Search

Parasitoid wasps are hymenopterans that use other insects as hosts for their offspring. Females deposit their eggs either in (endoparasitoid) or on (ectoparasitoid) the host and inject maternal venoms and viruses to modulate host physiology to ensure the survival of the wasp eggs. The endoparasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus) injects its venom with the egg to sabotage the host’s cellular and humoral defense, arrest further host development, and paralyze the host pupa to promote their offspring’s survival. In this work, the impact of parasitization was analyzed to test whether idiobiont endoparasitoids induce epigenetic reprogramming to overcome host immune defense and disturb host development, and P. turionellae venom components were characterized using a combined proteo-transcriptomic approach. The impact of parasitization was tested by monitoring differentially expressed genes involved in the immunity and developmental hormone signaling pathways of parasitized and control hosts, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus). My results indicate that parasitization induces the suppression of host immune responses and the modulation of host development. The changes in gene expressions were related to alterations in the host’s epigenetic mechanisms. Parasitization by P. turionellae induced changes in the acetylation ratios of specific histones and a transient decrease in the host’s global DNA methylation. Additionally, I observed strong parasitization-specific changes in the host’s microRNAs pattern that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. On a second level, the transcriptomic analysis of venom glands and the proteomic study of the crude venom of endoparasitoid wasp P. turionellae were combined and resulted in the identification of several enzymes, cysteine-rich peptides, and other proteins. Possible biological functions of the identified proteins were characterized with respect to other known parasitoid venoms. Interestingly, any evidence of pimplin, the previously described main paralytic factor of Pimpla hypochondriaca venom, was not identified. However, a new cysteine inhibitor knot (ICK) family (pimplin2) that is highly similar to known ICK-like neurotoxins was found as a highly expressed venom component. In conclusion, my thesis characterizes the venom composition of P. turionellae, describing the known and novel venom protein families. Furthermore, the new insights reveal that parasitization reprograms the epigenetic mechanisms of the host to disrupt its development and suppress its immune system. Finally, some of the identified but functionally unknown components, such as the linear, short protein pimplin4, will be bioactivity tested to perform an in-depth assessment of their promising potential in bioinsecticidal or antimicrobial applications. Parasitoide sind Hymenopteren, die andere Insekten als Wirte für ihre Nachkommen nutzen. Die endoparasitoide Wespe Pimpla turionellae injiziert ihr Gift zusammen mit ihrem Ei, um die zelluläre und humorale Abwehr des Wirtes zu sabotieren und dessen weitere Entwicklung zu stoppen. Zudem werden die Wirtslarven gelähmt, um das Überleben der parasitoiden Nachkommen zu sichern. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Auswirkungen der Parasitierung analysiert, um zu untersuchen, ob idiobionte Endoparasitoide die Immunabwehr und die Entwicklung des Wirtes unterdrücken können, indem sie dessen epigenetische Regulationsmechanismen stören. Ferner wurden die Giftkomponenten von P. turionellae durch proteo-transkriptomische Ansätze charakterisiert. Die Auswirkungen der Parasitierung auf den Wirt, die Puppe der großen Wachsmotte Galleria mellonella, wurden durch Analyse von differentiell exprimierten Genen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Parasitierung durch P. turionellae im verwendeten Modellwirt dessen Immunabwehr und Entwicklung hemmen. Die Veränderungen der Genexpression stehen im Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen der epigenetischen Mechanismen des Wirtes. Die Parasitierung induziert Änderungen der Acetylierungsverhältnisse spezifischer Histone, eine vorübergehende Abnahme der globalen DNA-Methylierung und eine Umprogrammierung der microRNA-Expression in G. mellonella. Die proteo-transkriptomische Analyse des Giftes von P. turionellae führte zur Identifizierung mehrerer Enzyme, Cystein-reicher Peptide und anderer Proteine. Mögliche biologische Funktionen identifizierter Proteine wurden im Vergleich mit Giften anderer bekannter Parasitoide diskutiert. Interessanterweise wurde kein Hinweis auf Pimplin, den in der Literatur bisher beschriebenen paralytischen Hauptfaktor des Giftes von Pimpla hypochondriaca, gefunden. Stattdessen wurde eine neue Toxin-Familie (Pimplin2) identifiziert, die bekannten Cystein-reichen Neurotoxinen sehr ähnlich ist und das höchste Expressionsniveau aller Gift-Komponenten aufweist. Diese Arbeit charakterisiert die Giftzusammensetzung von P. turionellae und beschreibt bekannte sowie neuartige Komponenten. Zu den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen gehört, dass die Parasitierung mit P. turionellae im befallenen Wirtsinsekt Auswirkungen auf dessen epigenetische Mechanismen hat, die zur Hemmung der Immunabwehr und zur Verzögerung der Entwicklung führen. Schließlich werden einige der identifizierten, aber funktionell unbekannten Komponenten, wie das lineare, kurze Protein Pimplin4, auf Bioaktivität getestet, um eine eingehende Bewertung ihres vielversprechenden Potenzials für bioinsektizide oder antimikrobielle Anwendungen durchführen zu können.

