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The overall goal of cruise CAGE 17-3 is to collect seismic, multibeam and water column data in an area along the northern flank of the Bear island trough and on the W-Svalbard margin. The objectives associated with the overall goal are to better understand the occurrence of gas hydrates and fluid leakage, the source of the gas in these systems, and seafloor expressions of fluid seepage. In order to address these objectives we plan to carry out: 2D and 3D P-Cable seismic and ocean-bottom seismic acquisition over a complex leakage and source-to-sink plumbing system in the Leirdjupet Fault complex in the SW Barents Sea;Recovery of one of CAGE’s ocean floor observatory from the crater area at the northern flank of the Bear Island Trough;Repeat of P-Cable 3D seismic acquisition on the eastern segment of the Vestnesa Ridge for time-lapse seismic studies of fluid flow and gas hydrates dynamics;2D multi-channel seismic for reconnaissance and stratigraphic correlation in the Molloy Ridge area;Multibeam mapping to fill in gaps and improve resolution of existing data using the upgraded EM302 system on R/V Helmer Hanssen The cruise may be known as: CAGE17_3

The main goal of CAGE 17-2 AMGG cruise was to study the gas-hydrate-bearing system and methane emission off south and east of Spitsbergen in Storfjordrenna and the northern flank of Olga Basin (named here Olga craters) respectively, and in the West Sentralbanken. We addressed this through a comprehensive scientific program comprising dives with the MISO-Tow Cam adapted to the multicorer frame from UiT-NPI (TowCam/Multicorer, TCM), methane measurements in sediments, water column, and in air, sediment coring (multicorer + gravity corer), water column and sediment biogeochemistry, microbiology, micropaleontology, and bathymetric mapping. Cruise CAGE 17-2 was also hosting this year’s AMGG research school cruise with masters, PhD and post-doc students participating. The areas investigated were: Storfjordrenna, Pingos site (ca 380 m water depth),Northern Flank of Olga Basin (ca 140 m water depth)West Sentralbanken (ca 200 m water depth) We planned the following activities during the CAGE 17-2 cruise: EM 302 Simrad swath bathymetry mapping to identify seabed morphology Mapping of flare distributionsCTD stations at different water depths and in different areas for measurements ofocean water masses characteristics, andwater sampling for water/gas chemistry and microbiology investigations across methane seeps.TCM surveys (video-camera) to image seabed fluid flow expressions, sites of bacteria mats, crusts and gas bubbles.Repeated deployments with TCM to sample surficial and shallow sediments with respect to microbiology, geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and micropaleontology.Gravity corer for studying sediment biogeochemistry, biomarkers, microbiology, and foraminifera.Scrape sampling to collect rocks and crusts.Gas Chromatographer (GC) to measure methane concentration in the water and sediment samples.Flasks Restek, Electro-Polished Miniature Canister (1000 cc) for air samples. Part of the cruise was supported by NPD, Oljedirektoratet. Special thanks to Rune Mattingsdal, NPD. The cruise may be known as: CAGE17_2

The research cruise was part of the Centre of Excellence (SFF) Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate Environment and Climate (CAGE) at UiT – The Arctic University of Norway. It was partly supported by The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. From Tromsø, we visited Sentralbankrenna and Hopendjupet in the central Barents Sea in order to pursue the following scientific objectives: – Identify gas seepage associated with known and assumed sandstone reservoirs sub-cropping at the sea floor. – Identify gas seepage related to leakage along faults and geological structures breaching the seafloor. – Collect gravity cores, multibeam and sub-bottom data to establish how grounding zone processes impact marine-based ice sheet behaviour and trigger ice-stream retreat during deglaciation. The cruise may be known as: CAGE20_2

Fires are natural phenomena that impact human behaviors, vegetation, and landscape functions. However, the long-term history of fire, especially in the permafrost marginal zone of Central Asia (Mongolia), is poorly understood. This paper presents the results of radiocarbon and short-lived radionuclides (210Pb and 137Cs) dating, pollen, geochemical, charcoal, and statistical analyses (Kohonen's artificial neural network) of sediment core obtained from Northern Mongolia (the Khentii Mountains region). Therefore, we present the first high-resolution fire history from Northern Mongolia covering the last 1000 years, based on a multiproxy analysis of peat archive data. The results revealed that most of the fires in the region were likely initiated by natural factors, which were probably related to heatwaves causing prolonged droughts. We have demonstrated the link between enhanced fires and “dzud”, a local climatic phenomenon. The number of livestock, which has been increasing for several decades, and the observed climatic changes are superimposed to cause “dzud”, a deadly combination of droughts and snowy winter, which affects fire intensity. We observed that the study area has a sensitive ecosystem that reacts quickly to climate change. In terms of changes in the vegetation, the reconstruction reflected climate variations during the last millennium, the degradation of permafrost and occurrence of fires. However, more sites with good chronologies are needed to thoroughly understand the spatial relationships between changing climate, permafrost degradation, and vegetation change, which ultimately affect the nomadic societies in the region of Central and Northern Mongolia. National Science Centre, Poland (Grant no.: 2017/01/X/ST10/01216 and 2018/31/B/ST10/02498); Polish-Mongolian Joint Research Project – “Environmental changes in the Northern Mongolia under recent and past climate variability”. Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 20-17-00110)

