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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Research & Development in Nursing / Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi is the property of Association for Research & Development in Nursing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Research & Development in Nursing / Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi is the property of Association for Research & Development in Nursing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this comparative study was to determine the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and its affecting factors among adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Subjects were 45 diabetic adolescents and 55 nondiabetic healthy control subjects. The main outcome measures used were the Eating Attitudes Test and the Body Image Scale (BIS). Findings suggest that DEBs are almost four times as common in diabetic adolescents as in their nondiabetic peers (p < .001). Strict diet restriction and insulin misuse (p < .01) were related to DEBs. Disordered eating behaviors make a significant contribution to menstrual problems (p < .001) and poor metabolic control (p < .001). There was a nonsignificant negative correlation between DEBs and the BIS score. Health care professionals should be aware of the potential effect of subclinical and clinical DEBs including insulin misuse and strict diet in weight-conscious people with Type 1 diabetes who have poor metabolic control and menstrual problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is characterized by abnormal facial appearance and skin folds on antecubital, cervical, popliteal, neck and interdigital areas and flexor contractures of joints. It is also known as pterygum colli syndrome, Escobar syndrome or pterygium syndrome. This case report describes an infant with MPS born as a twin with a 28-week-gestational period to an in vitro fertilized mother after 19 years of infertility period. All over the world, approximately 3 million births per year occur by means of assisted reproductive methods. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rate increase in pregnancies implemented by reproductive techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case with multiple features of the MPS syndrome accompanying in-vitro fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-testing Questionnaire (D-FISQ)., Methods: Forward-backward translation of the D-FISQ from English into Turkish was conducted. Original English and translated forms were examined by a panel group. Validity was investigated using content, confirmatory factor analysis, and divergent validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach α values, item-total correlations, and intraclass correlations. The sample comprised 350 patients with diabetes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 for Windows and LISREL 8., Results: The content validity index for the panel members was .90, which indicated perfect content validity; items in D-FISQ were clear, concise, readable, and distinct. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original construct of the D-FISQ. All items had factor loadings higher than the recommended level of .40. The D-FISQ scores were discriminated by the level of anxiety. Reliability results were also satisfactory. Cronbach α values were within ideal limits. Item-total correlation coefficient ranged from .72 to .86. In terms of test-retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be over .90., Conclusions: D-FISQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire in assessing needle-prick fear among Turkish patients with diabetes. We recommend performing the Turkish D-FISQ in determining and screening patients with diabetes who have fear related to self-insulin injection and finger-prick test. Thus, health care professionals should be aware of the potential consequences of injection fear such as insulin misuse and poor self-monitoring of blood glucose, which may have unfavorable effects on optimal diabetes management., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of back massage on the anxiety state, cortisol level, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and sleep quality in family caregivers of patients with cancer., Materials and Methods: Forty-four family caregivers were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group (22 interventions, 22 controls) after they were matched on age and gender. The intervention consisted of back massage for 15 minutes per day for a week. Main research outcomes were measured at baseline (day I) and follow-up (day 7). Unpaired t-test, paired t test and chi-square test were used to analyse data., Results: The majority of the caregivers were women, married, secondary school educated and housewife. State anxiety (p<0.001), cortisol level (p<0.05), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively), and pulse rate (p<0.01) were significantly decreased, and sleep quality (p<0.001) increased after back massage intervention., Conclusions: The study results show that family caregivers for patients with cancer can benefit from back massage to improve state anxiety, cortisol level, blood pressure and heart rate, and sleep quality. Oncology nurses can take advantage of back massage, which is non-pharmacologic and easily implemented method, as an independent nursing action to support caregivers for patients with cancer.