Parasitoid wasps are hymenopterans that use other insects as hosts for their offspring. Females deposit their eggs either in (endoparasitoid) or on (ectoparasitoid) the host and inject maternal venoms and viruses to modulate host physiology to ensure the survival of the wasp eggs. The endoparasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus) injects its venom with the egg to sabotage the host s cellular and humoral defense, arrest further host development, and paralyze the host pupa to promote their offspring s survival. In this work, the impact of parasitization was analyzed to test whether idiobiont endoparasitoids induce epigenetic reprogramming to overcome host immune defense and disturb host development, and P. turionellae venom components were characterized using a combined proteo-transcriptomic approach.The impact of parasitization was tested by monitoring differentially expressed genes involved in the immunity and developmental hormone signaling pathways of parasitized and control hosts, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus). My results indicate that parasitization induces the suppression of host immune responses and the modulation of host development. The changes in gene expressions were related to alterations in the host s epigenetic mechanisms. Parasitization by P. turionellae induced changes in the acetylation ratios of specific histones and a transient decrease in the host s global DNA methylation. Additionally, I observed strong parasitization-specific changes in the host s microRNAs pattern that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.On a second level, the transcriptomic analysis of venom glands and the proteomic study of the crude venom of endoparasitoid wasp P. turionellae were combined and resulted in the identification of several enzymes, cysteine-rich peptides, and other proteins. Possible biological functions of the identified proteins were characterized with respect to other known parasitoid venoms. Interestingly, any evidence of pimplin, the previously described main paralytic factor of Pimpla hypochondriaca venom, was not identified. However, a new cysteine inhibitor knot (ICK) family (pimplin2) that is highly similar to known ICK-like neurotoxins was found as a highly expressed venom component.In conclusion, my thesis characterizes the venom composition of P. turionellae, describing the known and novel venom protein families. Furthermore, the new insights reveal that parasitization reprograms the epigenetic mechanisms of the host to disrupt its development and suppress its immune system. Finally, some of the identified but functionally unknown components, such as the linear, short protein pimplin4, will be bioactivity tested to perform an in-depth assessment of their promising potential in bioinsecticidal or antimicrobial applications., Parasitoide sind Hymenopteren, die andere Insekten als Wirte für ihre Nachkommen nutzen. Die endoparasitoide Wespe Pimpla turionellae injiziert ihr Gift zusammen mit ihrem Ei, um die zelluläre und humorale Abwehr des Wirtes zu sabotieren und dessen weitere Entwicklung zu stoppen. Zudem werden die Wirtslarven gelähmt, um das Überleben der parasitoiden Nachkommen zu sichern. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Auswirkungen der Parasitierung analysiert, um zu untersuchen, ob idiobionte Endoparasitoide die Immunabwehr und die Entwicklung des Wirtes unterdrücken können, indem sie dessen epigenetische Regulationsmechanismen stören. Ferner wurden die Giftkomponenten von P. turionellae durch proteo-transkriptomische Ansätze charakterisiert.Die Auswirkungen der Parasitierung auf den Wirt, die Puppe der großen Wachsmotte Galleria mellonella, wurden durch Analyse von differentiell exprimierten Genen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Parasitierung durch P. turionellae im verwendeten Modellwirt dessen Immunabwehr und Entwicklung hemmen. Die Veränderungen der Genexpression stehen im Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen der epigenetischen Mechanismen des Wirtes. Die Parasitierung induziert Änderungen der Acetylierungsverhältnisse spezifischer Histone, eine vorübergehende Abnahme der globalen DNA-Methylierung und eine Umprogrammierung der microRNA-Expression in G. mellonella.Die proteo-transkriptomische Analyse des Giftes von P. turionellae führte zur Identifizierung mehrerer Enzyme, Cystein-reicher Peptide und anderer Proteine. Mögliche biologische Funktionen identifizierter Proteine wurden im Vergleich mit Giften anderer bekannter Parasitoide diskutiert. Interessanterweise wurde kein Hinweis auf Pimplin, den in der Literatur bisher beschriebenen paralytischen Hauptfaktor des Giftes von Pimpla hypochondriaca, gefunden. Stattdessen wurde eine neue Toxin-Familie (Pimplin2) identifiziert, die bekannten Cystein-reichen Neurotoxinen sehr ähnlich ist und das höchste Expressionsniveau aller Gift-Komponenten aufweist.Diese Arbeit charakterisiert die Giftzusammensetzung von P. turionellae und beschreibt bekannte sowie neuartige Komponenten. Zu den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen gehört, dass die Parasitierung mit P. turionellae im befallenen Wirtsinsekt Auswirkungen auf dessen epigenetische Mechanismen hat, die zur Hemmung der Immunabwehr und zur Verzögerung der Entwicklung führen. Schließlich werden einige der identifizierten, aber funktionell unbekannten Komponenten, wie das lineare, kurze Protein Pimplin4, auf Bioaktivität getestet, um eine eingehende Bewertung ihres vielversprechenden Potenzials für bioinsektizide oder antimikrobielle Anwendungen durchführen zu können.

Epigenetikte son on yıldaki gelişmeler nedeniyle, DNA metilasyonu ilgi çekici hale geldi. DNA metilasyonundaki değişiklikler kansere, gelişimsel bozukluklara ve yanlış hücre farklılıklarına neden olabilir. Zebularin, kanser tedavilerinde ve antitümör baskılayıcı olarak kullanılan DNA metilasyonunun inhibitör ajanıdır. Zebularin etkisi hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi edinmek için model organizmalar üzerinde daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekir. Çalışma boyunca konak Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) ve pup endoparazitoidi Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) için 25±2°C sıcaklık, %60±5 bağıl nem ve 12:12 (Aydınlık: Karanlık) fotoperiyot uygulandı. Zebularinin G.mellonella'nın yaşam döngüsüne, toplam hemosit sayısına, hemosit tiplerine, mikroçekirdek, mitotik indeks değerlerine etkisi ve endoparazitoid olan P.turionellae'nın yaşam döngüsüne etkileri incelendi.Zebularinin G.mellonella'nın ve P.turionellae'nın gelişim evrelerini geciktirdiği yaşam süresini kısalttığı tespit edildi. Zebularinin G.mellonella'nın hemosit sayısını azalttığı, hemosit tiplerinden granülosit, plazmatosit sayısının azaldığı, önositoid sayısının arttığı tespit edildi. Zebularin uygulanan G.mellonella hemolenfindemitotik indeks ve mikronukleus oluşumunda azalma tespit edildi. Zebularinin farklı organizmalar üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi, gen ekspresyon mekanizmalarının, hücre farklılaşmalarının, kanser tehditlerinin ve gelişimsel bozuklukların anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunabilir. Due to recent developments in epigenetics, DNA methylation has become more intriguing in last decades. Alterations in DNA methylation may cause to cancer, development disorders and cell differantiations. Zebularine is an inhibitory agent of DNA methylation which commonlyused as atumor supressive in cancer treatments. Further researchs on model organisms have importance to obtain detailed information about effect of zebularine. All procedures involving the cultivating of host Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) and pupal endoparazitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) were carried out in constant temperature 25 ± 2 °C with 60 ± 5 % relative humidity under a photoperiod of light/dark cycle 12 h cycle. The effects of Zebularine on the life cycle of G. mellonella and the endoparasitoid P.turionellaeand also the total number of the hemocytes, hemocyte types, micronucleus and mitotic index were examined. It has been determined that Zebularine shortens the life expectancy of G.mellonella and P.turionellae. It was determined that Zebularin decreased the number of hemocytes of G.mellonella, decreased the number of granulocytes, plasmatocyte and increased the number oenocytoids. Mitotic index and micronucleus formation were decreased in G.mellonella hemolymph. Determination of effects of zebularine on different organisms may contribute to understanding of gene expression mechanisms, cell differantiations, threatments of cancer and developmental disorders. 68

Pimpla turionellae LINNAEUS, 1758 M a t e r i a l: H 3: 1♀ 5-15.VII. D i s t r i b u t i o n: Holarctic and Oriental regions, known from Armenia and Azerbaijan (KASPARYAN 1974), new for Georgia., Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, Diller, Erich & Japoshvili, George, 2018, The Ichneumonid fauna (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Lagodekhi Reserve, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 1447-1507 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 50 (2) on page 1491, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5275090, {"references":["KASPARYAN D. R. (1974): Review of the Palearctic species of the tribe Pimplini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). The genus Pimpla FABRICIUS. - Entomological Review 53: 102 117."]}