Artisanal Minas cheese, which is made with raw milk and predominantly manual techniques, has a historical and cultural tradition related to the region where it is produced. Currently, the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil has ten regions formally recognized as producers of artisanal Minas cheese: Araxá, Campos das Vertentes, Cerrado, Serra da Canastra, Serra do Salitre, Serro, Triângulo Mineiro, Serras da Ibitipoca, Diamantina, and Entre Serras de Piedade ao Caraça. The cheese from each region has different sensory characteristics due to edaphoclimatic conditions, local microbiota, and manufacturing method, which is passed on from generation to generation. Artisanal Minas cheese has recognition as a product of high gastronomic value throughout the country. Given its economic and cultural importance, the objective of this work is to present a literature review covering the main characteristics of the producing regions and the aspects of each cheese produced in them. El queso artesanal de Minas es elaborado con leche cruda y predominan las técnicasmanuales, elcualtieneunatradiciónhistórica y cultural relacionada con la regiónen que se produce. Actualmente, elestado de Minas Gerais cuenta con diezregionesreconocidascomoproductoras de queso artesanal de Minas: Araxá, Campos das Vertentes, Cerrado, Serra da Canastra, Serra do Salitre, Serro, TriânguloMineiro, Serras da Ibitipoca, Diamantina y Entre Serras de Piedade. a Caraza. El queso de cadaregióntienecaracterísticassensorialesdiferentesdebido a las condiciones de suelo y clima y la forma de elaboración que se transmite de generaciónengeneración. El queso artesanal de Minas tienereconocimientonacionalcomo un producto de alto valor gastronómicoentodoelpaís. Dada suimportanciaeconómica y cultural, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentarunarevisiónbibliográfica que abarque las principalescaracterísticas de las regions productoras y los aspectos de cada queso producido. O queijo Minas artesanal é fabricado com leite cru e técnicas predominantes manuais, que apresenta uma tradição histórica e cultural relacionada a região que está sendo produzido. Atualmente, o estado de Minas Gerais conta com dez regiões reconhecidas como produtoras do queijo Minas artesanal: Araxá, Campos das Vertentes, Cerrado, Serra da Canastra, Serra do Salitre, Serro, Triângulo Mineiro, Serras da Ibitipoca, Diamantina e Entre Serras de Piedade ao Caraça. O queijo de cada região apresenta características sensoriais distintas devido às condições edafoclimáticas e a forma de fabricação que é passada de geração em geração. O queijo Minas artesanal tem reconhecimento nacional, como um produto de alto valor gastronômico em todo o país. Dado a sua importância econômica e cultural, o objetivo do trabalho é apresentar uma revisão de literatura contemplando as principais características das regiões produtoras e os aspectos de cada queijo produzido.

In the high Arctic valley of Adventdalen, Svalbard, sub-permafrost groundwater feeds several pingo springs distributed along the valley axis. The driving mechanism for groundwater discharge and associated pingo formation is enigmatic because wet-based glaciers are not present in the adjacent highlands and the presence of continuous permafrost seems to preclude recharge of the sub-permafrost groundwater system by either a subglacial source or a precipitation surplus. Since the pingo springs enable methane that has accumulated underneath the permafrost to escape directly to the atmosphere, our limited understanding of the groundwater system brings significant uncertainty to predictions of how methane emissions will respond to changing climate. We address this problem with a new conceptual model for open-system pingo formation wherein pingo growth is sustained by sub-permafrost pressure effects, as related to the expansion of water upon freezing, during millennial-scale basal permafrost aggradation. We test the viability of this mechanism for generating groundwater flow with decoupled heat (one-dimensional transient) and groundwater (three-dimensional steady state) transport modelling experiments. Our results suggest that the conceptual model represents a feasible mechanism for the formation of open-system pingos in lower Adventdalen and elsewhere. We also explore the potential for additional pressurisation and find that methane production and methane clathrate formation and dissolution deserve particular attention on account of their likely effects upon the hydraulic pressure. Our model simulations also suggest that the generally low-permeability hydrogeological units cause groundwater residence times to exceed the duration of the Holocene. The likelihood of such pre-Holocene groundwater ages is supported by the geochemistry of the pingo springs which demonstrates an unexpected seaward freshening of groundwater potentially caused by a palaeo-subglacial meltwater “wedge” from the Weichselian. Whereas permafrost thickness (and age) progressively increases inland, accordingly, the sub-permafrost meltwater wedge thins, and less unfrozen freshwater is available for mixing. Our observations imply that millennial-scale permafrost aggradation deserves more attention as a possible driver of sustained flow of sub-permafrost groundwater and methane to the surface because, although the hydrological system in Adventdalen at first appears unusual, it is likely that similar systems have developed in other uplifted valleys throughout the Arctic.