Aims and Objectives: To investigate the validity and reliability of the Caregiver Burden Scale in family members who provide primary care for haemodialysis patients., Background: In Turkey, there is a need for a multi-dimensional instrument to evaluate the caregiver burden in people who provide care for patients with chronic diseases., Design: A methodological study., Methods: The study sample consisted of 161 family members who provide primary care for haemodialysis patients. The forward-backward translation method was used to develop the Turkish Caregiver Burden Scale. The reliability was based on internal consistency investigated by Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlation. The factorial construct validity of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor analysis. By means of convergent and divergent validity, correlation between Caregiver Burden Scale and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and correlation between Caregiver Burden Scale and the Maslach Burnout Scale were investigated., Results: Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations results suggested that there was good internal reliability. We found five underlying factors similar to original Scale's five-factor solution. The confirmatory factor analysis five-factor model represented an acceptable fit. Factor loadings were significant, with standardised loadings ranging from 0·43-0·81. By means of divergent validity, all sub-dimension scores and the total score of the Caregiver Burden Scale were negatively correlated with the SF-36, whereas there was a positive correlation with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation subscales of the Maslach Burnout Scale as expected., Conclusion: These results suggest that the Caregiver Burden Scale is a reliable and valid instrument which can be used with confidence in Turkish caregivers for haemodialysis patients to screen caregiver burden., Relevance to Clinical Practice: The burden experienced by people who provide care for patients with chronic diseases can be evaluated with the Caregiver Burden Scale. Additionally, the Caregiver Burden Scale can be used in the evaluation of the effectiveness of attempts to decrease caregiver burden., (© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the subjective dyspnoea perception and objective dyspnoea indicators, quality of life and functional capacity., Background: Even though dyspnoea severity is generally assessed through objective parameters such as respiratory functions and arterial blood gases, studies indicate that subjectively perceived dyspnoea is not always consistent with objective dyspnoea indicators. For that reason, it is necessary to assess the changes caused by dyspnoea on quality of life and on functional capacity in addition to objective dyspnoea indicators to assess subjective dyspnoea in the most accurate way in patients with COPD., Design: A correlational study., Methods: The subjective dyspnoea was evaluated via the Basal Dyspnea Index and Visual Analog Scale, whereas objective dyspnoea was evaluated through respiratory function tests and arterial blood gases, which are physiological measurements. The quality of life was assessed with SF-36 and St. George's Respiratory Diseases Questionnaire. Functional capacity was evaluated with the six-minute walking distance test., Results: Basal Dyspnea Index score was associated with respiratory functions (FEV1 , FVC, FEV1 /FVC), arterial blood gases (SaO2 , PaO2 , pH), the quality of life and functional capacity, while Visual Analog Scale score was not associated with these measurements., Conclusions: Subjective dyspnoea severity assessed by Basal Dyspnea Index is related to the objective dyspnoea indicators, quality of life and functional capacity. In the assessment of dyspnoea, Basal Dyspnea Index is an appropriate measure, whereas Visual Analog Scale is not. In the light of these results, we recommend that Basal Dyspnea Index should be used in the assessment of dyspnoea in patients with COPD., Relevance to Clinical Practice: We conclude that dyspnoea will be evaluated in the most accurate and short way with the Basal Dyspnea Index. In addition, the effects of dyspnoea on quality of life and functional capacity will be predicted by Basal Dyspnea Index., (© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Background: Measuring effects of cancer on family caregivers is important to develop methods which can improve their quality of life (QOL) . Nevertheless, up to now, only a few tools have been developed to be used in this group. Among those, the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer Scale (CQOLC) has met minimum psychometric criteria in different populations in spite of conflicting results. The present study was conducted to evaluate reliability and validity of CQOLC among Turkish cancer family caregivers., Materials and Methods: The CQOLC was administered to 120 caregivers, along with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Medical Outcomes Study MOS 36- Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Internal consistency and test-retest stability were used to investigate reliability. Construct validity was examined by using known group method, convergent, and divergent validity. For the known group method, we hypothesized that CQOLC scores would differ between depressed and non-depressed subjects. We investigated convergent validity by correlating scores for CQOLC with scores for other similar measures including SF-36 and STAI. The MSPSS was completed at the same time as CQOLC to provide divergent validity., Results: The values for internal consistency and test-retest correlation were 0.88 and 0.96, respectively. The CQOLC discriminated those who were depressed from those who were not. Convergent validity supported strong correlations between CQOLC scores and two main component scores (PCS, MCS) in SF-36 although there was a weak correlation between CQOLC and STAI scores. Regarding divergent validity, the correlation between CQOLC and MSPSS was in the low range, as expected., Conclusions: The Turkish CQOLC is a reliable and valid tool and it can be utilized to determine QOL of family caregivers.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale. Data was collected from 128 women who had urinary incontinence using the following instruments: the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale, the Broome Pelvic Muscle Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The validity of the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity analyses. The reliability of the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale was examined in terms of internal consistency and test-retest correlations. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a three -factor model that had acceptable goodness-of-fit indices. The convergent validity of the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale was supported by a positive correlation between the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale and the Broome Pelvic Muscle Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale. The divergent validity of the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale was supported by negative relationships between the Continence Self-Efficacy Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The Cronbach's alpha values regarding internal consistency were 0.94 for the overall scale and 0.92-0.93 for the subscales. Test-retest correlations were 0.75 for the overall scale and 0.52-0.74 for the subscales. The Continence Self-Efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for use in Turkish women with urinary incontinence., (© 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the perceived verbal and physical violence and related factors experienced by nurses in emergency settings., Background: Studies on violence in emergency departments indicate an increasing frequency of these incidents. However, little is known about the violence experienced by the Turkish nurses working in emergency departments., Design: Survey., Methods: The study population included 255 nurses. Data were collected using a questionnaire., Results: Verbal violence was reported with a frequency of 91.4%. Of the nurses, 74.9% had been exposed to physical violence in at least several episodes during the previous 12 months. Patients' relatives were the main perpetrators, followed by patients, most of whom were male. After experiencing violence, most of the nurses reported that, they had felt fear and only 3% described that they took sick leave, while 80% did not report the incidences of violence they experienced. The nurses described that, after a violent incident, they sought support mainly from their colleagues in emergency departments rather than from the administration. Over half of the nurses (65%) felt safe 'none of the time' in emergency departments, and 89.8% of them described that patients and patient relatives may potentially exhibit violent behaviours towards the staff when they are first admitted to emergency department, while 73.7% believed that the staffing pattern and physical environment of their emergency departments were not adequate to prevent violence. Most of the nurses (83.5%) stated that they should be provided with the training that will help them prevent and manage violence as part of their in-service education, whereas 82.7% of them had not received any such training., Relevance to Clinical Practice: The findings have implications for occupational health and safety from both employer and employee perspective., (© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Purpose: We translated the original 17-item Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale (PGCMS) into Turkish and examined its validity and reliability to determine whether it may used as a tool to measure quality of life (QOL) in a Turkish elderly sample people., Methods: The sample included 398 participants aged 65 years living in institutions. Participants who were cognitively impaired (Abbreviated Mental Test score less than 7) or who could not answer questions for other reasons were excluded. Preliminary analysis was conducted to investigate multicollinearity, univariate and multivariate outliers, normality, item difficulty and discriminatory power of individual items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the structure of the PGCMS. By means of convergent-divergent validity, correlations between PGCMS and Turkish SF-36, correlations between PGCMS and social support scores, and correlations between PGCMS and hopelessness scores were investigated. Reliability was based on internal consistency investigated by Kuder-Richardson-20 (KD-20) and item-total correlation., Results: By means of multicollinearity, we deleted two items. Neither univariate nor multivariate outliers were found. No items showed skewness and kurtosis value greater than recommended. A model containing 15 of the PGCMS items was found to fit Turkish data perfectly. We identified three underlying factors including agitation, attitude toward own aging, and lonely dissatisfaction similar to original PGCMS's three-factor solution. There were strong correlations between PGCMS's subscales. The correlations with the physical and mental domain in SF-36, correlations between PGCMS and social support, and correlation between PGCMS and hopelessness supported construct validity. We found satisfactory evidence of internal consistency (KD-20 was 0.92 for total PGCMS and it ranged from 0.76 to 0.85 for subscales in the PGCMS) with item-total correlations ranging from 0.39 to 0.73., Conclusions: The PGCMS is a valid and reliable quality of life measure in elderly Turkish people.

