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Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pectobacterium aroidearum represent the primary pathogens causing variable soft rot disease. However, the fundamental defense responses of Pinellia ternata to pathogens remain unclear. Our investigation demonstrated that the disease produced by P. carotovorum is more serious than P. aroidearum. RNA-seq analysis indicated that many cell wall-related genes, receptor-like kinase genes, and resistance-related genes were induced by P. aroidearum and P. carotovorum similarly. But many different regulatory pathways exert a crucial function in plant immunity against P. aroidearum and P. carotovorum, including hormone signaling, whereas more auxin-responsive genes were responsive to P. carotovorum, while more ethylene and gibberellin-responsive genes were responsive to P. aroidearum. 12 GDSL esterase/lipase genes and 3 fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein genes were specifically upregulated by P. carotovorum, whereas 11 receptor-like kinase genes and 8 disease resistance genes were up-regulated only by P. aroidearum. Among them, a lectin gene (part1transcript/39001) was induced by P. carotovorum and P. aroidearum simultaneously. Transient expression in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the lectin gene improves plant resistance to P. carotovorum. This study offers a comprehensive perspective on P. ternata immunity produced by different soft rot pathogens and reveals the importance of lectin in anti-soft rot of P. ternata for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pectobacterium aroidearum represent the primary pathogens causing variable soft rot disease. However, the fundamental defense responses of Pinellia ternata to pathogens remain unclear. Our investigation demonstrated that the disease produced by P. carotovorum is more serious than P. aroidearum. RNA-seq analysis indicated that many cell wall-related genes, receptor-like kinase genes, and resistance-related genes were induced by P. aroidearum and P. carotovorum similarly. But many different regulatory pathways exert a crucial function in plant immunity against P. aroidearum and P. carotovorum, including hormone signaling, whereas more auxin-responsive genes were responsive to P. carotovorum, while more ethylene and gibberellin-responsive genes were responsive to P. aroidearum. 12 GDSL esterase/lipase genes and 3 fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein genes were specifically upregulated by P. carotovorum, whereas 11 receptor-like kinase genes and 8 disease resistance genes were up-regulated only by P. aroidearum. Among them, a lectin gene (part1transcript/39001) was induced by P. carotovorum and P. aroidearum simultaneously. Transient expression in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the lectin gene improves plant resistance to P. carotovorum. This study offers a comprehensive perspective on P. ternata immunity produced by different soft rot pathogens and reveals the importance of lectin in anti-soft rot of P. ternata for the first time.

Abstract Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation following excessive use of chemical fertilizer. We conducted an experiment exploring the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers (OF) on the growth and yield of P. ternata, as well as on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition using containerized plants. Six fertilization treatments were evaluated, including control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), different proportions of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer (OM1−4). Containerized P. ternata plants in each OF treatment had greater growth and yield than the CK and CF treatments while maintaining alkaloid content. The OM3 treatment had the greatest yield among all treatments, with an increase of 42.35% and 44.93% compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. OF treatments improved soil quality and fertility by enhancing the activities of soil urease (S-UE) and sucrase (S-SC) enzymes while increasing soil organic matter and trace mineral elements. OF treatments increased bacterial abundance and changed soil community structure. In comparison to the CK microbial groups enriched in OM3 were OLB13, Vicinamibacteraceae, and Blrii41. There were also changes in the abundance of gene transcripts among treatments. The abundance of genes involved in the nitrogen cycle in the OM3 has increased, specifically promoting the transformation of N-NO3 − into N-NH4 +, a type of nitrogen more easily absorbed by P. ternata. Also, genes involved in "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "plant hormone signal transduction" pathways were positively correlated to P. ternata yield and were upregulated in the OM3 treatment. Overall, OF in P. ternata cultivation is a feasible practice in advancing sustainable agriculture and is potentially profitable in commercial production.

Pinellia ternata is a medicinal plant that has important pharmacological value, and the bulbils serve as the primary reproductive organ; however, the mechanisms underlying bulbil initiation remain unclear. Here, we characterized bulbil development via histological, transcriptomic, and targeted metabolomic analyses to unearth the intricate relationship between hormones, genes, and bulbil development. The results show that the bulbils initiate growth from the leaf axillary meristem (AM). In this stage, jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyl adenosine (IPA), and salicylic acid (SA) were highly enriched, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and 5-dexoxystrigol (5-DS) were notably decreased. Through OPLS-DA analysis, SA has emerged as the most crucial factor in initiating and positively regulating bulbil formation. Furthermore, a strong association between IPA and SA was observed during bulbil initiation. The transcriptional changes in IPT (Isopentenyltransferase), CRE1 (Cytokinin Response 1), A-ARR (Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulator), B-ARR (Type-B Arabidopsis Response Regulator), AUX1 (Auxin Resistant 1), ARF (Auxin Response Factor), AUX/IAA (Auxin/Indole-3-acetic acid), GH3 (Gretchen Hagen 3), SAUR (Small Auxin Up RNA), GA2ox (Gibberellin 2-oxidase), GA20ox (Gibberellin 20-oxidase), AOS (Allene oxide synthase), AOC (Allene oxide cyclase), OPR (Oxophytodienoate Reductase), JMT (JA carboxy l Methyltransferase), COI1 (Coronatine Insensitive 1), JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-domain), MYC2 (Myelocytomatosis 2), D27 (DWARF27), SMAX (Suppressor of MAX2), PAL (Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase), ICS (Isochorismate Synthase), NPR1 (Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related Genes1), TGA (TGACG Sequence-specific Binding), PR-1 (Pathogenesis-related), MCSU (Molybdenium Cofactor Sulfurase), PP2C (Protein Phosphatase 2C), and SnRK (Sucrose Non-fermenting-related Protein Kinase 2) were highly correlated with hormone concentrations, indicating that bulbil initiation is coordinately controlled by multiple phytohormones. Notably, eight TFs (transcription factors) that regulate AM initiation have been identified as pivotal regulators of bulbil formation. Among these, WUS (WUSCHEL), CLV (CLAVATA), ATH1 (Arabidopsis Thaliana Homeobox Gene 1), and RAX (Regulator of Axillary meristems) have been observed to exhibit elevated expression levels. Conversely, LEAFY demonstrated contrasting expression patterns. The intricate expression profiles of these TFs are closely associated with the upregulated expression of KNOX(KNOTTED-like homeobox), suggesting a intricate regulatory network underlying the complex process of bulbil initiation. This study offers a profound understanding of the bulbil initiation process and could potentially aid in refining molecular breeding techniques specific to P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to global climate change (especially the repeated fluctuation of the Quaternary climate) and environmental isolation have a profound impact on the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and population historical dynamics of modern plants. We used the research method of molecular pedigree geography to analyze the three non-coding chloroplast fragments psbK-psbI, atpF-atpH and trnL-F of 212 individuals from 19 populations in China of Pinellia ternata, a Araceae Pinellia perennial herb with high value of medicin, to explore the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and its causes, and also explore the historical dynamics of its population. The results were as follows: (1) The total haplotype diversity (Hd) of P. ternata was 0.882 and the total nucleotide diversity (π) was 1.23 × 10-3, which means high genetic diversity at the species level. (2) The results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variation of P. ternata occurred mainly in 89.27% of populations, with significant genetic differentiation (FST=0.909, P GST(0.01