The Jameson Land Basin lies within the Greenland–Norway rift, to the south of Triassic basins on the Halten Bank and East Greenland shelf, and can therefore offer insights into the development of these less-well-documented offshore basins and the wider North Atlantic. This study focuses on the stratigraphic development of the Jameson Land Basin. Broad-scale stratigraphic logging is augmented with heavy mineral analysis that constrains the dominant source catchments during this period. A thickness of over 1.5 km of Middle–Late Triassic strata fill the Jameson Land Basin, predominantly comprising continental deposits laid down during arid to semi-arid climatic conditions. The basal Pingo Dal Group thickens westwards into the Stauning Alper Fault, forming a typical syn-rift succession. Thickness variations have also highlighted the presence of an intrabasinal high and an associated unconformity between the Pingo Dal Group and the overlying Gipsdalen Group, which provides the first direct evidence for Middle–Late Triassic rifting in East Greenland. Thickness variations in the overlying Gipsdalen Group are more subdued, and the Fleming Fjord Group, and its formations, display remarkably tabular geometries, with little evidence for significant lateral facies variance; this is suggestive of reduced topography and a more regional thermal subsidence signature. Provenance data indicate sediment sourcing from both the western and eastern basin margins during the deposition of the Pingo Dal Group, above which the western source area becomes dominant, alongside some axial input from the south.

The intimate mixture of ice and silicate within the uppermost few kilometres of Ceres influences its geology and the evolution of its subsurface. Both ground ice and cryovolcanic processes have been hypothesized to form geologic terrains on Ceres, including within Occator crater, where they have been suggested to influence the post-impact surface evolution. Both types of processes involve the presence and expression of volatiles and brines, such that distinguishing between them could be difficult. Here, we use images and topography data from the NASA Dawn mission to investigate the morphology, age and distribution of mounds and hills within Occator crater, and infer their origin. The shapes and relative ages of many of these features suggest that they formed as impact-induced water-rich flows that covered the crater floor refroze in a manner similar to the formation of periglacial ice-cored mounds on Earth called pingos. We suggest that impacts on Ceres produced hydrologic conditions for surface changes in the absence of cryovolcanic processes. Our findings imply that cryo-hydrologic processes extend beyond Earth and Mars, and have been active on Ceres in the geologically recent past. Mounds within Ceres’s Occator crater may have formed by freezing of water-rich impact-induced melt, by a process analogous to that of pingo formation on Earth, according to an analysis of data from NASA’s Dawn mission.