Understanding the effects of diet on metabolic events is crucial for biological control programs of parasitoid insects. As bioindicators of long-term physiological stress: survivorship of fifth instar larvae, pupation, adult survival, and developmental time for stages of endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were investigated by rearing the parasitoid on the host, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pupae were treated with neomycin. First instar larvae of G. mellonella were reared on artificial diets containing 0.005, 0.01, or 0.5 g neomycin (g/100 g of diet) until seventh instar larvae; the pupae from these larvae were used as a host for rearing P. turionellae. In the control group, the pupae from larvae reared on artificial diets without neomycin were used as a host. Survivorship of fifth instar, pupal, and adult stages of P. turionellae L. reared on G. mellonella pupae as a host fed with different concentrations of neomycin were significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. Approximately eighty percent of P. turionellae L. pupae were produced from control host pupae, while other neomycin concentrations significantly decreased the pupation of the parasitoid. Pimpla turionellae L. larvae reared on control host pupae reached fifth instar in about 9.6 ± 0.61 d, while the larvae reared from a host pupae exposed to the highest antibiotic concentration completed their development to the fifth instar in about 7.4 d. These results showed that neomycin, and possibly its metabolites, contaminated P. turionellae L. larvae from a host and affected larval stages of the parasitoid. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America., Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi: 2014-50737594-02, This study was supported by Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Research Fund (Project No: 2014-50737594-02).

TEZ11702 Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2017. Kaynakça (s. 71-96) var. xiv, 97 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Yapılan çalışmada farklı metallerin (Cu, Zn, Ca) Galleria mellonella larvalarında total protein ve total glikojen miktarları, antioksidan savunma sistemlerinden süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz (CAT) aktiviteleri ile parazitoiti Pimpla turionellae’da ergin çıkış süresine etkileri araştırıldı. Bakırın üç farklı konsantrasyonu (0.01; 0.02; 0.05 mg/ml) alınarak ve bakırın toksik etkisini en aza indirmek amacıyla çinko ve kalsiyum metalleri bakırın üç katı (1:3) konsantrasyonda olacak şekilde karışım halinde yapay besine ilave edildi. Bu besinle beslenen G.mellonella larvalarının total protein miktarı Cu ve Cu+Ca karışımlı besinlerde kontrole göre önemli bir farklılık gözlenmezken, Cu+Zn karışımlı besinde istatiksel olarak önemli azalış gösterdi. Total glikojen miktarı ise konsantrasyon artışına bağlı olarak denenen tüm metallerde kontrole göre artış gösterdi. G. mellonella larvalarında metal konsantrasyonu arttıkça SOD ve CAT enzim aktiviteleri değişkenlik gösterdi. Parazitoidi P. turionellae’nın ergin çıkış süresi ise metallerin düşük konsantrasyonlarından etkilenmezken, Cu ve Cu+Ca’lu besinin en yüksek konsantrasyonunda (0.05 mg/ml) kontrole göre önemli artış görüldü. Effects of copper, zinc and calcium on total protein and glycogen levels of Galleria mellonella larvae and on some antioxidant defence systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities together with their effect on the adult emergence of its parasitoid Pimpla turionellae were investigated. Animals were fed on an artificial diet mixed with three different concentrations of Cu (0.01; 0.02 and 0.05 mg/ml). Zn and Ca were also added to the food in three times concentrations of Cu (1:3) to reduce the toxic effects of it. Total protein level of G. mellonella larvae fed with Cu+Ca diet was the same whereas it decreased in animals fed with Cu+Zn diet as compared with the control animals. Total glycogen of the larvae significantly increased compared to control. SOD and CAT activities varied with increasing concentrations of metals in G. mellonellae larvae. Adult emergence of the parasitoid P. turionellae did not vary at low concentrations however increased in animals fed with Cu+Ca diet at 0.05 mg/ml Cu. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: FEF2012D23.

Bu çalışmada, laboratuvar şartlarında Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) puplarında yetiştirilenendoparazitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)’ nın larval evresine, konak içinde uygulanantedrici azalan sıcaklığın etkileri araştırılmıştır. Parazitlenen konak pupları sırasıyla 25, 20, 15 ve 10°C’ lerde 3’ er gün,4°C’ de 2, 3, 4 ve 5’ er gün bekletilmiştir. Uygulamalar sonucunda çıkan bireylerin ergin ömür uzunlukları ve dişilerinyumurta verimi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 4°C’ de bekletme süresinin artması ile ömür uzunluğu veyumurta verimi azalmıştır, In this study, effect of gradually decreased temperature on larval stage of endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L.(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) reared on pupae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in laboratoryconditions were investigated. Parasitized host pupae were acclimated gradually decreasing temperature; for 3 days at25, 20, 15 and 10°C, then 2, 3, 4 and 5 days at 4°C, respectively. Duration of adult emergence after parasitization, adultlongevity and fecundity were determined after each acclimation. With the increasing of duration time at 4°C, we foundthese results; adult longevity and fecundity decreased.