Abstract Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Briet., a valuable herb native to China, is susceptible to the “sprout tumble” phenomenon because of high temperatures, resulting in a significant yield reduction. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the response of P. ternata to heat stress are not well understood. In this study, we integrated transcriptome and miRNAome sequencing to identify heat-response genes, microRNAs (miRNAs), and key miRNA-target pairs in P. ternata that differed between heat-stress and room-temperature conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed extensive reprogramming of 4,960 genes across various categories, predominantly associated with cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, biological regulation, cell parts, organelles, membranes, and catalytic and binding activities. miRNAome sequencing identified 1,597 known/conserved miRNAs that were differentially expressed between the two test conditions. According to the analysis, genes and miRNAs associated with the regulation of transcription, DNA template, transcription factor activity, and sequence-specific DNA binding pathways may play a major role in the resistance to heat stress in P. ternata. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and miRNAome expression data revealed 41 high-confidence miRNA-mRNA pairs, forming 25 modules. MYB-like proteins and calcium-responsive transcription coactivators may play an integral role in heat-stress resistance in P. ternata. Additionally, the candidate genes and miRNAs were subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to validate their expression patterns. These results offer a foundation for future studies exploring the mechanisms and critical genes involved in heat-stress resistance in P. ternata.

[Objective] To compare the main pharmacological effects of Pinellia ternata from different origins, and provide experimental basis for the quality evaluation and clinical use of P. ternata. [Method]The main pharmacological effects of P. ternata from six major production areas in China (Tianmen City, Hubei Province; Nantong City, Jiangsu Province; Tanghe City, Henan Province; Pengxi City, Sichuan Province; Anguo City, Hebei Province and Hezhang City, Guizhou Province) were studied. The models of sputum secretion induced by guaifenesin, cough induced by concentrated ammonia solution, twisting body induced by acetic acid in mice, and ear swelling induced by xylene were established to investigate the differences in expectorant, antitussive, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of P. ternata from different origins. [Result]In terms of antitussive and expectorant effects, P. ternata from Hezhang City, Nantong City and Pengxi City showed significant increased in the secretion of guaifenesin in mice, significantly reduced the number of coughs, and prolonged the cough latency period (P< 0. 01). In terms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, the P. ternata produced in the Pengxi City, Tianmen City and Tanghe City could significantly prolong the pain latency period, reduced the number of body twists, and significantly reduced the ear swelling (P<0. 01). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of P. ternata produced in Hezhang City and Anguo City were secondary, while those produced in Nantong City had weaker analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects compared to other production areas. [Conclusion] All six production areas of P. ternata had varying degrees of expectorant, antitussive, analgesicand anti-inflammatory effects. Among them, P. ternata produced in Hezhang City, Nantong City and Pengxi City had significantly better antitussive and expectorant effects compared to P. ternata produced in Tianmen City, Tanghe City and Anguo City. In terms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, P. ternata produced in Pengxi City and Tianmen City were superior to those produced in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The interaction network and pathway map uncover the potential crosstalk between sugar and hormone metabolisms as a possible reason for leaf senescence in P. ternata. Pinellia ternata, an environmentally sensitive medicinal plant, undergoes leaf senescence twice a year, affecting its development and yield. Understanding the potential mechanism that delays leaf senescence could theoretically decrease yield losses. In this study, a typical senescent population model was constructed, and an integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of P. ternata was conducted using two early leaf senescence populations and two stay-green populations. The result showed that two key gene modules were associated with leaf senescence which were mainly enriched in sugar and hormone signaling pathways, respectively. A network constructed by unigenes and metabolisms related to the obtained two pathways revealed that several compounds such as d-arabitol and 2MeScZR have a higher significance ranking. In addition, a total of 130 hub genes in this network were categorized into 3 classes based on connectivity. Among them, 34 hub genes were further analyzed through a pathway map, the potential crosstalk between sugar and hormone metabolisms might be an underlying reason of leaf senescence in P. ternata. These findings address the knowledge gap regarding leaf senescence in P. ternata, providing candidate germplasms for molecular breeding and laying theoretical basis for the realization of finely regulated cultivation in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Briet., a valuable herb native to China, is susceptible to the "sprout tumble" phenomenon because of high temperatures, resulting in a significant yield reduction. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the response of P. ternata to heat stress are not well understood. In this study, we integrated transcriptome and miRNAome sequencing to identify heat-response genes, microRNAs (miRNAs), and key miRNA-target pairs in P. ternata that differed between heat-stress and room-temperature conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed extensive reprogramming of 4,960 genes across various categories, predominantly associated with cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, biological regulation, cell parts, organelles, membranes, and catalytic and binding activities. miRNAome sequencing identified 1,597 known/conserved miRNAs that were differentially expressed between the two test conditions. According to the analysis, genes and miRNAs associated with the regulation of transcription, DNA template, transcription factor activity, and sequence-specific DNA binding pathways may play a major role in the resistance to heat stress in P. ternata. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and miRNAome expression data revealed 41 high-confidence miRNA-mRNA pairs, forming 25 modules. MYB-like proteins and calcium-responsive transcription coactivators may play an integral role in heat-stress resistance in P. ternata. Additionally, the candidate genes and miRNAs were subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to validate their expression patterns. These results offer a foundation for future studies exploring the mechanisms and critical genes involved in heat-stress resistance in P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata, as one of the traditional Chinese medicines, has a significant effect on eliminating dampness, stopping vomiting and calm the adverse-rising energy. There are few researches on the structural characteristics of the chloroplast genome of P. ternata, which is not conducive to its further development. Therefore, we studied the chloroplast genome sequence of P. ternata to provide scientific basis for the development of P. ternata and phylogenetic analysis of Araceae. We fabricate the complete chloroplast genomes of P. ternata using Illumina (HiSeq X) sequencing technology. The chloroplast genome of P. ternata has the same gene order and organization as the chloroplast genomes of other Araceae. The P. ternata complete chloroplast genomes is 163 711 bp in length, exhibits a conserved quadripartite structure with a large single-copy (LSC; 92 562 bp) region, and a small single-copy (SSC; 23 805 bp) region interspersed between inverted repeat (IRa/IRb; 25 474 bp) region. A total of 128 unique genes were annotated, including 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA. 143 SSR loci were retrieved from the genome, with mononucleotide is the most frequently distributed type, and hexanucleotides are the rarest type. In addition, 50 long repeats sequences were found in tandem repeats. We made phylogenetic trees from 18 Araceae species and 2 Caldesia species using ML method. This study provides a valuable reference for the systematic location and chloroplast genome information of Pinellia ternata in Araceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to global climate change(especially the repeated fluctuation of the Quaternary climate)and environmental isolation have a profound impact on the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and population historical dynamics of modern plants. We used the research method of molecular pedigree geography to analyze the three non-coding chloroplast fragments psbK-psbI, atpF-atpH and trnL-F of 212 individuals from 19 populations in China of Pinellia ternata, a Araceae Pinellia perennial herb with high value of medicin, to explore the genetic diversity, genetic structure, geographical distribution pattern and its causes, and also explore the historical dynamics of its population. The results were as follows: (1) The total haplotype diversity (Hd) of P. ternata was 0.882 and the total nucleotide diversity (π) was 1.23 × 10-3, which means high genetic diversity at the species level. (2) The results of molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variation of P. ternata occurred mainly in 89.27% of populations, with significant genetic differentiation (FST=0.909, P<0.001) and lower within population genetic diversity(HS=0.134). The coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations was 0.855 and 0.913 respectively, NST> GST (0.01