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de leite e derivados lácteos do mundo; destacando-se Minas Gerais como o maior e mais tradicional produtor de leite e de queijos artesanais. Dentre os queijos produzidos, a variedade Minas Artesanal é bastante conhecida e apreciada em todo país. Existem, até o presente momento, oito regiões reconhecidas na produção dessa variedade: Araxá, Campo das Vertentes, Canastra, Cerrado, Serras da Ibitipoca, Serra do Salitre, Serro e Triângulo Mineiro. Para serem comercializados dentro dos requisitos estabelecidos pelas legislações do Estado, faz-se necessário que os queijos sejam maturados, com a finalidade de se reduzir a presença de microrganismo indesejados e também para o desenvolvimento de características sensoriais inerentes a cada um deles. De acordo com a legislação vigente, o prazo de maturação para o Queijo Minas Artesanal (QMA) do Cerrado deve ser de, no mínimo, 22 (vinte e dois) dias, valor esse, baseado na maturação de queijos de outra região. Diante disso, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos do QMA do Cerrado, em dois períodos do ano (chuva e seca). Foram realizadas também análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas para o leite cru, a água e o pingo utilizados na produção desses queijos. Foi observado que algumas propriedades tiveram falhas na cloração da água das queijarias, duas apresentaram um resultado de cloro residual livre acima do que é estabelecido na legislação (2,0 mg/L) e três queijarias apresentaram valor abaixo (0,2 mg/L), mas atenderam os demais parâmetros estabelecidos. As amostras de leite de cru estavam dentro dos padrões físico-químicos estabelecidos, mas ainda faltam parâmetros atualizados para as análises microbiológicas e especificamente para o leite cru. O pingo apresentou maiores contagens de Coliformes a 35°C, coliformes termotolerantes e de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo no período da chuva do que no período da seca. No QMA foi observado que a maturação influenciou os resultados de acidez, teor de cloretos, pH, gordura, proteínas e umidade. Para esse último parâmetro, o QMA com 7 dias de maturação, nos dois períodos estudados, já estava dentro do padrão estabelecido na legislação que é no máximo de 45,9%. As análises microbiológicas do QMA demonstraram que 14 dias de maturação foram suficientes para atender os padrões de Coliformes a 35°, 22 dias para coliformes termotolerantes e 7 dias para Staphylococcus coagulase positivo. Em apenas uma amostra com 1 dia de produção de QMA foi detectado a presença de Salmonella spp. e não foi detectado a presença de Listeria monocytogenes em nenhuma amostra analisada. Com essa pesquisa foi possível caracterizar o QMA do Cerrado, pois até o momento não haviam dados abrangentes sobre o perfil físico-químico e microbiológico dos queijos elaborados nessa região. Brazil is one of the largest producers of milk and dairy products in the world; Minas Gerais stands out as the largest and most traditional producer of milk and artisanal cheeses. Among the cheeses produced, the Minas Artesanal variety is well known and appreciated throughout the country. There are, to date, eight regions recognized for the production of this variety: Araxá, Campo das Vertentes, Canastra, Cerrado, Serras da Ibitipoca, Serra do Salitre, Serro and Triângulo Mineiro. To be marketed within the requirements established by state legislation, it is necessary that the cheeses are matured, in order to reduce the presence of unwanted microorganisms and also for the development of sensory characteristics inherent to each one of them. According to current legislation, the maturation period for Minas Artesanal Cheese (QMA) from the Cerrado must be at least 22 (twenty-two) days, based on the maturation of cheeses from another region. Therefore, this work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the Cerrado QMA, in two periods of the year (rain and dry). Physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes were also carried out for raw milk, water and drop used in the production of these cheeses. It was observed that some properties had failures in the chlorination of the water in the dairies, two had a result of free residual chlorine above what is established in the legislation (2.0 mg/L) and three dairies showed a value below (0.2 mg/L), but met the other established parameters. Raw milk samples were within the established physicochemical standards, but updated parameters for microbiological analyzes and specifically for raw milk are still lacking. The drop showed higher counts of Coliforms at 35°C, thermotolerant coliforms and Staphylococcus coagulase positive in the rainy season than in the dry season. In the QMA, it was observed that maturation influenced the results of acidity, chloride content, pH, fat, proteins and moisture. For this last parameter, the QMA with 7 days of maturation, in the two periods studied, was already within the standard established in the legislation, which is a maximum of 45.9%. The microbiological analyzes of the QMA showed that 14 days of maturation were enough to meet the standards for Coliforms at 35°, 22 days for thermotolerant coliforms and 7 days for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. In only one sample with 1 day of QMA production was detected the presence of Salmonella spp. and the presence of Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any analyzed sample. With this research, it was possible to characterize the QMA of the Cerrado, as until now there were no comprehensive data on the physicochemical and microbiological profile of the cheeses produced in this region. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Pingos are common features in permafrost regions that form by subsurface massive-ice aggradation and create hill-like landforms. Pingos on Spitsbergen have been previously studied to explore their structure, formation timing and connection to springs as well as their role in postglacial landform evolution. However, detailed hydrochemical and stable-isotope studies of massive-ice samples recovered by drilling have yet to be used to study the origin and freezing conditions in pingos. Our core record of 20.7 m thick massive pingo ice from Grøndalen is differentiated into four units: two characterised by decreasing δ18O and δD and increasing d (units I and III) and two others showing the opposite trend (units II and IV). These delineate changes between episodes of closed-system freezing with only slight recharge inversions of the water reservoir and more complicated episodes of groundwater freezing under semi-closed conditions when the reservoir was recharged. The water source for pingo formation shows similarity to spring water data from the valley with prevalent Na+ and HCO3- ions. The sub-permafrost groundwater originates from subglacial meltwater that most probably followed the fault structures of Grøndalen and Bøhmdalen. The presence of permafrost below the pingo ice body suggests that the talik is frozen, and the water supply and pingo growth are terminated. The maximum thaw depth of the active layer reaching the top of the massive ice leads to its successive melt with crater development and makes the pingo extremely sensitive to further warming.