Aims: To test whether there is any difference between blood pressure readings with patients wearing clothes under the manometer's cuff and not wearing clothes., Background: The few studies published on this subject have shown that blood pressure measurements give similar results whether the patients' arm is covered by clothing or not. However, it has not been clarified whether this is also true in hypertensive patients., Method: Blood pressure was measured on non-sleeved arm, sleeved arm and again on non-sleeved arm in 258 hypertensive patients using a mercury-filled column sphygmomanometer. Three nurses who were experienced and specially trained for the study performed blood pressure measurements. They were unaware of the purpose of the research., Results: Measuring blood pressure with the manometer's cuff over participant's sleeved arm did not differ significantly from non-sleeved arm measurements., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Sleeves have no effect on blood pressure results. Blood pressure readings taken over the sleeves will be much more practical and time saving in busy departments like emergency rooms, during disasters like earthquake where decisions have to make in minutes. Additionally, it will be time saving for general health screening surveys. Finally, it may have preferable because of hygiene concerns, patient privacy and religious beliefs., (© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine whether there is any difference between BP readings with patients crossing a leg at the knee level and uncrossing during BP measurement., Background: It is clear that numerous factors influence an individual's blood pressure (BP) measurement. However, guidelines for accurately measuring BP inconsistently specify that the patient should keep feet flat on the floor., Design: Repeated measures., Method: Using a mercury-filled column sphygmomanometer, BP was measured at uncrossed leg position, crossed leg position and again at uncrossed leg position in 283 unmedicated or medicated patients. Three experienced nurses specially trained for the study performed BP measurements., Results: The results indicated that BP increased significantly with the crossed leg position. Systolic and diastolic BP significantly increased approximately 10 and 8 mmHg, respectively., Conclusion: Crossing the leg at knee results in a significant increase in BP., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Leg position during measurement of BP should be standardised and mentioned in publications.

