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Metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic pharmaceutical of large-scale consumption, is increasingly detected in surface waters. However, current knowledge on the long-term effects of MET on non-target organisms is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of MET in the model freshwater teleost Danio rerio, following a full life-cycle exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (390 to 14 423 ng/L). Considering that the mode of action (MoA) of MET on non-target organisms remains underexplored and that MET may act through similar human pathways, i.e., lipid and energy metabolisms, biochemical markers were used to determine cholesterol and triglycerides levels, as well as mitochondrial complex I activity in zebrafish liver. Also, the hepatosomatic index as an indication of metabolic disruption, and the expression levels of genes involved in MET's putative MoA, i.e. acaca, acadm, cox5aa, idh3a, hmgcra, prkaa1, were determined, the last by qRT-PCR. A screening of mRNA transcripts, associated with lipid and energy metabolisms, and other signaling pathways potentially involved in MET-induced toxicity were also assessed using an exploratory RNA-seq analysis. The findings here reported indicate that MET significantly disrupted critical biochemical and molecular processes involved in zebrafish metabolism, such as cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle, concomitantly to changes on the hepatosomatic index. Likewise, MET impacted other relevant pathways mainly associated with cell cycle, DNA repair and steroid hormone biosynthesis, here reported for the first time in a non-target aquatic organism. Non-monotonic dose response curves were frequently detected in biochemical and qRT-PCR data, with higher effects observed at 390 and 2 929 ng/L MET treatments. Collectively, the results suggest that environmentally relevant concentrations of MET severely disrupt D. rerio metabolism and other import

The primary focus of environmental toxicological studies is to address the direct effects of chemicals on exposed organisms (parental generation – F0), mostly overlooking effects on subsequent non-exposed generations (F1 and F2 – intergenerational and F3 transgenerational, respectively). Here, we addressed the effects of simvastatin (SIM), one of the most widely prescribed human pharmaceuticals for the primary treatment of hypercholesterolemia, using the keystone crustacean Gammarus locusta. We demonstrate that SIM, at environmentally relevant concentrations, has significant inter and transgenerational (F1 and F3) effects in key signaling pathways involved in crustaceans’ neuroendocrine regulation (Ecdysteroids, Catecholamines, NO/cGMP/PKG, GABAergic and Cholinergic signaling pathways), concomitantly with changes in apical endpoints, such as depressed reproduction and growth. These findings are an essential step to improve hazard and risk assessment of biological active compounds, such as SIM, and highlight the importance of studying the transgenerational effects of environmental chemicals in animals’ neuroendocrine regulation

Crossfit trainings usually organize themselves into aerobic and anaerobic exercises, classifying their sessions as training. For all athletes and practitioners of physical activity, dehydration is a difficulty and can modify physiological responses and physical performance if the loss is 1% to 3% of body mass due to dehydration. Thus, taking into account the effects of water losses in the practice of Crossfit, the objective of the present study was to analyze the degree of dehydration in practitioners of this modality. A cross - sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out with 30 adult individuals, with a research protocol related to the practitioner 's identification, socioeconomic variables, anthropometric nutritional assessment (Circumference of arm, triceps, arm muscle circumference, corrected arm muscle area) exercise variables and dehydration rate. It was verified that 90% of the sample ingested water during the training and 96.6% did not use a hydroelectrolytic repository during the training. It was observed that the majority had a BMI greater than 24.9 that characterized overweight, obesity grade I and obesity grade II in the evaluation scale. The highest liquid intake during training was 1 liter and 300 milliliters, the lowest being 850 milliliters. Ingestion contributed to the maximum dehydration rate of 1.32%, with a minimum of 0.22%. The rate of sweat production was also quantified, being found maximum value of 25.2% and minimum 8.7%. These data showed that water replenishment prevented body mass losses from being more pronounced., Os treinamentos de Crossfit habitualmente organizam-se em exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos, classificando suas sessões como treinamentos. Para todos os atletas e praticantes de atividade física a desidratação é uma dificuldade e pode modificar respostas fisiológicas e o desempenho físico, caso a perda da massa corporal ocasionada pela desidratação seja de 1% a 3%. Desta forma, levando em consideração os efeitos das perdas hídricas na prática do Crossfit, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o grau de desidratação em praticantes desta modalidade. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo, observacional, com 30 indivíduos adultos sendo aplicado um protocolo de pesquisa referentes à identificação do praticante, variáveis socioeconômicas, de avaliação nutricional antropométrica (Circunferência do braço, prega cutânea tricipital, circunferência muscular do braço, área muscular do braço corrigida), variáveis do exercício e taxa de desidratação. Verificou-se que 90% da amostra ingeriu água durante o treino e 96,6% não fazia uso de repositor hidroeletrolítico durante o treino. Foi observado que a maioria apresentou IMC maior que 24,9kg/m² que caracteriza sobrepeso, obesidade grau I e obesidade grau II na escala de avaliação. A maior ingestão de líquido durante o treino foi de 1 litro e 300 mililitros, sendo a menor 850 mililitros. A ingestão contribuiu para que a taxa de desidratação máxima fosse de 1,32%, sendo a mínima 0,22%. A taxa de produção de suor também foi quantificada, sendo encontrado valor máximo de 25,2% e mínimo 8,7%. Esses dados mostraram que as reposições hídricas impediram que as perdas de massa corporal fossem mais acentuadas.