The previously presented Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset (MSBAS-2D) technique computes two-dimensional (2D), east and vertical, ground deformation time series from two or more ascending and descending Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) data sets by assuming that the contribution of the north deformation component is negligible. DInSAR data sets can be acquired with different temporal and spatial resolutions, viewing geometries and wavelengths. The MSBAS-2D technique has previously been used for mapping deformation due to mining, urban development, carbon sequestration, permafrost aggradation and pingo growth, and volcanic activities. In the case of glacier ice flow, the north deformation component is often too large to be negligible. Historically, the surface-parallel flow (SPF) constraint was used to compute the static three-dimensional (3D) velocity field at various glaciers. A novel MSBAS-3D technique has been developed for computing 3D deformation time series where the SPF constraint is utilized. This technique is used for mapping 3D deformation at the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada, during January–March 2015, and the MSBAS-2D and MSBAS-3D solutions are compared. The MSBAS-3D technique can be used for studying glacier ice flow at other glaciers and other surface deformation processes with large north deformation component, such as landslides. The software implementation of MSBAS-3D technique can be downloaded from http://insar.ca/.

The vertical isotopic profile of the pingo Messoyakha-1 (coordinates: 68°30′32″ N, 79°59′53″ E) ice core, obtained in the south of the Gydan Peninsula in the Middle Messoyakha swell. There is no significant variations of the isotopic composition of pingo ice core: δ18О values vary from -14.98 to -16.60‰, δ2Н values vary from -117.9 to -12.8. This small scatter of values is probably the result of intense heaving and rather rapid formation of the pingo. Basing on the features of the pingo, it can be assumed that initially there was a lake of 0.5 km length and 0.3 km width in this site. Then, as a result of water draining to a nearby river, the lake began to dry out and alas, which occupies most of the primary lake area, was formed. Pingo arose during the freezing of the alas under its gradual drying.

The vertical isotopic profile of the ice core of a Messoyakha-1 bulgunniakh (pingo)—was obtained. The pingo is situated at 68°30′32″ N, 79°59′53″ E, in the southern part of the Gydan Peninsula within the Middle Messoyakha swell. No significant variations were registered in the isotopic composition of the pingo ice core: δ18О varied from –14.98 to –16.60‰ and δ2Н varied from –117.9 to –122.8 ‰. This small range of values probably resulted from intense heaving and rather rapid formation of the pingo. Based on the features of the pingo, it can be assumed that initially there was a lake of 0.5 km length and 0.3 km width at this site. Then, the water drained into a nearby river, the lake began to dry out, and the khasyrey (alas), which occupies most of the former lake area, was formed. The pingo itself arose during the freezing of the alas under its gradual drying out.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different calcium chloride concentrations on the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel at different storage temperatures. The fruit were collected 30 days after the anthesis and subjected to immersions in calcium chloride solution at different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, the fruit were dried and packed in polypropylene bags and incubated in a chamber at different temperatures (6 °C, 12 °C, and 25 °C). Samples were analyzed at time 0 and every two days, up to 12 days of storage. No effect of different calcium chloride concentrations was observed in the fruit characteristics at different storage temperatures over time. During storage, an increase of soluble and total pectin contents, antioxidant activity, CO2, total sugars, acidity, and weight loss was observed. Higher storage temperatures affected both the increase in weight loss, pH, and O2 production and the reduction of vitamin C content. Refrigeration was important for the post-harvest conservation of jabuticaba variety Pingo de Mel , once the fruit stored at 6 °C suffered minor variations with improvements or little changes during the 12 days.