Pinellia ternata lectin (PTL) is considered as the toxic substance of Pinellia ternata, and is the main cause of irritation in raw Pinellia tubers. The content of PTL decreases after processing. Pinellia tubers are processed with ginger extract, liquorice or alum to reduce the toxicity and get processed products, such as Jingbanxia, Qingbanxia and Fabanxia. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method has the advantages of low cost, rapid and automated operation, which is suitable for the detection of intact proteins. However, MALDI-TOF MS is difficult to perform quantitative analysis of intact protein due to its low sensitivity and repeatability. It is important to establish a rapid analysis method for the detection of PTL by improving the sensitivity and repeatability of MALDI-TOF MS. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is one of the nano materials with rod-like structure, which has wide applications due to its large specific surface area, abundant hydroxyl groups. It has the ability to reduce protein aggregation, so can reduce the aggregated protein ion [nM+H]+ signals in MALDI-TOF MS. In this study, CNC assisted MALDI-TOF MS combined with internal standard method was used to quantitative analyze PTL during processing of Pinellia ternata. The preparation time and proportion of CNC-assisted samples were optimized, and Triticum vulgaris lectin (TVL) was used as internal standard to directly analyze PTL in processed products and their supernatant. Good repeatability of MALDI-TOF MS analysis could be successfully achieved by adding CNC to the protein sample solution. CNC-assisted MALDI sample preparation could effectively solve the quantitative analysis problem of MALDI-TOF MS, improve the sensitivity, linearity and repeatability. During the processing of raw Pinellia tubers, the PTL in raw tubers was gradually dissolved in the Pinellia tubers extract. As the processing time increased, the content of PTL in the three types of processed products gradually decreased, and gradually increased in their supernatant. The content of PTL in the soak supernatant tended to increase and then decrease due to pH change. In addition, PTL was not detected in many batches of processed products from different manufacturers. Instead, PTL was detected at high levels in raw Pinellia tubers. The method provides a scientific basis for the mechanism of Pinellia ternata processing on toxic PTL, as well as for the optimization of processing production and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic acids are a key active component of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, and their concentration is closely associated with the quality of P. ternata. Developing an efficient and rapid method for detecting organic acids can offer a valuable technology for real-time assessment of P. ternata quality. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) approach, combining the optimization of extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM), was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of six organic acids in P. ternata. The optimal extraction conditions for organic acids in P. ternata were ultrasonic extraction with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:50, ultrasonic time of 60 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning was employed for quantification using HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in negative ionization mode through a single run of 10 min, and the limit of detection (LLOD) and limit of quantification (LLOQ) for organic acids were as low as 0.138 ng/mL and 0.614 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of reproducibility, precision, and stability were all lower than 5.0%, and recovery rates were 97.75–107.14%, with RSDs < 5.0%. Finally, this method was successfully applied to determine the investigated organic acids in 12 production regions of P. ternata, revealing significant differences between different production areas. This indicates that the optimized method is suitable for further accurate investigations of organic acids of P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tuber of Pinellia ternata is broadly used in traditional herbal medicines in Asian countries. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome sequence of P. ternata. The genome of diploid P. ternata was 2.08 Gb and assembled into 13 pseudo-chromosomes containing 34,342 genes. P. pedatisecta is the closest-related species with a full genome sequence, and their divergence began approximately 11.55 million years ago. Comparative transcriptome analysis on various tissues suggested the enrichment of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism in P. ternata tuber. The candidate genes of ephedrine biosynthesis in the phenylpropanoid pathway were identified. At least one gene for each synthase of ephedrine biosynthesis was predominantly expressed in the tuber. Notably, all four phenylalanine ammonia lyase genes were predominately expressed in tuber tissue. A series of genes involved in oxalate metabolism were found to be highly expressed in tubers, contributing to the high accumulation of oxalate in tubers as well as the formation of acrid raphide via reaction with calcium ions. There are 14 lectin genes in the P. ternata genome, which were all highly expressed in the tuber, explaining the acrid raphide formation. These findings provide new insight into ephedrine biosynthesis and acrid raphide formation.