For a long time, it was believed that children did not have significant depression, a thought recently proved wrong, since it was found evidences in scientific studies that depression occurs at least occasionally among children. Based on this point of view, this research had as objective to discuss the importance of the educator on the comprehension and identification of symptoms of depression on students. The search through the literature has showed that depression has serious consequences to the child’s life, especially in school context, which could interfere with the learning, since during the depressive period the loss of interest for activities that were once fun, gives place to demonstrations of constant bad mood in face of studies, games and sports, causing significant psychosocial damage. Our study evidenced strategies that can contribute in the teacher performance in classes with children who express some kind of specific behavior, classified as depressive disorder, and shown that teachers are important for the identification of symptoms of childhood depression., Durante muito tempo,acreditou-se que a criança não tinha depressão significativa, pensamento que se revelou bastante equivocado, porque em estudos científicos foram encontradas evidências de que a depressão ocorre pelo menos ocasionalmente entre crianças. Com base nesse ponto de vista, o presente artigo socializa um estudo cujo objetivo foi discutir sobre a importância do educador na compreensão e na identificação dos sintomas depressivos em alunos. A busca através da literatura mostrou que a depressão traz sérias consequências à vida da criança, principalmente em contexto escolar, podendo interferir na aprendizagem, pois, durante o período depressivo infantil, a perda de interesse pelas atividades que antes eram divertidas dá lugar a manifestações de mau humor constante diante dos estudos, dos jogos, das brincadeiras e dos esportes, causando significativos danos psicossociais. O estudo evidenciou estratégias que podem contribuir para a atuação do educador em sala de aula com crianças que manifestem algum tipo de comportamento específico, classificado como transtorno depressivo, e comprovou que este profissional é sujeito importante na identificação de sintomas da depressão infantil., Durante mucho tiempo se creyó que la niño no tenía depresión significativa, pensamiento que resultó ser un gran error, ya que en los estudios la evidencia científica se encontró que la depresión se produce por lo menos de vez en cuando desde los niños. Desde este punto de vista, este artículo socializa un estudio cuyo objetivo fue discutir acerca de la importancia del maestro en la comprensión y identificación de síntomas depresivos en alumnos. La búsqueda a través de la literatura mostró que la depresión trae graves consecuencias para la vida del niño, especialmente en las escuelas y pueden interferir con el aprendizaje, debido a que durante el periodo depresivo en la infancia, la pérdida de interés en actividades, los juegos y deportes, causando daños psicosocial significativo. El estudio resalta estrategias que pueden contribuir a el rendimiento del educador en el aula con los niños que expresan algún tipo de comportamiento específico, clasificado como un trastorno depresivo, y demostró este profesional es sujeto importante en la identificación de síntomas de la depresión infantil.