A produção do queijo Minas artesanal do Serro é realizada com a utilização do leite cru, coalho e fermento lático natural, conhecido por pingo. Alguns produtores da região fazem uso da rala, parte ralada do próprio queijo artesanal que é adicionado ao leite em substituição ao pingo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tipo de fermento (pingo ou rala) nas características físico-químicas do queijo Minas artesanal do Serro maturado nas fazendas. Queijos artesanais de seis produtores cadastrados no Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (IMA) foram maturados nas propriedades de origem durante 31 dias. Os queijos foram analisados nos Laboratórios do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos do IF Sudeste MG, Campus Rio Pomba, nos tempos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias de maturação. Houve diferença (p < 0,05) para tratamento e tempo para os parâmetros de extensão de maturação, profundidade de maturação e pH. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos de queijos fabricados com “pingo” e com rala, para os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos: acidez, umidade, proteína, gordura e gordura no extrato seco. Estudos mais aprofundados sobre as condições de maturação dos queijos Minas artesanais deverão ser mais bem explorados para que este produto possa atender não somente aos padrões microbianos, mas principalmente às características sensoriais, que tanto tem atraído à atenção do consumidor.

Permafrost, accounting for a quarter of the northern hemisphere, is widely distributed in Central Yakutia. Since permafrost is very sensitive to the changing climate, it shows significant changes due to the repetition of freezing and thawing resulting in unstable landforms such as thermokarst lake, pingo, patterned ground, and other thermokarst landscapes. It is necessary to understand its dynamics and the response of permafrost to the cryogenic process. To obtain dense in-situ observations is challenging under harsh conditions, remote sensing is a useful technique that can be used to observe and analyze dynamics spatially and temporally from a local to global scale. In our study, we represent the effectiveness of using optical satellite images and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to monitor dynamic changes over permafrost region focusing on changes of thermokarst lake area.

Drilling of a 21.8-m-deep borehole on top of the 10.5-m-high Nori pingo that stands at 32 m asl in Grondalen Valley (Spitsbergen) revealed a 16.1-m-thick massive ice enclosed by frozen sediments. The hydrochemical compositions of both the massive ice and the sediment extract show a prevalence of Na+ and Cl� ions throughout the core. The upper part of the massive ice (stage A) has low mineralization and shows an isotopically closed-system trend in δ18O and δD isotopes decreasing down-core. Stage B exhibits high mineralization and an isotopically semi-open system. The crystallographic structure of Nori pingo’s massive ice provides evidence of several large groundwater intrusions that support the defined formation stages. Analysis of local aquifers leads to suggest that the pingo was hydraulically sourced through a local fault zone by low mineralized sodium–bicarbonate groundwater of a Paleogene strata aquifer. This groundwater was enriched by sodium and chloride ions while filtering through marine valley sediments with residual salinity. The comparison between the sodium–chloride-dominated massive ice of the Nori pingo and the sodium–bicarbonate-dominated ice of the adjacent Fili pingo that stands higher up the valley may serve as an indicator for groundwater source patterns of other Nordenskiold Land pingos.

The Mackenzie-Delta region is known for widespread permafrost and the association of different landforms, which are characteristic of a periglacial landscape development. Especially the density of closed-system pingos is nowhere on earth higher than in the area of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. This type of pingos is common only in the continuous permafrost zone and is very sensitive to changing thermal conditions. In this study, we investigated the surface and subsurface conditions in the area of such a closed-system Pingo near Parsons Lake in the southern part of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula to study its internal structure and evolutional state. Therefore, we used a combined approach of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and manual frost probing. In addition, a high-resolution digital elevation model and an orthophoto were generated using in situ drone acquisitions. These enabled a detailed and areawide mapping of surface characteristics (e.g. vegetation height or type) and should contribute to the investigation of linkages between surface and subsurface characteristics.Such a linkage could be observed comparing the mapped vegetation type and heights with active layer depths derived from manual frost probing and GPR measurements. Both parameters show a significant zonation in the area of the pingo and its surrounding. In addition, the results of the quasi three-dimensional ERT measurements could deliver new insights into the three-dimensional internal structure of the pingo and a massive ice core could be detected. However, the shape as well as the position of the massive ice core in relation to the elevated surface of the pingo differ from the previous theory of closed-system pingo formation and therefore raises some questions. Also the existence of a talik could be confirmed, but its position beside the ice core within the eastern flank of the pingo and not below the massive ice core also differs from the theoretical models and should be discussed.

In continuous permafrost regions, pathways for transport of sub-permafrost groundwater to the surface sometimes perforate the frozen ground and result in the formation of a pingo. Explanations offered for the locations of such pathways have so far included hydraulically conductive geological units and faults. On Svalbard, several pingos locate at valley flanks where these controls are apparently lacking. Intrigued by this observation, we elucidated the geological setting around such a pingo with electrical resistivity tomography. The inverted resistivity models showed a considerable contrast between the uphill and valley-sides of the pingo. We conclude that this contrast reflects a geological boundary between low-permeable marine sediments and consolidated strata. Groundwater presumably flows toward the pingo spring through glacially induced fractures in the strata immediately below the marine sediments. Our finding suggests that flanks of uplifted Arctic valleys deserve attention as possible discharge locations for deep groundwater and greenhouse gases to the surface.