Pinellia ternata is an important natural medicinal herb in China. However, it is susceptible to withering when exposed to high temperatures during growth, which limits its tuber production. Mitochondria usually function in stress response. The P. ternata mitochondrial (mt) genome has yet to be explored. Therefore, we integrated PacBio and Illumina sequencing reads to assemble and annotate the mt genome of P. ternata. The circular mt genome of P. ternata is 876 608 bp in length and contains 38 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNA genes and three rRNA genes. Codon usage, sequence repeats, RNA editing and gene migration from chloroplast (cp) to mt were also examined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mt genomes of P. ternata and 36 other taxa revealed the taxonomic and evolutionary status of P. ternata. Furthermore, we investigated the mt genome size and GC content by comparing P. ternata with the other 35 species. An evaluation of non-synonymous substitutions and synonymous substitutions indicated that most PCGs in the mt genome underwent negative selection. Our results provide comprehensive information on the P. ternata mt genome, which may facilitate future research on the high-temperature response of P. ternata and provide new molecular insights on the Araceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata, a traditional Chinese medicine, is well-renowned for its effectiveness in treating sickness such as coughs with excessive phlegm, vomiting, and nausea. The nucleoside components of P. ternata have been shown to have antitumor activity. Identifying potential growth areas of high-quality P. ternata based on the content of five nucleoside components and the identification of climatic features suitable for the growth of P. ternata will help to conserve P. ternata resources with targeted bioactive compounds. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we determined five nucleoside components, uridine, guanosine, adenosine, inosine, and thymidine, at 27 sampling points of P. ternata collected from 21 municipalities of 11 provinces in China. We used ecological niche modeling to identify the major environmental factors associated with the high metabolite content of P. ternata, including precipitation of the warmest quarter, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and isothermality. Areas with high suitability for the five nucleosides were found in Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hubei Provinces. Under the RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 scenarios, the areas with a suitable distribution decreased and some areas with high suitability became areas with low suitability. Overall, our findings advance our knowledge of the ecological impacts of climate change and provide a valuable reference for conserving and sustainably developing high-quality P. ternata resources in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production, particularly for shallow-rooted plants like Pinellia ternata. It damages plants via oxidative burst, but this effect could be mitigated by catalase (CAT). However, no studies have been reported on CAT homologs in P. ternata, a drought-sensitive plant species. In the present study, a novel CAT gene, PtCAT2, was functionally characterized via overexpression in Arabidopsis and analysis of cis-elements in its promoter. The isolated CAT gene was 1479 bp and encoded a protein containing 242 amino acids. The protein contains the CAT activity motif and the heme-binding site of a typical CAT, and the subcellular analysis indicated that the protein localizes at the cytoplasm and membrane. Moreover, the quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR indicated that PtCAT2 is expressed ubiquitously in P. ternata and is strongly induced by drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signals. PtCAT2 overexpression enhanced the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis, as shown by the 30% increase in plant survival and a five-fold- increase in CAT activity. Moreover, PtCAT2-transgenic plants increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities and reduced malondialdehyde, membrane leakage, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (P<0.05). Furthermore, PtCAT2-transgenic plants showed higher tolerance to oxidative stress caused by exogenous H2O2 and retained higher chlorophyll and water contents than the WT. The mitochondria function was better maintained as presented by the higher oxygen consumption rate in transgenics under drought stress (P<0.05). The endogenous CATs and drought response-related genes were also upregulated in transgenic lines under drought stress, indicating that PtCAT2 confers drought stress tolerance by enhancing the H2O2 scavenging ability of plants to maintain their membrane integrity. These results improve our understanding of the drought response mechanisms and provide a potential breeding strategy for P. ternata genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pinellia ternata (Thunb.), a perennial herbal plant in the Araceae family, has great medicinal value and market demand. In August 2020, an outbreak of severe leaf spot blight disease resulted in a huge yield loss of P. ternata. It is necessary to isolate and identify the pathogens that cause spot blight on P. ternata. Methods: In this study, we isolated and identified the pathogens by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Disease samples with typical spot blight symptoms were collected and pathogens were isolated from the diseased tissues. The pathogen was identified based on its biological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed (rDNA-ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences. Phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA7 software and pathogenicity tests were performed using in vivo inoculation. Finally, the pathogen was recovered and identified from the inoculated plants. Results: Based on Koch’s postulates, we identified the pathogen causing spot blight on P. ternata as Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore spot blight on P. ternata caused by S. cucurbitacearum in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (Araceae), a significant medicinal plant, has been used to treat various diseases for centuries. Terahertz radiation (THZ) is located between microwaves and infrared rays on the electromagnetic spectrum. THZ possesses low single-photon energy and a spectral fingerprint, but its effects on plant growth have not yet been investigated. The study's primary objective was to examine the transcriptome and metabolome databases of the SY line to provide a new perspective for identifying genes associated with resistance and growth promotion and comprehending the underlying molecular mechanism. Variations in the biological characteristics of P. ternata grown under control and experimental conditions were analyzed to determine the effect of THZ. Compared with the control group, phenotypic variables such as leaf length, petiole length, number of leaves, leaf petiole diameter, and proliferation coefficient exhibited significant differences. P. ternata response to THZ was analyzed regarding the effects of various coercions on root exudation. The experimental group contained considerably more sugar alcohol than the control group. The transcriptome analysis revealed 1,695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 509 upregulated and 1,186 downregulated genes. In the KEGG-enriched plant hormone signaling pathway, there were 19 differentially expressed genes, 13 of which were downregulated and six of which were upregulated. In the metabolomic analysis, approximately 416 metabolites were uncovered. There were 112 DEMs that were downregulated, whereas 148 were upregulated. The P. ternata leaves displayed significant differences in phytohormone metabolites, specifically in brassinolide (BR) and abscisic acid (ABA). The rise in BR triggers alterations in internal plant hormones, resulting in faster growth and development of P. ternata. Our findings demonstrated a link between THZ and several metabolic pathway processes, which will enhance our understanding of P. ternata mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to clarify the species and the virulence of soft rot pathogens in major Pinellia ternata production areas of China, and provide technical support for P. ternata production, disease prevention and control. [Method] The disease occurrence of soft rot was investigated in national P. ternata production areas firstly. Then, the study of isolation, identification, pathogenicity test and the biological characteristics of these soft rot pathogens were performed according to Koch's postulation. In addition, the pathogenicity of three dominant pathogens of soft rot was compared and analyzed by inoculating the leaves and tubers in vitro, and the bactericides of the three dominant pathogens were screened by using antibacterial circle measurement algorithm. [Result] P. carotovorum, P. aroidearum and D. fangzhongdai were the dominant pathogens of P. ternata in China. Among them, P. carotovorum and P. aroidearum were widely distributed and could be detected in the four major P. ternata production areas in China, while D. fangzhongdai was found only in Tianmen city of Hubei province. The virulence of P. carotovorum was better than D. fangzhongdai and P. aroidearum was the worst, and they were more easily to infect the P. ternata from the backside of the leaves. Culturing 3 strains in different conditions showed that the optimal growth temperature was 28-30 °C and the optimal pH was 8.0. Laboratory bactericides screening experiment showed that the chemical bactericides thiamoxidone, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and biogenic bactericide ethicallin among 26 kinds of bactericides could significantly inhibite the growth of these three dominant soft rot pathogens with the EC50 value of them less than 50 µg/mL. [Conclusion] P. carotovorum, P. aroidearum and D. fangzhongdai were the main pathogens of soft rot of P. ternata, and P. carotovorum was the most virulent strain. Thiazolidone, sodium dichloroisonitrile and ethyl allicin had significant inhibitory effects on the three kinds of soft rot of P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata, which is a plant species used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. However, its metabolic activities are complex, and the functional characterization of its genes has been limited. In this study, we overexpressed a P. ternata premature aging-related gene, PtZS1, in Arabidopsis thaliana. The resulting transgenic lines were sensitive to flooding stress conditions. Additionally, their antioxidant capacity as well as proline and soluble sugar contents (i.e., macromolecular substances affecting osmotic balance) were analyzed. The antioxidant activity of the transgenic lines was weaker than that of the wild-type plants, suggesting that the sensitive phenotype of the transgenic lines may be related to antioxidants. Analyses of the expression levels of antioxidant pathway genes in a quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed the genes were expressed at lower levels in the PtZS1-overexpressing lines than in the wild-type plants. These results indicated that the flooding-sensitive phenotype associated with PtZS1 is related to the antioxidant pathway. The findings of this study provide a theoretical and practical basis for future research on the antioxidant pathways of P. ternata. This is also the first study to confirm a role for the P. ternata premature aging-related gene family in response to flooding stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic acids are a key active component of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, and their concentration is closely associated with the quality of P. ternata. Developing an efficient and rapid method for detecting organic acids can offer a valuable technology for real-time assessment of P. ternata quality. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) approach, combining the optimization of extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM), was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of six organic acids in P. ternata. The optimal extraction conditions for organic acids in P. ternata were ultrasonic extraction with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:50, ultrasonic time of 60 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning was employed for quantification using HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in negative ionization mode through a single run of 10 min, and the limit of detection (LLOD) and limit of quantification (LLOQ) for organic acids were as low as 0.138 ng/mL and 0.614 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of reproducibility, precision, and stability were all lower than 5.0%, and recovery rates were 97.75–107.14%, with RSDs < 5.0%. Finally, this method was successfully applied to determine the investigated organic acids in 12 production regions of P. ternata, revealing significant differences between different production areas. This indicates that the optimized method is suitable for further accurate investigations of organic acids of P. ternata.

