescent mothers who became pregnant from 13 to 19 years of age (mean age, 17.3 ± 1.6 years). A total of 509 mother-child dyads were included. Information on perinatal indicators, including Apgar score (0-10), which is a standardized assessment of the condition of the infant at birth (heart rate, breath rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color), head circumference, birth weight, and need for intensive care unit admission were collected after delivery through interviews with the mothers. By the time the children were 24 to 36 months of age, malocclusion was assessed, and information on the use of pacifiers and breastfeeding was collected. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the outcome (malocclusion).Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 62.33%, and open bite was the most frequent one (47.45%). After adjustments, children with no need for intensive care unit admission had a lower risk of malocclusion (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99), whereas those with an Apgar score less than 7 had a higher risk (PR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.64). Children who had used a pacifier (PR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02-3.24) or were still using it (PR = 3.88; 95% CI, 2.65-5.68) had a higher chance of malocclusion compared with children who never used a pacifier. Children breastfeeding for 24 months or longer were less likely to have malocclusion (PR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.34-0.73).Conclusions: Poor perinatal health and pacifier use may be risk factors for malocclusion development in deciduous teeth. Long duration of breastfeeding is associated with better occlusal conditions in children of adolescent mothers. Further studies are needed with other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to maternal symptoms of depression/anxiety has long-term negative consequences for child development, regardless of the contextual risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of the symptomatology of persistent maternal depression and anxiety with child dental fear. This study was nested in a cohort of adolescent mothers in southern Brazil. Symptomatology of maternal depression and anxiety was assessed during pregnancy and postpartum, when the mothers' children were 24-36 months old, using Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The mothers answered a questionnaire to assess dental fear in their children, and to obtain socioeconomic and demographic data. Both mothers and their children were submitted to clinical oral examination (n= 540 dyads) to obtain oral health data. Multivariate hierarchical Poisson regression analysis was used to determine associations (p < 0.05). At data collection, the prevalence of maternal depressive symptoms was 39.1%, and anxiety was observed in 27.8% of the mothers, whereas 21.6% of the children presented dental fear. In the adjusted analysis, children's dental fear was positively associated with mothers' presenting depressive symptomatology and caries experience. The depression symptomatology trajectory was not associated with dental fear, whereas mothers with persistent symptoms of anxiety reported higher prevalence of dental fear toward their offspring. The findings of symptomatology of maternal depression observed at data collection and persistence of anxiety may negatively impact the child's perception of dental fear. Mothers are the main caregivers and primary models responsible for transmitting health-related behaviors; consequently, mental disorders affecting mothers may negatively impact their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To assess the association between lifetime crack cocaine use and psychiatric (post-traumatic stress disorder, current depression, current dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, as well as SRQ scores and suicide risk) and substance-use disorders (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens and opioids) in youth in the general population of the city of Pelotas, RS. Method: This was a cross-sectional population-based study, involving 1560 participants between 18 and 24 years old. Lifetime substance use and abuse were investigated using the ASSIST inventory. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and symptoms of common mental disorders were evaluated with the Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ). Results: The prevalence of lifetime crack cocaine use in the sample was 2.5%. Its use was associated with total SRW scores and the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder and suicide risk in the final regression model. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine and cocaine dependence were also associated with lifetime use of crack cocaine. Discussion: Youth with a history of crack cocaine use had a higher prevalence of psychiatric conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as an increased risk of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine and inhalant use and dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low birth weight is related to morbidity and mortality and sequelae during infant development, thereby impacting health system costs. It is thus important to evaluate factors that influence low birth weight and to estimate their impact on the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This was a nested prospective study in a cohort of pregnant women who received prenatal care and gave birth in the National Health System in hospitals with ICUs in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Gestational depression was associated with a fourfold risk of low birth weight (PR = 3.94; CI: 1.49-10.36). Based on the population- attributable fraction, in the overall population an estimated 36.17% of low birth weight infants are born to mothers with an episode of depression during pregnancy, with an estimated cost of more than R$76 million (U$38 million) in Brazil. The study recommends the expansion of preventive and therapeutic mental health care measures for pregnant women and the adequate use of resources in the Unified National Health System to improve neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between alcohol abuse during gestation and low birth weight. METHODS: Cross-sectional, population-based nested study from a cohort of 957 pregnant women who received prenatal assistance through Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System) in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and delivered their babies between September 2007 and September 2008. The mothers were interviewed at two distinct moments: prenatal and postpartum periods. In order to verify alcohol abuse, the CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener) scale was used. Bivariate analyses were carried out, as well as multiple logistic regression adjusted by the variables prematurity and alcohol abuse. The level of significance that was adopted was 95%. RESULTS: Of the women who participated in the study, 2.1% abused alcohol during pregnancy and, among these, 26.3% had low birth weight children. There was an association between alcohol abuse and low birth weight (p<0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses, from an ethnomusicological perspective, the role of jam sessions in Manhattan as a privileged context for learning and transmitting the main performative and aesthetic principles of jazz. It is the result of research carried out with professional jazz musicians living and working primarily in New York. In the context of jam sessions, jazz musicians acquire performance experience, develop a personal sound, enlarge their knowledge of repertoire and obtain a professional attitude. Many participate in jam sessions in order to complement formal learning conducted outside the professional performative contexts. I argue that jam sessions represent important contexts for learning jazz informally, stimulating the contact between apprentices and several other education agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)