In this chapter, the general characteristics of permafrost and cryogenic features are described, and the degradation of permafrost is simply analyzed too. The permafrost in Mongolia lies at the southern edge of Siberian permafrost with different permafrost zones. The distributions of continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones are usually controlled by the climate in Mongolia while the local environmental factors are mean force that persist the existences of sporadic and isolated permafrost zones. Due to the location and climate condition, permafrost temperature in Mongolia is mostly close to 0 °C, and making it vulnerable to climate warming and anthropogenic impacts. The results from permafrost monitoring indicate that permafrost in the country has degraded more intensively during the last decades and it has a negative effect on ecosystem services, because the permafrost in Mongolia overlaps considerably with forest and the source area of river water. In Mongolia, several features of cryogenic develop in the permafrost region, such as patterned ground forms, frost cracking, ice wedge, karst, thermokarst lake, aufeis, pingo, seasonal pingo, hummock, frost heave, frost sorting, dog hole.

���������������������� ������������ ������������������������������ �� ���������������� ������������ �������������� ������������ 136 ���������������������� ������������ �������������� (������������������������������) ���� �������������������� ��������������������, �������������������������������� ���� �������������������� �������������� ���� 0 ���� 201 �� ������ �������������� ��������, �� ������������������ �������������� ������������������ ���������� 42 �� ������ �������������� ��������. �������� ������������ ���������������������� ������������������������ ���������������������� 44 ����������������������������, �� 92 ���������������������� ��������. �������������������� ������������������������������ �������������������� ������������������������������, ���� ������������������ �� ��������������. ������������������������������������ �������������� ������ ���������������������� ������������������������������ �� ���������������� ���������������� ���� �������������������� ���� ��������������������. ���������������� �������������� �� �������������� ���������������� ����������������, ���� �������������� �������������������� ������������ �������������������������� ������������������ ������ �������������������� ���������������������� �������������� (���������������������������� ���������������� ��������������). ������������������ ������������������������������ 1936-1938 ����. �� �������������������������������� 2008-2012 ����. ��������������������, ������ �� ������������������ ���������� ���������������������� ������������������������������ ������������������, ���� �������������������� ���������������� �� ���������������������� ���������������� ���������� ���������������������� �������� ���������� ������������ ��������������, ������������ �������� �������� �������������������� �������������������� (���� 1 �� �� ������) �� ������������������������ �� ���������������� ���������� (������������ �������� ������������ ����������������������). 21 �������������������������� �������������������� ������������������ �������������������� �� �������� �������������� �������������������� �������������������������� ������. ������������������ ���������������������������� �������������� �������������������� ���� 19 ������������������������������ �������� ���������������� �� ������������������ �� ��������������. ���������������� ���������������������� ���������� �������������� �������������������� ������������ ���� �������������� ������������������������������ �������������� ���������� 12 ��. ���������������� �������������������� ���������� ��������������, �������������� ���������� ������������������ ���� �������������� ������������������ ����������, ���� �������������������� ���� ���������������������� ������ ������������������������ ���������������� ���������� ��������������., The analysis of aerial and satellite images and digital elevation model revealed 136 pingo mounds on Svalbard archipelago, distributed at absolute heights from 0 to 201 m above sea level (asl) with median absolute height 42 m asl. There are 44 pingos standing above maximum level of the Holocene transgression (often causing bedrock deformation) and 92 standing below (predominately quaternary deposits deformation). The morphological parameters of pingos and their geomorphological position were determined. In all cases the surrounding terrain appeared unfavorable for the formation of open system pingos and instead for at least 61 pingo feeding geological faults were allocated based on published geological data. Comparison of aerial photographs of 1936-1938 with aerial photographs of 2008-2012 showed that the morphology of Svalbard's pingos during this period did not change, with the exception of four pingos that grew on LIA moraines following local glacier's retreat, and one other "Riverbed" pingo that appeared in Adventdalen after 1936. The growth of these pingos when initiated is dynamic (mounds gaining height up to 1 m annually) but stops in a short time (several years/decades). Twenty one pingo continue to show activity in the form of perennial subpermafrost springs outflow. Dried thermokarst craters were found on 19 pingos of all sizes and geomorphological position and 11 active water-filled craters were found only on large pingos with mounds over 12 m high. Transitional landforms were designated that may point to underground ice intrusions that don't reveal themselves as classical pingo mounds.