Aminoglikozit bir antibiyotik olan neomisin doğal olarak Streptomyces fradies bakterisi tarafından üretilmektedir. Bakteriyel ribozomların 30 S alt birimine bazı durumlarda da 50 S alt birimine bağlanması sonucu protein sentezini başlangıç ve uzama aşamasında inhibe ederek etkilerini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Büyük bal mumu güvesi Galleria mellonella L. yapay besin ortamında neomisin ile beslenerek elde edilen puplar deneysel gruplarda Pimpla turionellae için doğal konak olarak kullanıldı. Deney grubunda G. mellonella birinci evre larvaları antibiyotiğin 0,005, 0,01 ve 0,5 g'larını içeren yapay besinler (g/100 gr besin) ile beslendi ve konak olarak kullanıldı. Kontrol grubunda ise neomisin içermeyen yapay besinle beslenen larvalardan elde edilen puplar konak olarak kullanıldı. Bu çalışmada, neomisin ile muamele edilen yalancı konak G. mellonella pupları ile beslenerek, uzun dönem fizyolojik stres biyoindikatörleri olarak P. turionellae larvalarının 5. evreye ulaşma oranı, pup evresine ulaşma oranı ve ergin olma oranı ile bu evrelere ulaşma süreleri belirlendi.Neomisinin farklı konsantrasyonları ile beslenen G. mellonella pupları ile yetiştirilen P.turionellae bireylerinin 5. evreye ulaşan larva oranı, pup ve ergin olma oranı kontrol besine göre önemli derecede düşmüştür. Kontrol grubu konak puplar ile yetiştirilen P. turionellae larvalarının % 86,6'sı 5.evreye ulaşırken neomisinin % 0,005 ve 0,01'i ile beslenen konak puplarda yetiştirilen larvaların sırasıyla % 31,6 ve % 28,2'si 5. larval evreye ulaşmıştır. Neomisin içermeyen besinler ile beslenen konak puplarda yetiştirilen P. turionellae larvalarının % 79,9'u pup evresine ulaşırken neomisinin diğer konsantrasyonları bu parasitoidin pup olma oranını yaklaşık % 50 oranında düşürmüştür. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında neomisinin % 0,01'i de P. turionellae'nın pup olma oranını önemli derecede düşürmüş olup % 23'e indirmiştir. Neomisin içermeyen besinler ile beslenen G. mellonella konak puplarında yetiştirilen P. turionellae larvalarının % 78,3'ü ergin evreye ulaştığı halde neomisinin diğer konsantrasyonları ile yetiştirilen Pimpla larvalarının ergin evreye ulaşma oranlarını yaklaşık olarak 1/3 oranında azalmıştır. Neomisin 5. evreye ulaşma süresini önemli derecede kısaltmasına karşın larva sonrası evrelerde gelişme süresi üzerine önemli dercede etkili olmamıştır. Neomisinin en yüksek konsantrasyonu (% 0,5) P. turionellae birinci evre larvalarının 5. evreye ulaşma süresini ortalama 2 gün kısaltmıştır. Kontrol grubu konak puplar ile yetiştirlen P. turionellae larvaları ortalama 9,6 günde 5. evreye ulaştığı halde en yüksek antibiyotik konsantrasyonunda larvalar ortalama 7,4 günde 5. evreye ulaşmışlardır. Bu sonuçlar P. turionella'nın konağı aracılığıyla neomisine maruz kaldığı ve bu antibiyotiğin daha çok parazitoidin larval evresinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. An aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin is naturally produced from Streptomyces fradiae bacterium.This antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis at initiation and elongation stages by binding 30 S subunits, sometimes 50S subunits, of ribosomes. In this study, Galleria mellonella pupae reared on artificial diet containing neomycin will be used as natural host for Pimpla turionellae in experimental groups. In these groups, first instar larvae of G. mellonella will be reared on artificial diets containing 0.005, 0.01 or 0,5 g (g/100 gr of diet) until 7th instar larvae, the pupae from these larvae will be used as host for rearing P. turionellae. In control group, the pupae from larvae reared on artificial diets without neomycin will be used as host. As bioindicators of long-term physiological stress responses, survivorship of 7th-instar larvae, pupation and adult emergence rate and developmental time to these stages of endoparasitoid P. turionellae were determined by rearing the parasitoid on a factitious host, G. mellonella pupae treated with neomycin. Survivorship in 5th-instar, pupal and adult stages of P. turionellae reared on G. mellonella pupae as host fed with different concentrations of neomycin were significantly decreased in comparison to control group. While 86.6 % of P. turionellae larvae reared on host pupae ascontrol group reached 5th-instar stage, the larvae reared on host pupae exposed with 0.005 and 0.01 % of neomisin reached 5th-instar stage by 31.6 and 28.2% respectively. A 79.9 % of P. turionellae pupae were produced from host pupae exposed to diets without neomycin while other neomycin concentrations significantly decreased pupation rate of this parasitoid by 50%. In comparison to control group, neomycin at 0.01 % significantly decreased pupation rate of P. turionellae to 23%. The host pupae reared on diets without neomycin produced 78.3 % of P. turionellae adults. However, adult emergence rate from hosts exposed to other neomycin concentrations was significantly decreased by a rate of 1/3 or above.Neomycin significantly shortened developmental time to reach 5th-instar of P. turionellae while this antibiotic had no significant effects on post larval developmental stages. The highest concentrations of neomycin (0.5 %) significantly shortened developmental time to 5th instar by approximately 2 days. P. turionellae larvae reared on control host pupae reached 5th instar by about 9.6 days, while the larvae reared from host pupae exposed to highest antibiotic concentration completed their development to 5th instar by about 7.4 days. These results showed that neomycin, and possibly its metabolites, contaminated P. turionella larvae from host and affected mostly larval stages of the parasitoid. 66

İndol-3-asetik asit sentetik besin aracılığıyla ve kaliks sıvısı enjeksiyon yoluyla Galleria mellonella larvalarına verilerek hemosit sayısı, canlılığı, mitotik indeksi ve enkapsülasyon-melanizasyon tepkilerini nasıl etkiledikleri in vivo ve in vitro deneylerle incelendi. IAA ile yetiştirilmiş G. mellonella pupalarından elde edilen Pimpla turionellae larvalarında ise IAA'nın hemosit sayısında, hücre canlılığında ve mitotik indeksde neden olduğu değişimler in vivo ve in vitro deneylerle belirlendi.IAA G. mellonella larvalarında kontrole göre hemosit sayısını tüm dozlarda arttırırken enkapsülasyonda herhangi bir değişikliğe yol açmadı. Melanizasyonda ise kontrole göre 4. saatte melanize olmamışlarda 5000 ppm'de artma; güçlü melanizasyonda 50 ppm'de azalma, 24. saatte melanize olmamış boncuk sayısında 50 ve 1000 ppm'de artma olduğu tespit edildi. Apoptotik indeksde in vitro'da geç apoptotik hücre sayısının 1000 ve 5000 ppm'de azaldığı görüldü. IAA'nın bütün dozları P. turionellae larvalarında hemosit sayısını istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olsa da arttırdı. Ayrıca erken apoptotik hücre sayısı 1000 ppm dozunda artarken geç apoptotik hücre sayısının 50, 500 ve 10 000 ppm dozlarında arttığı görüldü. IAA'nın mitotik indeksde 50, 1000 ve 10 000 ppm dozlarında artışa yol açtığı belirlendi.Kaliks sıvısı G. mellonella larvalarında hemosit sayısı ve enkapsülasyon tepkilerini kontrole göre tüm dozlarda düşürdü, enkapsüle olmamış boncuk sayısını arttırdı ve melanizasyonu azalttı. Ayrıca kaliks sıvısı canlı hücre sayısını azaltırken, erken apoptotik, geç apoptotik ve nekrotik hücre sayısını da arttırdı. Kaliks sıvısının yüksek dozları ise mitotik indekste azalmaya yol açarken mikroçekirdek oluşumunda artmaya neden oldu. Indole-3-acetic acid given through synthetic nutrients and injected calyx fluid of Galleria mellonella individuals, the number of hemocytes, viability, mitotic index and its impact on encapsulation reaction were investigated with in vivo and in vitro experiments. Effects of IAA in the number of hemocyttatic changes, cell viability and mitotic index were examined in vivo and in vitro experiments of Pimpla turionellae larvae obtained from G. mellonella pupae.All doses of IAA increased of hemocyte count at G. mellonella larvae compared to control, but have no effects on encapsulation response. There was an increase at 5000 ppm dose at 4th hour in non-melanisated by compared to control; there is a strong decrease in melanization at 50 ppm, and an increase at 50 and 1000 ppm doses in non-melanisated beat count in 24 hour. It was foun in apoptotic index a decrease in the number of late apoptotic cells at 1000 and 5000 ppm in in vitro experiments. All doses of IAA increased the number of hemocyte in P. turionellae larvae but this increase was statistically unimportant. In addition, the dose of 1000 ppm, while increasing the number of early apoptotic cells; 50, 500 and 10 000 ppm doses increased the number of late apoptotic cells. IAA causes an increase in mitotic index at 50, 1000 and 10 000 ppm doses.Calyx fluid in G. mellonella larvae decreased hemocyte count and encapsulation response compared to control, but increased non-encapsulated bead count and decreased melanisation. Furthermore, calyx fluid reduce viable cell count, but enhance number of early apoptotic, late apoptotic and necrotic cell. The calyx of the high doses caused a reduction in mitotic and micronuclei indexes. 113