Using petiole material as explants and directly inducing the formation of microtubers without going through the callus stage is an essential way to rapidly expand scarce medical plants such as Pinellia ternata. However, the early molecular mechanism underlying the formation of the microtuber is largely elusive. Here, we conducted cytology and dynamic transcriptome analyses of inchoate microtubers in Pinellia explants and identified 1092 differentially expressed genes after their cultivation in vitro for 0, 5, and 15 days. Compared with 0 day, the number and size of the microtuber cells were larger at 5 and 15 days of culture. Detailed categorization revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to responses to stimulus, biological regulation, organelles, membranes, transcription factor activity, and protein binding. Further analysis revealed that the microtuber at different incubation days exhibited quite a difference in both hormone signaling pathway transduction and the regulation pattern of transcription factors. Therefore, this study contributes to a better understanding of the early molecular regulation during the formation of the microtuber and provides new insights for the study of the rapid expansion of P. ternata and other medical plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The understanding of Pinellia Ternata is reflected in various aspects of the theoretical system of the medicinal properties of Chinese materia medica, including the medicinal source, properties, efficacy, medicinal use and pharmacology. Through an analysis of the pharmacology of Pinellia Ternata, it was shown that the pharmacology of Chinese materia medica is guided by ancient Chinese philosophy, which is based on the external appearance of the medicine combined with traditional Chinese medicine theory and clinical practice, to explain and analyze the laws and principles of the medicinal action. This integrates various aspects of the traditional Chinese culture and the sources, properties, and efficacy of the medicine. Therefore, the understanding and application of Chinese materia medica must attach importance to the records of ancient Chinese herbal literature, which must be analyzed systematically to effectively guide clinical medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Raw "Pinelliae Rhizoma" (RPR) is widely used in Chinese clinics to treat insomnia. This study investigated its underlying sedative and hypnotic mechanisms and main active components. Methods: A locomotor activity test was used to evaluate the sedative effects of RPR at three dosages (0.2 g/mL, 0.4 g/mL, and 0.8 g/mL) in mice. Polysomnography was used to assess its ability to improve sleep. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF–MS) analysis was used to identify the potential active components of RPR. Results: Mice in the RPR groups were less active than mice in the vehicle group; this difference was greatest in the 0.8 g/mL RPR group. Compared with the vehicle, 0.8 g/mL RPR increased the duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the dark phase. In addition, the duration of wakefulness in the 0.8 g/mL RPR group decreased with increasing durations of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep. Compared with diazepam, 0.8 g/mL RPR increased REM sleep duration in both the light and dark phases and increased the number of transitions both from NREM sleep to REM sleep and from REM sleep to wakefulness. A total of 33 RPR constituents, including 15 alkaloids, were identified. Conclusion: The results preliminarily indicated that RPR exerts sedative and hypnotic effects in mice, mainly leading to improvements in REM sleep. These effects are possibly due to the alkaloid constituents of RPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has been widely used in China, Japan and Korea to relieve cough, vomiting, and inflammation. This review summarizes the recent research focus on germplasm resources, genetic diversity, functional genes, genetic breeding and prospects of P. ternata. The impact of germplasm resources and biogeography are the key factors of the effects of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, avoiding the medical negligence caused by using the confused medicine. Genetic diversity and genetic breeding are the basis of germplasm improvement. A virus-free technique of tissue culture is used to rapid propagation of P. ternata, promoting the production of seedlings without season restrictions. Functional gene research is the theoretical basis and target of germplasm improvement. Many genes, such as PtsHSP17.2 and PtSAD have been confirmed to play an important role in heat stress, guiding the selection and breeding of heat-resistant and drought-resistant P. ternata resources. Still, some problems exist in the production of P. ternata, presenting a challenge in breeding and cultivation. We summarize previous studies here and propose directions for further study to advance the research in the production of P. ternata.

Abstract Background Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants, as special microorganisms, are important sources of antibacterial compounds. However, the diversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Pinellia Tenore have not been systematically studied. Results A total of 77 fungi were isolated from roots, stems, leaves, and tubers of Pinellia ternata and P. pedatisecta. All fungi were belonged to five classes and twenty-five different genera. Biological activities tests indicated that 21 extracts of endophytic fungi exhibited antibacterial activities against at least one of the tested bacteria, and 22 fermentation broth of endophytic fungi showed strong phytotoxic activity against Echinochloa crusgalli with the inhibition rate of 100%. Furthermore, four compounds, including alternariol monomethyl ether (1), alternariol (2), dehydroaltenusin (3) and altertoxin II (4), and three compounds, including terreic acid (5), terremutin (6), citrinin (7), were isolated from Alternaria angustiovoidea PT09 of P. ternata and Aspergillus floccosus PP39 of P. pedatisecta, respectively. Compound 5 exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus tetragenus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae with the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 36.0, 31.0, 33.7, 40.2 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1.56, 3.13, 1.56, 1.56 μg/mL respectively, which were better than or equal to those of positive gentamicin sulfate. The metabolite 7 also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against P. syringae pv. actinidiae with the IZD of 26.0 mm and MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. In addition, the compound 7 had potent phytotoxic activity against E. crusgalli with the inhibition rate of 73.4% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Conclusions Hence, this study showed that endophytic fungi of P. ternata and P. pedatisecta held promise for the development of new antibiotic and herbicide resources.

Abstract Background Pinellia ternata is an important traditional medicine in China, and its growth is regulated by the transcriptome or proteome. Lysine crotonylation, a newly identified and important type of posttranslational modification, plays a key role in many aspects of cell metabolism. However, little is known about its functions in Pinellia ternata. Results In this study, we generated a global crotonylome analysis of Pinellia ternata and examined its overlap with lysine succinylation. A total of 2106 crotonylated sites matched on 1006 proteins overlapping in three independent tests were identified, and we found three specific amino acids surrounding crotonylation sites in Pinellia ternata: KcrF, K***Y**Kcr and Kcr****R. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that two crucial alkaloid biosynthesis-related enzymes and many stress-related proteins were also highly crotonylated. Furthermore, several enzymes participating in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were found to exhibit both lysine crotonylation and succinylation modifications. Conclusions These results indicate that lysine crotonylation performs important functions in many biological processes in Pinellia ternata, especially in the biosynthesis of alkaloids, and some metabolic pathways are simultaneously regulated by lysine crotonylation and succinylation.