This bachelor thesis deals with the study of pingos. The research part summarizes the morphological features of these landforms, the mechanisms of their origin and their developmental stages. The aim of this work is to describe the distribution of recent pingos on the Earth's surface, to characterize the limit natural conditions of pinog occurrence and to determine whether they are related to their morphology, prospectively to what extent. The results are based on a table containing individual environmental characteristics, which was created on the basis of a literature search. The results were further compared with the conclusions of previous studies. Pingos are of interest because they are indicators of the presence of permafrost and specific hydrological processes, and thus allow conclusions to be drawn about environmental conditions in the past and present.

Small-sized mounds that exhibit a sweep of similarities, that is, shape, scale (in height and long axes), surface features, and framing landscapes with perennially ice-cored mounds on Earth, that is, pingos, occur within and adjacent to the Moreux impact-crater (42.1°N; 44.4°E). The crater is located in northern Arabia Terra and lies astride the Martian crustal-dichotomy. Here, we do three things: 1. Describe the possible glacial and periglacial landscapes in which the Moreux mounds are ensconced and attempt to synthesize each of these landscape types with “open” or “closed” pingo formation-pathways. 2. Suggest that the closed-system hypothesis, if valid, places mound origin in a scale of time that is neither current nor in the recent past. 3. Suggest that the open-system hypothesis, if valid, situates mound origin in a scale of time that could be current or in the recent past.

This article describes the main results of two Arctic expeditions in 2017&ndash, 2018 to study the Seyakha Crater in the north of Western Siberia, Yamal Peninsula. It was formed on a place of a pingo-like feature (PLF) by huge blowout, self-ignition, and explosion of gas on 28 June 2017. In 2018, for the first time, the integration of geophysical studies on the Yamal Peninsula revealed in detail an Arctic gas-blowout crater within a river channel and adjacent land with permafrost. On the basis of unmanned aerial vehicle photography, echo sounding, and ground penetrating radar survey data processing, a 3D digital elevation model (DEM) of the crater and the structure of near-surface deposits was created. A previously unknown uplift inside the permafrost layers, probably connected with the processes of gas chamber formation, was revealed. A long period of continuous gas emission (mainly, biogenic methane) from the Seyakha C11 Crater (2017&ndash, 2019) and other existing data show evidence for a gas-dynamic mechanism of the PLF growth and a volcanic type of eruption.

On Earth, hydrostatic or closed-system pingos (CSPs) are perennial ice-cored mounds formed by the freeze-thaw cycling of water when or as thermokarst lakes lose their water by drainage or evaporation. The mounds vary in shape from circular or sub-circular to elongate, are sub-kilometre in their long axes, and may reach decametres in height. Often, the mounds show summit depressions, radial fractures and single tiers or benches. As the CSPs degrade, small-scale debris flows or slumps occur; end-stage degradation typically exhibits debris-laden ramparts elevated metres above the surrounding terrain. Typically, the CSPs originate and develop where deep and continuous permafrost is ice-rich, i.e. infused with excess ice, as it is in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands of northern Canada, mid to northern Alaska and northeast Russia. In these areas or regions the terrain often is populated by: a) thermokarst lakes and alases (thermokarst lake basins absent of water); b) fields of small-scale ice-wedge polygons (either low-centred or high-centred relative to the polygon margins); and, c) melt-water filled or emptied polygon-margin troughs or -corner pits. Individual troughs and pits connected by means of the local topographical gradient comprises beaded stream systems or networks. Here, we report, describe and discuss a suite of candidate CSPs at the mid-latitudes of Utopia Planitia (UP) (~35-50° N; ~80-115° E). The morphologies, scale and height of the Martian mounds, as well as the surface textures and characteristics, landscape features and spatially-associated landforms, are consistent with the CSPs observed in ice-rich regions on Earth. The UP mounds are nested in or reside adjacent to: flat-floored, possibly thermokarstic depressions; small-scale polygons (some of which exhibit low or high centres relative to their margins); and, connected polygon-margin depressions or pits that mirror beaded-stream systems in ice-rich terrain on Earth. The size-frequency distribution of craters in our study region precludes a surface younger than ~100 Ma. Thus, the CSP-like mounds in UP and the pre-mound periglacial-revisions of the landscape presented by us may be markers of freeze-thaw cycling that occurred much earlier in the Amazonian Epoch than most of the current discussions about periglaciation in UP suggest.