research, Idiobiont soliter pupal endoparazitoit olan Pimpla turionellae (L.)'nin zehir aparat kısımlarının morfolojisi ve zehir bezinin histolojisi mikroskobik olarak incelenmiştir. P. turionellae'nin zehir aparatında iki tane valvula 1, bir valvula 2. iki tane valvula 3, iki tane valvifer 1, iki tane valvifer 2, Dufour bezi ve zehir bezi bulunmaktadır. Bu yapıların şekilleri çizilmiş ve özellikleri verilmiştir. P. turionellae zehir bezinde çok sayıda salgı yapan tüpçükler hazneye üsten bağlanmıştır. Bu tüpçükler bir lümen etrafında sıralanan farklı büyüklükteki yuvarlak ve ovalimsi hücrelerden oluşmuştur. Zehir lümenle hazneye boşaltılır. Zehir bezinin hazne kısmı oldukça geniş olup çeperi düzensiz bir kas tabakası ile kitin ve kitin meydana getiren ekdodermal hücrelerden meydana gelmiştir. Zehir bezinin tüplere açılan bölgede daha fazla bez hücresi bulunur. Zehir bezinin taşıma kanalı ise kas tabakası bulundurmaz ve kitinli tabakalar tarafından güçlendirilmiş bir kanal şeklindedir., The morphology of the parts of the venom apparatus and the histology of venom glands of the idiobiont solitary pupal endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.) were examined under microscope. There are two valvula 1, one valvula 2, two valvula 3, two valvifer 1, two valvifer 2. a Dufour's gland and a venom gland in the venom apparatus of P. turionellae. These structures were described and their characteristics were determined. Several venom gland tubules are attached to the reservoir at the top of the venom gland of P. turionellae. These tubules consist of spherical and oval cells of various sizes arranged around the lumen. The venom is poured into reservoir through the lumen. The reservoir part of the venom gland is quite wide and possesses a thin wall which consists of an irregular muscle layer, chitin and ectodermal cells that form chitin. More gland cells are present in the region of the venom gland opening into the tubules. The duct of the venom gland does not possess a muscle layer, and it is in the form of a canal supported by chitinous layers.

TEZ10192 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2013. Kaynakça (s. 41-50) var. ix, 51 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Bu çalışmada farklı bakır (CuSO4.5H2O) oranlarının (0.000, 0.010, 0.025, 0.050 ve 0.100 mg/100 ml) bir endoparazitoid hymenopter türü olan ergin Pimpla turionellae L.’nin yaşam süresi, yumurta sayısı, yumurta açılımı ile sentezlediği protein ve glikojen miktarına etkileri, kimyasal yapısı bilinen sentetik besinler kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Denenen bakır konsantrasyonlarının yaşam süresine etkisi, uygulanan bakır miktarlarıyla ters orantılı olarak kontrole oranla azalma şeklinde görülmüştür. Birey başına düşen yumurta sayısında dikkate değer olmamakla beraber düşüş gözlenirken, yumurta açılım oranında bazı günlerde azalma yönünde önemli değişimler tespit edilmiştir. Deneylerde besine ilave edilen tüm bakır dozlarının P. turionellae dişilerinin protein miktarı üzerinde kontrol grubu dişilerine kıyasla azalma şeklinde etki yarattığı gözlenirken glikojen miktarı üzerinde tam tersi durum söz konusudur. In this study, the effects of different copper (CuSO4.5H2O) rates (0.000, 0.010, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 mg/100 ml) on the life span, egg production and hatchability, rate of synthesied protein and glycogen amount of adult endoparasioid hymenoptoreus Pimpla turionellae L. females were investigated by using chemically defined synthetic diets. The effects of tested copper concentrations on the life expectancy,compared to the control group,was observed in the form of reduction inverse proportion to the quantities of copper applied in. Although there was a remarkable decline in the amount of eggs per individual, significant reductions in the rate of egg hatchability has been found on some days. All doses of copper which was added to the feed has been effected in the form of a reduction on the amount of protein synthesied by P. turionellae females but the amount of glycogen has increased by the increasing of copper rate, compared to the control group. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: FEF2011YL35.

WOS: 000307486600007 In the present study, effects of cadmium on protein and glycogen synthesis of parasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) were investigated. The amount of total protein synthesized by insect significantly affected by cadmium from the day of 20th. Protein amount decreased in all concentrations of Cd compared to control at this day. 30th day, the amount of protein in insects fed on diet with the lowest Cd concentration increased, while the highest concentration decreased significantly. The amount of glycogen synthesized by insect affected by Cd from the day of 10th, and showed increases compare to control. Glycogen amount of insects fed on diet containing 0.10 and 0.50 mg Cd significantly increased on day 20th. This increase was observed in only high concentrations of cadmium (0.50 and 1 mg Cd) on day 30th. These changes observed P turionellae under the heavy metal stress are more significant for observing the effects of heavy metals on beneficial species use as biologic control agents and be able to use for bioindicator to heavy metal contamination.