Background: Little is known about health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among Turkish people, who are experiencing a lifestyle transition from a developing country to one undergoing rapid modernization, although health promotion is receiving increasing attention regarding its prominent role in healthcare. Use of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) has the advantage of allowing comparison of different international populations, although cultural adaptations are needed., Objectives: The aims of this study were to adapt the HPLPII culturally and to assess its psychometric properties., Methods: Analyzed were internal reliability among 972 adults and test-retest stability among 160 adults. Construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Samples sizes for EFA and CFA were 420 and 500, respectively., Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficients surpassed .70 for HPLPII and six subscales. All items, except one, had acceptable item-total correlations of >.20. Test-retest results showed stability for HPLPII and for subscales. Varimax rotation yielded five factors with eigenvalues >1, explaining 41% of the variance. Two items were excluded because their factor loadings differed by <.30 or they had cross-factor loadings. The CFA five-factor model based on EFA represented an acceptable fit. Testing of latent construct measurement models reduced the number of items from 52 to 48. The revised 48-item six-factor model had perfect fit., Discussion: The HPLPII had satisfactory psychometric properties. It can be used to measure health-promoting lifestyle in the Turkish population.

The authors examined the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle modification intervention on blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients. A total of 70 participants were randomly placed into either a lifestyle intervention or a control group. Four education classes and individual counseling sessions were held for the intervention group. Participants in the control group were provided with routine outpatient services and were asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. Data were gathered at baseline and at the end of 6 months. At the end of 6 months, BP, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and fasting lipids, apart from high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, significantly declined in the intervention group. Healthpromoting lifestyle scores of the intervention group had increased significantly compared to those of the control group. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the feasibility of comprehensive lifestyle modification and show its beneficial effects.

The aim of this comparative study was to determine the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and its affecting factors among adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Subjects were 45 diabetic adolescents and 55 nondiabetic healthy control subjects. The main outcome measures used were the Eating Attitudes Test and the Body Image Scale (BIS). Findings suggest that DEBs are almost four times as common in diabetic adolescents as in their nondiabetic peers (p < .001). Strict diet restriction and insulin misuse (p < .01) were related to DEBs. Disordered eating behaviors make a significant contribution to menstrual problems (p < .001) and poor metabolic control (p < .001). There was a nonsignificant negative correlation between DEBs and the BIS score. Health care professionals should be aware of the potential effect of subclinical and clinical DEBs including insulin misuse and strict diet in weight-conscious people with Type 1 diabetes who have poor metabolic control and menstrual problems.