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb and very sensitive to high temperatures. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis under heat stress in P. ternata, we performed integrated analyses of metabolome and transcriptome data. P. ternata plants were subjected to a temperature of 38 °C, and samples were collected after 10 d of treatment. A total of 502 differential accumulated metabolites and 5040 different expressed transcripts were identified, with flavonoid biosynthesis predominantly enriched. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis showed that high temperature treatment upregulated the expression of CYP73A and downregulated the expression of other genes (such as HCT, CCoAOMT, DFR1, DFR2), which might inhibit the biosynthesis of the downstream metabolome, including such metabolites as chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and (-)-epigallocatechin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The transcription expression levels of these genes were validated by real-time PCR. Our results provide valuable insights into flavonoid composition and accumulation patterns and the candidate genes participating in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways under heat stress in P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (P. ternata) is a very important plant that is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its corms can be used as medicine and function to alleviate cough, headache, and phlegm. The epidermis of P. ternata corms is often light yellow to yellow in color; however, within the range of P. ternata found in JingZhou City in Hubei Province, China, there is a form of P. ternata in which the epidermis of the corm is red. We found that the total flavonoid content of red P. ternata corms is significantly higher than that of yellow P. ternata corms. The objective of this study was to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the difference in epidermal color between the two forms of P. ternata. The results showed that a high content of anthocyanidin was responsible for the red epidermal color in P. ternata, and 15 metabolites, including cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were screened as potential color markers in P. ternata through metabolomic analysis. Based on an analysis of the transcriptome, seven genes, including PtCHS1, PtCHS2, PtCHI1, PtDFR5, PtANS, PtUPD-GT2, and PtUPD-GT3, were found to have important effects on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in the P. ternata corm epidermis. Furthermore, two transcription factors (TFs), bHLH1 and bHLH2, may have regulatory functions in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in red P. ternata corms. Using an integrative analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic data, we identified five genes, PtCHI, PtDFR2, PtUPD-GT1, PtUPD-GT2, and PtUPD-GT3, that may play important roles in the presence of the red epidermis color in P. ternata corms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata is an important medicinal plant, and its growth and development are easily threatened by high temperature. In this study, comprehensive research on physiological, cytological and transcriptional responses to different levels of heat stress were conducted on a typical phenotype of P. ternata. First, P. ternata exhibited tolerance to the increased temperature, which was supported by normal growing leaves, as well as decreased and sustained photosynthetic parameters. Severe stress aggravated the damages, and P. ternata displayed an obvious leaf senescence phenotype, with significantly increased SOD and POD activities (46% and 213%). In addition, mesophyll cells were seriously damaged, chloroplast thylakoid was fuzzy, grana lamellae and stroma lamellae were obviously broken, and grana thylakoids were stacked, resulting in a dramatically declined photosynthetic rate (74.6%). Moreover, a total of 16 808 genes were significantly differential expressed during this process, most of which were involved in photosynthesis, transmembrane transporter activity and plastid metabolism. The number of differentially expressed transcription factors in MYB and bHLH families was the largest, indicating that these genes might participate in heat stress response in P. ternata. These findings provide insight into the response to high temperature and facilitate the standardized cultivation of P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants, as special microorganisms, are important sources of antibacterial compounds. However, the diversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Pinellia Tenore have not been systematically studied. Results: A total of 77 fungi were isolated from roots, stems, leaves, and tubers of Pinellia ternata and P. pedatisecta. All fungi were belonged to five classes and twenty-five different genera. Biological activities tests indicated that 21 extracts of endophytic fungi exhibited antibacterial activities against at least one of the tested bacteria, and 22 fermentation broth of endophytic fungi showed strong phytotoxic activity against Echinochloa crusgalli with the inhibition rate of 100%. Furthermore, four compounds, including alternariol monomethyl ether (1), alternariol (2), dehydroaltenusin (3) and altertoxin II (4), and three compounds, including terreic acid (5), terremutin (6), citrinin (7), were isolated from Alternaria angustiovoidea PT09 of P. ternata and Aspergillus floccosus PP39 of P. pedatisecta, respectively. Compound 5 exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus tetragenus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae with the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 36.0, 31.0, 33.7, 40.2 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1.56, 3.13, 1.56, 1.56 μg/mL respectively, which were better than or equal to those of positive gentamicin sulfate. The metabolite 7 also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against P. syringae pv. actinidiae with the IZD of 26.0 mm and MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. In addition, the compound 7 had potent phytotoxic activity against E. crusgalli with the inhibition rate of 73.4% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Conclusions: Hence, this study showed that endophytic fungi of P. ternata and P. pedatisecta held promise for the development of new antibiotic and herbicide resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassinolide (BR) is the "sixth class" plant hormone, which plays an important role in various physiological and biochemical processes of plants. The wide variety of functions of Pinellia ternata means that there is huge demand for it and thus it is in short supply. This paper mainly assessed the changes of yield and quality in P. ternata at different stages after BR treatments by principal component analysis, in order to improve the yield and quality of P. ternata and at the same time determine the best harvest time. The results showed that the tuber yield of P. ternata was significantly increased by BR treatments at different stages (except for the 15th day). After the 15th, 45th, 60th, 75th, 90th, and 105th day of treatments, the tuber yield of P. ternata reached peak values at 0.10 (0.65 g), 0.50 (1.97 g), 0.50 (1.98 g), 1.00 (2.37 g), 1.00 (2.84 g), and 2.00 mg/L (3.76 g) BR treatment, respectively. The optimal harvest time was the 75th day after 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/L BR treatments, which not only significantly improved the yield of P. ternata, but also retained high level of total alkaloids in the tubers (20.89, 5.37, and 13.44%) and bulbils (9.74, 20.42, and 13.62%), high total flavone content in the tubers (17.66, 16.26, and 12.74%) and bulbils (52.63, 12.79, and 38.69%), and high β-sitosterol content in the tubers (25.26, 16.65, and 0.62%) of P. ternata, compared with the control, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High temperature and drought environments are important limiting factors for Pinellia ternata growth, whereas shading can promote growth by relieving these stresses. However, the mechanism of growth promotion by shading in P. ternata is unknown. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the plant’s growth and environmental response, but few analyses of lncRNAs in P. ternata have been reported. Methods: We performed lncRNAs analysis of P. ternata in response to shading using RNA-seq data from our previous studies. A total of 13,927 lncRNAs were identified, and 145 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were obtained from the comparisons of 5 days shade (D5S) vs. 5 days of natural light (D5CK), 20 days of shade (D20S) vs. 20 days of natural light (D20CK), D20S vs. D5S, and D20CK vs. D5CK. Of these, 119 DELs (82.07%) were generated from the D20S vs. D20CK comparison. Results: Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the reactive oxygen (ROS) metabolism and programmed cell death (PCD) processes might regulate shade-induced growth promotion. The “signal transduction” and “environmental adaptation” in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used for lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network construction and showed that the lncRNAs might mediate P. ternata growth by regulating ROS accumulation and light signals. Conclusions: This study explores lncRNAs’ functions and regulatory mechanisms related to P. ternata growth and lays a foundation for further research on P. ternata.