In this study, the effects of the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon on antioxidant enzyme activities, and female and total adult emergence ratios of Pimpla turionellae L., were investigated when using a synthetic diet containing 0.01, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ppm of the insecticide. Sublethal concentrations of diazinon were supplied to P. turionellae for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for enzyme activity and thirty days for determining emergence ratios. P. turionellae gave different antioxidant responses to insecticidal stress, depending on the concentrations and diazinon exposure time. When compared to the control and especially in high concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 ppm), diazinon increased SOD activity. Although diazinon also caused increases in CAT activity, these increases were not consistent.This study found that the CAT activity didn't fall below the control level. Diazinon significantly reduced female and total adult emergence of P. turionellae and SOD played a more significant protective role against diazinon toxicity.

In the present study, effects of cadmium on protein and glycogen synthesis of parasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) were investigated. The amount of total protein synthesized by insect significantly affected by cadmium from the day of 20th. Protein amount decreased in all concentrations of Cd compared to control at this day. 30th day, the amount of protein in insects fed on diet with the lowest Cd concentration increased, while the highest concentration decreased significantly. The amount of glycogen synthesized by insect affected by Cd from the day of 10th, and showed increases compare to control. Glycogen amount of insects fed on diet containing 0.10 and 0.50 mg Cd significantly increased on day 20th. This increase was observed in only high concentrations of cadmium (0.50 and 1 mg Cd) on day 30th. These changes observed P. turionellae under the heavy metal stress are more significant for observing the effects of heavy metals on beneficial species use as biologic control agents and be able to use for bioindicator to heavy metal contamination.

Er, Aylin (Balikesir Author), Various vertebrate-type steroid and gonadotropin hormones have been identified in invertebrates, including insects; however, studies in this area are not sufficient to presume a generalized role for these hormones. We identified testosterone, progesterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the whole-body homogenates of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasitoid Pimp la turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Testosterone concentration significantly decreased from early instars to last instars and pupal stages of G. mellonella; however, no significant difference was observed in progesterone levels at different stages. FSH concentration reached the highest level at the pupal stage of G. mellonella. No significant difference was observed in testosterone, progesterone, and FSH concentrations in young and mature adults of the parasitoid P turionellae for both sexes. We also monitored the changes in testosterone, progesterone, and FSH levels over 2, 6, and 24 h in parasitized G. mellonella pupae. During the experimental periods no significant difference in hormone levels was found between controls and parasitized G. mellonella pupae.

Nodulation is the predominant insect cellular immune response to microbial infections. We posed the hypothesis that parasitoid insects in their adulthood express melanotic nodulation reactions to viral challenge and that eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions and phenoloxidase (PO) activation in response to viral challenge. To test this idea, we injected Pimpla turionellae adults with indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, immediately prior to intrahemocoelic injection of Bovine herpes simplex virus-1 (BHSV-1). Treating newly emerged adults of P. turionellae with BHSV-1 induced nodulation reactions, and decreased PO activity at high viral doses. Relative to vehicle-treated controls, indomethacin-treated adults produced significantly reduced numbers of nodules following viral infection (down from approximately 21 nodules per adult to less than six nodules per adult). In addition to injection treatments, increasing dietary indomethacin dosages (from 0.01% to 0.1%) were associated with decreasing nodulation (by six-fold) and PO (by about three-fold) reactions to BHSV-1 injection. Wasp adults orally fed with the lowest dietary indomethacin concentration (0.001%) expressed significantly increased PO activity (1.45 unit/min/mg protein) while nodulation reaction was not affected in response to viral challenge compared to control adults. We infer from these findings that cyclooxygenase (COX) products, at least prostaglandins, mediate nodulation response and PO action to viral infection in adults of these highly specialized insects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Er, Aylin (Balikesir Author), In parasitoid species devoid of polydnaviruses and virus-like particles, venom appears to play a major role in suppression of host immunity. Venom from the pupal endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) has previously been shown to contain a mixture of biologically active components, which display potent paralytic, cytotoxic, and cytolytic effects toward lepidopteran and dipteran hosts. The current study was undertaken to investigate if parasitism and/or envenomation by P. turionellae affects the frequency of apoptotic and necrotic hemocytes, hemocyte viability and mitotic indices in Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pupae and larvae. Our study indicates that parasitism and experimental envenomation of G. mellonella by P. turionellae resulted in markedly different effects on the ratio of apoptotic hemocytes circulating in hemolymph depending on the host developmental stages. The ratio of early and late apoptotic hemocytes increased in G. mellonella pupae and larvae upon parasitization and at high doses of venom when compared to untreated, null and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) injected controls. In contrast, an increase in necrotic hemocytes was only observed in parasitized pupae at 24 h and no difference was observed in larvae. The lowest hemocyte viability values were observed with pupae as 69.87%, 69.80%, and 72.47% at 4, 8, and 24 h post-parasitism. The ratio of mitotic hemocytes also decreased in pupae and larvae upon parasitization and at high doses of venom. Staining of hemocytes with annexin V-FITC revealed green fluorescent 'halos' along the plasma membranes of venom treated cells within 15 min following exposure to venom. By 1 h post-venom - treatment, the majority of hemocytes displayed binding of this probe, indicative of early stage apoptosis. These same hemocytes also displayed a loss of plasma membrane integrity at the same time points as evidenced by accumulation of propidium iodide in nuclei., BAU Research Foundation - 2007/49

Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, İdiobiont, soliter ve pup endoparazitoiti Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae)’nın, konak tür büyük balmumu güvesi, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) kullanılarak yetiştirilmesinde ve deneyler boyunca laboratuarda 25 ± 2 °C sıcaklık, % 60 ± 5 nispi nem ve 12:12 (Aydınlık: Karanlık) fotoperiyot şartları sağlandı. Tez kapsamında parazitoit zehir enjeksiyonu ve parazitlemenin konak toplam ve farklı hemosit sayılarına, dolaşımdaki hemositlerde apoptotik ve mitotik indekse, hemositlerin enkapsülasyon ve melanizasyon tepkilerine etkileri belirlendi. Parazitleme ve deneysel olarak P. turionellae zehirine maruz kalan G. mellonella pupunda dolaşımdaki toplam hemosit sayıları hiçbir işleme tabi tutulmamış puplara göre % 50’den fazla azalma gösterdi. Larval evrede ise yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonunu takiben toplam hemosit sayılarında önemli azalmalar gözlense de düşük zehir dozlarında anlamlı azalmalar olmadı. G. mellonella larva ve pupunda hemositlerin yarısından fazlasını granülositlerin oluşturduğu, ikinci yoğun hücre tipinin plazmatositler olduğu gözlendi. Parazitleme ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonu ilk 4 saatlik dönemde granülositlerin sayısında azalmaya neden olurken, plazmatositlerin sayısını artırdı. G. mellonella larval ve pupal evrelerinde erken ve geç apoptotik hemositlerin oranı parazitleme ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonlarına bağlı olarak artma gösterdi. Zıt olarak nekrotik hemositlerde artış pupal evrede sadece parazitlenmiş gruplarda 24 saatlik periyotta gözlenirken larval evrede farklılık bulunamadı. P. turionellae parazitlemesi ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonunun konak hemositlerinde mitotik indekste azalmaya neden olduğu tespit edildi. Konak içerisine enjekte edilen Sephadex A-25 boncuklarının analizi, yüksek zehir dozlarının pupal ve larval evrede güçlü enkapsüle olmuş ve melanize olmuş boncukların oranını % 50’den fazla azalttığını gösterdi. Benzer etkinin parazitlenmiş gruplarda da gözlenmesi P. turionellae tarafından parazitlemenin konak G. mellonella’da hemosit aracılı enkapsülasyon tepkilerini büyük oranda baskıladığını göstermektedir., Experiments and cultivation of the idiobiont solitary pupal endoparasitiod Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were conducted in a laboratory at 25 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (Light: Dark). The effects of parasitoid venom injection and parasitism on total and differential hemocyte counts of the host, apoptotic and mitotic indices in the circulating hemocytes, and encapsulation and melanization responses of the hemocytes were investigated within the thesis. The number of total hemocytes in the circulation decreased more than 50 % in the parasitized and experimentally venom injected G. mellonella pupae when compared to untreated ones. Total hemocyte counts significantly decreased in larvae injected with high doses of venom however hemocyte counts did not indicate a considerable change at low venom doses. In G. mellonella larvae and pupae, the major hemocyte type was the granular cells, and plasmatocytes were the next frequent hemocyte type observed. In G. mellonella injected with higher doses of venom and parasitized, the number of granulocytes decreased however the ratio of plasmatocytes increased at 4 h post treatments. The ratio of early and late apoptotic hemocytes increased in G. mellonella pupae and larvae upon parasitization and at high doses of venom injection. However, an increase in necrotic hemocytes was only observed in parasitized pupae at 24 h and no difference was observed in larvae. The mitotic indices of host hemocytes decreased upon parasitization and at high doses of venom. Analysis of Sephadex A25 beads injected into the host revealed that the number of beads strongly encapsulated and melanized reduced by more than 50 % at high doses of venom injection into pupae and larvae. Similar results were also obtained in parasitized pupae indicating that parasitization by P. turionellae suppressed hemocyte-mediated encapsulation substantially in G. mellonella., Bu çalışma Balıkesir Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından BAP 2007/49 Kodlu proje ve Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından TBAG/2006 - 106T255 Nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

TEZ8859 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2011. Kaynakça (s. 35-42) var. ix, 43 s. : res. ; 29 cm. Effects of different concentrations (0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00 ppm/5 ml diet) azadirachtin extract were investigated on the egg efficiency, egg hatchability and life span of Pimpla turionellae adult in this study. No significant decline was observed in egg production and in life span of adult P. turionellae fed with feed containing 0.10 and 0.20 ppm azadirachtin. However as the concentration of azadirachtin (0.50 and 1.00 ppm) egg production and life span of adults decreased significantly. Male P. turionellae was more susceptible to azadirachtin considering the life span of the insects. Sunulan çalışmada, Azadirachta indica ekstraktının farklı konsantrasyonlarının (0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00 ppm azadirachtin/5ml besin ) Pimpla turionellae erginlerinde yumurta verimi, yumurta açılımı ve yaşam süresi üzerine etkileri araştırıldı. Azadirachtinin 0.10, 0.20 ppm konsantrasyonlarını içeren besin ile beslenen P. turionellae erginlerinde yumurta verimi ve yaşam süresinde önemli bir azalma meydana gelmemiştir. Fakat konsantrasyon artıkça ( 0.50, 1.00 ppm ) yaşam süresini, yumurta verimi ve yumurta açılımını önemli derecede azalttığı gözlenmiştir. Azadirachtinin, böceklerin yaşam süreleri üzerine etkileri incelendiğinde erkek P. turionellae'nın dişilerden daha duyarlı oldukları gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: FEF2009YL37.

research Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir dış parazit olan Pimpla turionellae’nin korpus kardiacum(CC)’undaki nörosekresyon maddesinin üreme üzerine olan etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, seri kesitlerde, böceğin yumurta gelişimi ve korpus kardiacum’undaki nörosekresyon maddesi gözlenmiştir. Böceğin beyin kesitleri paraldehit fuksin ile boyanmıştır. Yumurta gelişimi, yumurtalık kesitlerindeki terminal oosit boyu ölçülerek belirlenmiştir. 3. günde gözlenen yumurta büyümesi, 15. günde en yüksek seviyesine ulaşmış ve bu günden sonra yumurta bırakma gözlenmiştir. CC’deki paraldehit fuksin pozitif (PF+ NS) maddenin miktarı, yumurta gelişiminin ilk günlerinde belirli bir seviyedeydi. Terminal oositler en uzun boylarına ulaşırken, CC’deki PF+ NS maddenin seviyesi en aza indi. Yumurta bırakma evresinde ise bu seviye, en yüksek değerine ulaştı. Bu gözlemler bize, bu böceğin korpora kardiaka’sındaki nörosekresyon maddesinin yumurta gelişimi ile ilişkisi olabileceği fikrini vermiştir. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the neurosecretory material in corpus cardiacum (CC) on the reproduction of endoparasitic Pimpla turionellae L. For this purpose, the egg maturation and amount of the neurosecretory material in corpus cardiacum of the insects were examined by the serial cross sections. Egg maturation was determined by measuring the terminal oocyte length in the serial cross sections of the ovariole. The egg growth which has observed on the 3rd day, reached the maximum on 15th day and after that day the egg laying was observed. The sections of insect brains were stained by paraldehyde fuchsin. The amount of the paraldehyde fuchsin positive neurosecretory (PF+NS) material in CC was at a certain level in the first day of egg development. While terminal oocyte was reaching the maximum length, the amount of the PF+NS material in CC decreased to the minimum level. During the egg laying phase, the amount of the PF+NS material in CC reached the maximum level. These observations give us the idea that the neurosecretory material in corpus cardiacum of this insect may be related to the egg development.