In this study, we assessed the reliability and construct validity of the SF-36, Turkish version on 419 cancer patients. Cronbach's alpha coefficients surpassed the 0.70 criterions for all subscales indicating good internal consistency. Results of the test-retest method showed that the stability coefficients for the eight subscales of the SF-36 ranged between 0.81 and 0.94. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation confirmed the presence of seven factors in the SF-36: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical and emotional problems, mental health, general health perception, bodily pain, social functioning, and vitality. In conclusion, the Turkish version of the SF-36 is a suitable instrument that could be employed in cancer research in Turkey.

In this study quality of life perceived by 100 haemodialysis patients with family members' viewpoints on the patients' quality of life was studied. The SF-36 was used as the main measurement tool. According to the findings of the study the quality of life scores, perceived by patients, usually ranged between average and below average. The family members perceived patients' social functioning and functional status in the SF-36 more pessimistically but vitality and well-being in the SF-36 more optimistically, when compared to the patients. In the light of the findings obtained from the study, it is suggested to periodically assess the quality of life of haemodialysis patients considering the viewpoints of family members on the patients' quality of life.

The aim of the study was to assess quality of life (QOL) in Turkish haemodialysis patients and to identify related socio-demographic and clinical variables. To measure QOL 100 patients completed SF-36 during regularly scheduled haemodialysis. We found that patients' QOL was substantially impaired. Age was negatively related to physical components of QOL. Duration of haemodialysis was negatively correlated with most of QOL dimensions. EPO treatment, education on disease and haemodialysis, and compliance to prescribed diet had great positive effects on QOL. Among the factors we have found to be related with the QOL in this study, probably the most important were education on disease and haemodialysis, and compliance to prescribed diet, in which we have influence, as nurses, on improving the QOL in patients receiving haemodialysis. The priority of renal nursing services should therefore be addressed to provide support in these areas.

It is known that many factors influence an individual's blood pressure measurement. However, guidelines for accurately measuring blood pressure inconsistently specify that the patient should keep feet flat on the floor. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a crossed leg position on blood pressure in a Turkish sample. A prospective study of 238 subjects with an unmedicated high-normal blood pressure, stage 1 or stage 2 hypertension was conducted. After obtaining informed consent, subjects positioned their feet flat on the floor while their blood pressure was being measured. After 3 min, the blood pressure was measured again with the subject's leg crossed at the knee. Mean values of blood pressure were compared by t-test between two measurements. Statistical significance for all analysis was taken at the 5% level. The results indicated that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly with the crossed leg position. Crossing the leg at the knee results in a significant increase in blood pressure. When blood pressure is measured, subjects should be instructed to have feet flat on the floor to eliminate a potential source of error.

Objective: To explore the relationship between self-efficacy, family environment (cohesion and organization) and metabolic control., Research Design and Methods: A total of 100 adolescents with diabetes were assessed on a single occasion. Eligibility criteria were an age range of 11-18 yr, diagnosis of type 1 diabetes of at least 1 yr duration, and ability to complete the questionnaire unaided. Adolescents completed self-efficacy and family environment questionnaires. Metabolic control was assessed by HbA1c. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 10.0. Independent paired t-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used as test methods., Results: Boys and girls were comparable on self-efficacy, and self-efficacy scores were quite satisfactory for both boys and girls. There was a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and family cohesion in girls, but self-efficacy was not related to the family environment (cohesion and organization) and metabolic control in the total sample., Conclusion: In the present study, there was no relationship between self-efficacy, family environment, and metabolic control in the total sample, but in girls, self-efficacy and family cohesion was positively correlated.

In the UK, Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity and there are about 2.5 million Muslims living in the UK. Fasting is obligatory for all healthy adult Muslims during the holy month of Ramadan. During Ramadan, no food, drink, or medication is allowed between dawn and sunset. As a result of different research results there is no agreement on whether it is safe for Muslim diabetics to fast. Through dialogue between health professionals and patients, it is usually possible to facilitate at least some safe fasting for those who wish to observe this annual ritual. In this article some key pointers will be given for health professionals to consider with the aim of improving the quality of care of Muslim patients with diabetes during Ramadan.