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine with high medicinal value, but its culture is strongly hindered by the continuous cropping obstacles (CCO) which are tightly associated with allelopathic effects. Deciphering the response mechanisms of P. ternata to allelochemicals is critical for overcoming the CCO. Here, we elucidate the response of P. ternata to phenolic acids treatment via physiological indices, cellular approaches, and transcriptome analysis. Phenolic acids showed a significant effect on the growth of P. ternata seedlings, similar to the phenotype of continuous cropping. Cellular analysis demonstrated that phenolic acids remarkably induced root cell death. Physiological analysis revealed that phenolic acids induced the overaccumulated of H2O2 and O-2 in root cells. However, two exogenous antioxidants (L-ascorbic acid and b-gentiobiose) aid in the scavenging of over-accumulated H2O2 and O-2 by promoting the antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT). Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the cell wall degeneration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were upregulated by phenolic acid treatment. In addition, downregulated DEGs involved in sucrose and starch metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways decreased the key metabolites contents. Taken together, phenolic acids caused root cell death by inducing the overaccumulation of H2O2 and O-2, and L-ascorbic acid and b-gentiobiose effectively alleviated ROS stress. The present study elucidates the underlying mechanism of the allelopathic effect of phenolic acids, offers valuable information for further understanding the mechanism of CCO, and could contribute to improving guidance for further P. ternata production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pinellia ternata is an important traditional medicine in China, and its growth is regulated by the transcriptome or proteome. Lysine crotonylation, a newly identified and important type of posttranslational modification, plays a key role in many aspects of cell metabolism. However, little is known about its functions in Pinellia ternata. Results: In this study, we generated a global crotonylome analysis of Pinellia ternata and examined its overlap with lysine succinylation. A total of 2106 crotonylated sites matched on 1006 proteins overlapping in three independent tests were identified, and we found three specific amino acids surrounding crotonylation sites in Pinellia ternata: KcrF, K***Y**Kcr and Kcr****R. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that two crucial alkaloid biosynthesis-related enzymes and many stress-related proteins were also highly crotonylated. Furthermore, several enzymes participating in carbohydrate metabolism pathways were found to exhibit both lysine crotonylation and succinylation modifications. Conclusions: These results indicate that lysine crotonylation performs important functions in many biological processes in Pinellia ternata, especially in the biosynthesis of alkaloids, and some metabolic pathways are simultaneously regulated by lysine crotonylation and succinylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of white spot syndrome (WSS) is a looming challenge, due to dramatic losses to the crustacean aquaculture industry. However, at present, there are no prophylactic or therapeutic means to control this infectious viral disease. Here, we screened fifteen medicinal plants for their inhibitory activity on the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), using red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) as a model species. The results showed that the crude extracts of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. had the highest inhibitory effect (91.59%, 100 mg/kg) on WSSV proliferation, and its main component, beta-sitosterol, showed a much higher activity (95.79%, 50 mg/kg). Further, beta-sitosterol potently reduced (p < 0.01) viral loads and viral gene transcription levels in a concentration-dependent fashion, and significantly promoted the survival rate of WSSV-challenged crayfish (57.14%, 50 mg/kg). The co-incubation assay indicated that beta-sitosterol did not influence the infectivity of WSSV particles. Both pre- and post-treatment of beta-sitosterol exerted a significant inhibitory effect (p < 0.01) on the viral load in vivo. Mechanistically, beta-sitosterol not only interfered with the expression of viral genes (immediate early gene 1, ie1; DNA polymerase, DNApol) that are important in initiating WSSV transcription, but it also attenuated the hijacking of innate immune signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT pathways) by viral genes to block WSSV replication. Moreover, the expression of several antiviral immune, antioxidant, pro-inflammatory, and apoptosis-related genes changed significantly in beta-sitosterol-treated crayfish. Beta-sitosterol is a potent WSSV inhibitor and has the potential to be developed as an effective anti-WSSV agent against a WSS outbreak in crustacean aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the ecological, yield, physiological, and biochemical index of cultivated pinellia under different shade conditions and to analyze the influence of light intensity on Pinellia ternata’s ecological and physiological characteristics, our experiment employed four varieties of pinellia, Changde pinellia, Yuanling pinellia, Ziyang pinellia, and Bijie pinellia, as experiment materials, planted them under equivalent growing conditions, and placed them under different shade conditions (shade net settings of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shade). The present study sought to determine the index changes of pinellia, including their morphology, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yield, over a 100-day growth period. The results under 25% shade, compared with full light, revealed the following: pinellia plants reached heights of up to 20.04 cm, an increase of 43.35%; the maximum leaf area was 16.15 cm², an increase of 34.78%; and the fresh weight of pinellia tubers decreased to varying degrees. Under shade treatment, the content of chlorophyll in pinellia leaves increased, the content of soluble protein and malondialdehyde decreased, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes increased; these changes were overall consistent with the typical characteristics of shade plants, and the adaptability of pinellia to different shade conditions varied considerably. Moderate shade (25%–50% shade) could improve the physiological and ecological indicators of pinellia and reduce the threat of intense light exposure, but it would also reduce the tuber yield to varying extents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino is a perennial herb of the genus Pinellia in the Araceae family, which is a kind of precious Chinese herbal medicine (Bai et al. 2022). In May 2023, rotting was observed on P. ternata corm in the Tanghe planting base (3.33 ha, 32º46´6˝N, 113º 8´47˝E, 138 m), with an incidence of approximately 10%. To identify the causal agent, five rotten corms were randomly sampled from the Tanghe planting base. Symptomatic corm tissues were cut into small pieces (3 mm3) with asymptomatic tissue margins, disinfected in 75% ethanol for 30s and in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and then placed on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) plates incubated at 20℃ with a 12 h light/dark photoperiod. Hyphal-tips from the growing edge of colonies were transferred to fresh SNA to obtain pure cultures. In total, five pure isolates were obtained with similar colony morphology and white (top view) or grayish white (back view) coloration, with villous surfaces and abundant aerial hyphae. On SNA, the isolates mainly produced microconidia. Microconidia were ellipsoidal to cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline and measured 5.40 to 11.98 (av. 7.14) µm long and 1.60 to 5.38 (av. 2.54) µm thick (n=50). Based on these morphological characteristics of colony and conidia, the causal agent was preliminarily identified as Fusarium sp. (Crous et al. 2021). To confirm pathogen identity, the total genomic DNA of 2 isolates (BX-2 and BX-3) was extracted using the 2×T5 Direct PCR kit (Beijing Tsingke Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and β-tubulin (tub2) gene were PCR-amplified using the universal primers ITS1/ITS4, 5f2/7cr, EF-1/EF-2 and BT2F/BT4R (Crous et al. 2021), respectively. Sequences have been deposited in GenBank (PP125560-PP125561 for ITS, PP782474-PP782475 for rpb2, PP782476-PP782477 for tef1, PP171436-PP171437 for tub2). BLAST search showed that all sequences were 99% to 100% homology with the corresponding sequences of Fusarium proliferatum (CBS 182.32). A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the Maximum-Likelihood method in MEGA-X (Kumar et al. 2018) and revealed that the two isolates were closest to F. proliferatum. The pathogenicity tests were conducted with the two isolates (BX-2 and BX-3) as described by Liu et al. (2022) with slight modifications. For each treatment, five healthy P. ternata corms were inoculated with 1ml of conidial suspension (1×107 conidia/ml). Control plants (n=5) were inoculated with sterilized water. All samples were covered with plastic bags and maintained at a relative humidity greater than 90% in a greenhouse at 20℃ with a 12 h light/dark photoperiod. After 15 days, inoculated corms showed similar symptoms to those on the original diseased plants, while control plants remained symptomless. F. proliferatum was successfully reisolated from the inoculated plants and identified based on its morphological characteristics. Thus, Koch's postulates were fulfilled. The experiment was repeated thrice with similar results. Morphological characteristics, sequence alignment and Koch's postulates test confirmed that F. proliferatum was the cause of P. ternata corm rot disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing P. ternata corm rot in Henan province, China. Our findings are important for informed surveillance of the disease.