İdiobiont, soliter ve pup endoparazitoiti Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae)'nın, konak tür büyük balmumu güvesi, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) kullanılarak yetiştirilmesinde ve deneyler boyunca laboratuarda 25 ± 2 °C sıcaklık, % 60 ± 5 nispi nem ve 12:12 (Aydınlık: Karanlık) fotoperiyot şartları sağlandı. Tez kapsamında parazitoit zehir enjeksiyonu ve parazitlemenin konak toplam ve farklı hemosit sayılarına, dolaşımdaki hemositlerde apoptotik ve mitotik indekse, hemositlerin enkapsülasyon ve melanizasyon tepkilerine etkileri belirlendi.Parazitleme ve deneysel olarak P. turionellae zehirine maruz kalan G. mellonella pupunda dolaşımdaki toplam hemosit sayıları hiçbir işleme tabi tutulmamış puplara göre % 50'den fazla azalma gösterdi. Larval evrede ise yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonunu takiben toplam hemosit sayılarında önemli azalmalar gözlense de düşük zehir dozlarında anlamlı azalmalar olmadı. G. mellonella larva ve pupunda hemositlerin yarısından fazlasını granülositlerin oluşturduğu, ikinci yoğun hücre tipinin plazmatositler olduğu gözlendi. Parazitleme ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonu ilk 4 saatlik dönemde granülositlerin sayısında azalmaya neden olurken, plazmatositlerin sayısını artırdı.G. mellonella larval ve pupal evrelerinde erken ve geç apoptotik hemositlerin oranı parazitleme ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonlarına bağlı olarak artma gösterdi. Zıt olarak nekrotik hemositlerde artış pupal evrede sadece parazitlenmiş gruplarda 24 saatlik periyotta gözlenirken larval evrede farklılık bulunamadı. P. turionellae parazitlemesi ve yüksek zehir dozları enjeksiyonunun konak hemositlerinde mitotik indekste azalmaya neden olduğu tespit edildi. Konak içerisine enjekte edilen Sephadex A-25 boncuklarının analizi, yüksek zehir dozlarının pupal ve larval evrede güçlü enkapsüle olmuş ve melanize olmuş boncukların oranını % 50'den fazla azalttığını gösterdi. Benzer etkinin parazitlenmiş gruplarda da gözlenmesi P. turionellae tarafından parazitlemenin konak G. mellonella'da hemosit aracılı enkapsülasyon tepkilerini büyük oranda baskıladığını göstermektedir.ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Pimpla turionellae / zehir / toplam ve farklı hemosit sayısı / apoptozis / mitotik indeks / enkapsülasyon / melanizasyon. Experiments and cultivation of the idiobiont solitary pupal endoparasitiod Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were conducted in a laboratory at 25 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (Light: Dark). The effects of parasitoid venom injection and parasitism on total and differential hemocyte counts of the host, apoptotic and mitotic indices in the circulating hemocytes, and encapsulation and melanization responses of the hemocytes were investigated within the thesis.The number of total hemocytes in the circulation decreased more than 50 % in the parasitized and experimentally venom injected G. mellonella pupae when compared to untreated ones. Total hemocyte counts significantly decreased in larvae injected with high doses of venom however hemocyte counts did not indicate a considerable change at low venom doses. In G. mellonella larvae and pupae, the major hemocyte type was the granular cells, and plasmatocytes were the next frequent hemocyte type observed. In G. mellonella injected with higher doses of venom and parasitized, the number of granulocytes decreased however the ratio of plasmatocytes increased at 4 h post treatments.The ratio of early and late apoptotic hemocytes increased in G. mellonella pupae and larvae upon parasitization and at high doses of venom injection. However, an increase in necrotic hemocytes was only observed in parasitized pupae at 24 h and no difference was observed in larvae. The mitotic indices of host hemocytes decreased upon parasitization and at high doses of venom. Analysis of Sephadex A-25 beads injected into the host revealed that the number of beads strongly encapsulated and melanized reduced by more than 50 % at high doses of venom injection into pupae and larvae. Similar results were also obtained in parasitized pupae indicating that parasitization by P. turionellae suppressed hemocyte-mediated encapsulation substantially in G. mellonella.KEY WORDS: Pimpla turionellae / venom / total and differential hemocyte count / apoptosis / mitotic indices / encapsulation / melanization. 149

TEZ8393 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2011. Kaynakça (s.37-40) var. ix, 41 s. : res., tablo ; 29 cm. In this study, the effects of different ratios aspartic acid, glutamic acid and their amids (asparagine, glutamine) on the egg production and hatchabilty of the hymenopterous endoparasitoid of the adult females of Pimpla turionellae L. Were investigated by using chemically defined synthetic diets. Total egg production and percentage of egg hatch were not significantly affected with the omission of from the diet singly. Omission of glutamic acid had no significant effect on the total egg production and percentage of egg hatch, but 50% increase in its level in the control diet had negative effects on the total egg production and percentage of egg hatch. %50 increase in the level asparajin and glutamine in the control diet had negative effects on the total egg production and percentage of egg hatch but decreasing the rates of asparajin by %50 however increased both total egg production and hatchability. Bu çalışmada, dikarboksilik amino asitlerden aspartik asit, glutamik asit ve amidleri (asparajin, glutamin)'nin farklı miktarlarının bir endoparazitoid hymenopter türü olan Pimpla turionellae L. ergin dişilerinde bırakılan yumurta sayısı ve yumurtaların açılma oranına etkileri kimyasal yapısı belirli sentetik besinler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Besinden aspartik asit ve glutamik asitin ayrı ayrı çıkarılması, deney periyodu boyunca bırakılan toplam yumurta sayısı ve açılma oranını önemli derecede etkilememiştir. Glutamik asitin besinden çıkarılması toplam yumurta sayısı ve yumurta açılım yüzdesi üzerinde önemli bir etki yapmadığı halde bu amino asitin kontrol besinindeki oranının %50 arttırılması toplam yumurta sayısı ve yumurta açılım yüzdesini negatif yönde etkilemiştir. Asparajin ve glutaminin %50 arttırılması toplam yumurta sayısı ve yumurta açılım yüzdesine negatif yönde bir etki yaptığı halde, asparajinin %50 azaltılması hem toplam yumurta üretimini hem de yumurta açılımını pozitif yönde arttırmıştır. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No:FEF2010YL03.

The corpora allata, are endocrine glands which produced juvenile hormone. In this study, corpora allata of adult females of Pimpla turionellae were examined ultrastructurally by using the transmission electron microscopy. The gland is surrounded with thick fibrous capsule that penetrates into the gland as a stromatal ramification. The ultrastructure of gland cells had the same characteristic of proteinsecreting cells. These cells had oval shaped nuclei, numerous granules, lysosomes, mitochondria and vacuoles. There are granules of electron-dense, electron-modarate and electron-lucent. These granules are actually membrane-limited secretory vesicles which are filled with the proteinaceous hormone produced by the gland cells. Microtubules and mitochondria were observed in the cytoplasm of axons of neurosecretory cells found among the gland cells.Key words: Hymenoptera, Pimpla turionellae, corpora allata, ultrastructure, transmission electron microscopy.