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To examine physiological adaptations to the two combined stressors O 2 deprivation and extreme CO 2 concentrations, we compared respiratory responses of two nematode species occurring in natural CO 2 springs. The minimum O 2 concentration allowing maintenance of respiration in both species was 0.0176 μmol O 2 ml −1 (corresponds to 1.4% O 2 in air). After exposure to anoxia, individuals resumed respiration immediately when O 2 was added, but on a lower level compared to control and without showing a respiratory overshoot. A species-specific response was found in respiration rate during 20% CO 2 : the more tolerant species maintained respiration rates, whereas the sensitive species showed a decreased respiration rate as low as after anoxia. The results indicate that during 20% CO 2 the sensitive species undergo a survival state. We conclude, that the ability to maintain respiration even under low oxygen and high CO 2 concentrations may allow the better adapted species to occupy an ecological niche in the field, where others cannot exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the CO2-tolerance of soil nematodes from natural CO2 springs (mofette fields). In laboratory experiments, we compared survival, reproduction, activity and reactivation of a CO2-sensitive species with a CO2-tolerant species. Both species survived even 100% CO2, but in an inactive state. The higher the CO2 concentration the more individuals entered inactivity. We found significant differences between the two species: more adults of the CO2-tolerant species maintained activity and reproduction at higher CO2 concentrations. Moreover, reactivation after inactivity was faster. Together with a higher juvenile mortality of the CO2-sensitive species, these interspecific differences are conclusive to explain the niche separation of the two species that was observed in the mofette field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mofette fields, i.e. geogenic, cold CO2-exhaling gas vents occurring naturally in regions of tectonic or volcanic disturbances provide an excellent opportunity to investigate long-term responses of the soil biota to increased CO2 concentrations. The upper centimeters of mofette soils present a small-scale mosaic of different CO2 and O2 concentrations: From up to 100% CO2 and 0% O2 around local degassing vents to ambient soil atmosphere (<2% CO2). The present field study investigated the influence of CO2 on the community structure of Collembola as representatives of the air-filled fraction of the pore system and of Nematoda as inhabitants of soil water films. Canonical correspondence analyses revealed strong correlations between soil faunal communities and environmental measures, above all CO2 concentration, organic matter content and plant coverage. An increase in CO2 concentration was followed by a steady decline in collembolan and nematode species richness and collembolan densities, but below a threshold of 62% CO2 had no significant effect on overall nematode densities. Collembolans developed viable populations at up to 20% CO2, where some mofettophilous species had their highest densities and frequencies, but other more general species also occurred (66% of overall collembolan densities). Nematodes, on the other hand, maintained individual-rich populations at up to 62% CO2, but above 20% CO2 nematode communities consisted almost entirely (97.6%) of three mofettophilous species: one feeding on bacteria, one on fungi and one on plant roots. Likely a combination of active and passive life phases together with temporal and micro-scale changes in environmental conditions allows survival of few mofettophilous species under CO2 conditions too extreme for most other species. The finding that mofettophilous species maintained denser populations in high CO2 patches, with species optima between 3% and 40% CO2, indicates that they even profit from CO2 degassing, presumably via changes in food supply or due to the lack of competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]