Abstract Background Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine, and the main raw material of various Chinese patent medicines. Continuous cropping obstacle (CCO) is the main factor leading to the decline of crop yields and quality. Methods Metagenomics sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial community and functional genes of continuous cropping (CC) and control (CK) soils of P. ternata. In addition, differences in physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community composition and the abundance of functional genes in CC and CK were evaluated, as well as the relationship between these factors and CCO. Results Results indicated that CC of P. ternata led to the decline of rhizosphere soil pH, nutrient imbalance and enzyme activity reduction. Metagenomic analysis indicted that CC also changed the composition of the microbial community, causing an increase in the relative abundance of pathogenic microorganisms such as Fusarium, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pectobacterium carotovorum in the P. ternata rhizosphere. The relative abundance of potentially beneficial Burkholderia and Bradyrhizobium was recorded to decrease. Results also showed that there were considerable differences in CC and CK about the abundances of functional genes related to soil enzymes and the degradation of P. ternata allelochemicals, as well as the microbial groups which they belong. These results clarified the effects of CC on the microbial community structure and functional genes of soil. In addition, Burkholderia and Bradyrhizobium might play important roles in enhancing soil fertility and reducing the toxicity of phenolic acids in rhizosphere soil. Conclusions CC of P. ternata changed the physicochemical properties, microbial community and functional genes of rhizosphere soil. Burkholderia and Bradyrhizobium for enhancing soil fertility and reducing the toxicity of phenolic acids might be potentially beneficial. These results provide theoretical guidance for bioremediation of CCO soil of P. ternata and other staple crops. Graphic abstract

Background Pinellia ternata (Thunb.), a perennial herbal plant in the Araceae family, has great medicinal value and market demand. In August 2020, an outbreak of severe leaf spot blight disease resulted in a huge yield loss of P. ternata. It is necessary to isolate and identify the pathogens that cause spot blight on P. ternata. Methods In this study, we isolated and identified the pathogens by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Disease samples with typical spot blight symptoms were collected and pathogens were isolated from the diseased tissues. The pathogen was identified based on its biological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed (rDNA-ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences. Phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA7 software and pathogenicity tests were performed using in vivo inoculation. Finally, the pathogen was recovered and identified from the inoculated plants. Results Based on Koch’s postulates, we identified the pathogen causing spot blight on P. ternata as Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore spot blight on P. ternata caused by S. cucurbitacearum in China.

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Abstract Background Pinellia ternata is native to China and has been used as a traditional herb due to its antiemetic, antitussive, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. When exposed to strong light intensity and high temperature during the reproductive growth process, P. ternata withers in a phenomenon known as “sprout tumble”, which largely limits tuber production. Shade was previously found to delay sprout tumble formation (STF); however, no information exists regarding this process at the molecular level. Hence, we determined the genes involved in tuber development and STF in P. ternata. Results Compared to that with natural sun-light (control), shade significantly induced chlorophyll accumulation, increased chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including initial fluorescence, maximal fluorescence, and qP, and dramatically repressed chlorophyll a:b and NPQ. Catalase (CAT) activity was largely induced by shade, and tuber products were largely increased in this environment. Transcriptome profiles of P. ternata grown in natural sun-light and shaded environments were analyzed by a combination of next generation sequencing (NGS) and third generation single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. Corrections of SMRT long reads based on NGS short reads yielded 136,163 non-redundant transcripts, with an average N50 length of 2578 bp. In total, 6738 deferentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the comparisons, specifically D5S vs D5CK, D20S vs D20CK, D20S vs D5S, and D20CK vs D5CK, of which, 6384 DEGs (94.8%) were generated from the D20S vs D20CK comparison. Gene annotation and functional analyses revealed that these genes were related to auxin signal transduction, polysaccharide and sugar metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Moreover, the expression of genes enriched in photosynthesis appeared to be significantly altered by shade. The expression patterns of 16 candidate genes were consistent with changes in their transcript abundance as identified by RNA-Seq, and these might contribute to STF and tuber production. Conclusion The full-length transcripts identified in this study have provided a more accurate depiction of P. ternata gene transcription. Further, we identified potential genes involved in STF and tuber growth. Such data could serve as a genetic resource and a foundation for further research on this important traditional herb.

Multiphase extraction (MPE) was applied as a developed, convenient and efficient method in separation of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata. Firstly, in order to increase the adsorption efficiency, bionic liquid-modified polymer was created. Comparing the effects of all sorbents under variables conditions, the highest amount of 5.8 mg/g can be adsorbed on dual imidazole ionic liquid modified polymer (Im-Im-Poly) in methanol/water (70:30, v/v) solution at 25°C within 30.0 min. Then the Im-Im-Poly was applied in MPE, after 7 times repetition of extraction, around 1.0 mg/g of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata was detected. After washing by water, ethanol and methanol, and elution by methanol/acetic acid (99.0:1.0, v/v), ephedrine was successfully separated.

Three polysaccharides, PTC, PTH, and PTB, were extracted from Pinellia ternata using three different extraction conditions: room temperature water, hot water, and 2 % Na 2 CO 3 solution. PTC and PTH were composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and arabinose, which combine to form complex structures. PTB was composed solely of glucose and rhamnose. Further analysis indicated that PTC and PTB exhibited triple-helix structures. PTC showed the highest scavenging capacity against DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) of 1004.1, 1584.1, and 1584.1 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, PTC, PTH, and PTB were subjected to sulfation, phosphorylation, and selenization, resulting in the production of nine derivates. The distinctive absorptive bands of these derivates were determined through infrared spectroscopy. Selenized and sulfated derivates have shown significant antitumor and immunoenhancing properties. Our findings revealed that at 400 μg/mL, the inhibition rate of selenated PTB on HeLa cells was 54.2 % and that on HepG2 cells was 43.1 %. Additionally, selenized PTC displayed significant immunoenhancing activity, with a proliferation rate of 63.7 % at 400 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. These results provide valuable evidence supporting the consideration of polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata as a potential candidate for the development of antineoplastic drugs., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)