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O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar respostas da vegetação campestre, caracterizada por espécies e tipos funcionais de planta, a diferentes intensidades de pastejo. O levantamento da vegetação, usando quadros de 0,25 m², foi realizado na primavera e no verão. A descrição da estrutura da vegetação envolveu a identificação das espécies presentes em cada quadro, a estimativa de sua abundância-cobertura e a descrição das espécies considerando 21 atributos macromorfológicos qualitativos e quantitativos. A análise dos dados objetivou encontrar um subconjunto ótimo de atributos, definindo os tipos funcionais de forma a maximizar a congruência r(D; D) entre a variação da vegetação (matriz D) e do fator oferta de forragem (matriz D). A análise de ordenação permitiu a identificação de tipos funcionais que apresentaram respostas mais evidentes, em termos de abundância-cobertura. A composição da vegetação, descrita pelos tipos funcionais, foi comparada entre níveis de oferta de forragem, por análise de variância multivariada com testes de aleatorização, sendo detectadas diferenças significativas (P = 0,002). Quando a composição da vegetação foi descrita por espécies não foram observadas diferenças significativas. A utilização de tipos funcionais permite detectar efeito da intensidade de pastejo, não evidenciado em uma análise baseada na composição por espécies.

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae) is a Neotropical tree, widely distributed in subtropical mountain rain forests and nearby natural grasslands of Southern Brazil. This species produces annual growth rings, but its dendroclimatic potential is barely known. In the present paper, the long-term growth patterns of A. angustifolia were investigated using annual growth ring time series and association to climate over the last century. Wood cores of A. angustifolia trees growing in forest and grassland habitats were obtained with an increment borer. The cores were surfaced, measured and cross-dated. The dated ring-width time series were standardized and submitted to correlation and principal component analysis to verify growth trends among sites and trees. Growth-climate relationships were investigated using correlation and regression analyses, comparing the ordination axes scores to regional time series of precipitation and temperature. Due to anatomical irregularities, mainly partial rings, only 35 out of 60 trees were cross-dated. The correlation and ordination analyses showed common tree-growth trends within and between sites, indicative of a regional environmental force determining inter-annual cambial activity variation. Despite growing in distinct habitats and disturbance regimes, A. angustifolia trees share a common long-term growth pattern, which is significantly related to thermal conditions during the current and previous growing seasons. Moreover, site-specific characteristics may have influenced opposite growth responses and association to climate conditions between forest and grassland trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Araucaria Forest expansion over grassland takes place under wet climate conditions and low disturbance and it is hypothesized that isolated trees established on grassland facilitate the establishment of forest woody species beneath their canopies. Forest with Araucaria angustifolia is a particular type of Brazilian Atlantic Forest and the main forest type on the highland plateau in south Brazil, often forming mosaics with natural Campos grassland. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the role of isolated shrubs and trees as colonization sites for seedlings of Araucaria Forest woody species on grassland, to determine which species function as preferential nurse plants in the process and the importance of vertebrate diaspore dispersal on the structure of seedling communities beneath nurse plants. The study was conducted in São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State, where we sampled isolated shrubs and trees in natural grassland near Araucaria Forest edges. Seedlings were counted and identified, and seedling diaspore dispersal syndromes, size and colour were registered. We detected 11 woody species with a potential role in nucleating grassland colonization by forest species. Beneath the canopies of nurse plants more forest species seedlings were found compared with open field grassland and the seedlings had diaspores mostly dispersed by vertebrates. Also, more seedlings were found under the canopy of A. angustifolia than beneath other nurse plant species. We conclude that A. angustifolia trees established on grassland act as nurse plants, by attracting disperser birds that promote colonization of the site by other forest species seedlings, and that under low level of grassland disturbance, conservation of frugivorous vertebrate assemblages may increase forest expansion over natural grassland and also facilitate the regeneration of degraded forest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]