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Knowledge of lung sequelae after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still limited given the short follow-up time. In this work, publications with a follow-up of radiological findings once the infection caused by other previously described viruses that have the lung as their target organ and that cause probably similar changes are reviewed, including the coronaviruses that cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza A-subtype H1N1 virus. Lung damage caused by these viruses leads to slow-resolution interstitial disease, with variable correlation with respiratory function tests. The greater extension of the sequelae has been associated with an older age and a greater severity of the infectious clinical picture. However, the pulmonary imaging findings and their long-term functional impact are still unknown.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The target organ is the lung. This infection appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and the WHO considered it a pandemic in March 2020. One year after the first known cases, and although there is a great amount of scientific knowledge acquired of the disease, there are still some unanswered questions. As a matter of fact, there is a lack of knowledge about which patients will suffer sequels, what kind of morphological changes and sequel types will be expected, nor the grade of functional severity. It is known that other coronavirus pneumoniae caused pulmonary sequels and therefore they are expected in COVID-19. In this work we review several COVID-19 aspects related with the development and grading of mid- and long-term pulmonary sequels, including fibrosis and vascular changes, and strengthen the role of medical imaging in this evaluation.

The role of Radiology in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been relevant but marginal. Even though it offers important information on pulmonary and vascular involvement in these patients, its contributions should not be considered diagnostic for COVID-19. Although there are characteristic patterns of involvement, these same radiological findings can be observed in other entities. Mainly it should be considered that Radiology contributes to the disease severity gradation, extension, complications, follow-up and in the prognostic evaluation of these patients. In this review, these contributions will be discussed together with the role of imaging in clinical trials and in the evaluation of new epidemic situations through the creation of Medical Imaging Biobanks capable of using the estimating potential of Artificial Intelligence.

Resumen Objetivos: Desarrollar modelos de prediccion de pronostico para pacientes con COVID-19 que acuden a urgencias, basados en la radiografia de torax inicial (RXT), parametros demograficos, clinicos y de laboratorio. Metodos: Se reclutaron todos los pacientes sintomaticos con COVID-19 confirmada, que ingresaron en urgencias de nuestro hospital entre el 24 de febrero y el 24 de abril de 2020. Los parametros de la RXT, las variables clinicas y de laboratorio y los indices de hallazgos en RXT extraidos por una herramienta diagnostica de inteligencia artificial en esta primera visita se consideraron potenciales predictores. El desenlace individual mas grave definio los tres niveles de gravedad: 0) alta domiciliaria u hospitalizacion de 3 dias o inferior, 1) hospitalizacion mas de 3 dias y 2) necesidad de cuidados intensivos o muerte. Se desarrollaron y validaron internamente modelos de prediccion multivariable de gravedad y mortalidad hospitalaria. El indice de Youden se utilizo para la seleccion del umbral optimo del modelo de clasificacion. Resultados: Se registraron 440 pacientes (mediana de 64 anos; 55,9% hombres); el 13,6% de los pacientes fueron dados de alta, el 64% hospitalizo mas de 3 dias, el 6,6% requirio cuidados intensivos y un 15,7% fallecio. El modelo de prediccion de gravedad incluyo saturacion de oxigeno/fraccion de oxigeno inspirado (SatO2/FiO2), edad, proteina C reactiva (PCR), linfocitos, puntuacion de la extension de la afectacion pulmonar en la RXT (ExtScoreRXT), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), dimero D y plaquetas, con AUC-ROC = 0,94 y AUC-PRC = 0,88. El modelo de prediccion de mortalidad incluyo edad, SatO2/FiO2, PCR, LDH, ExtScoreRXT, linfocitos y dimero D, con AUC-ROC = 0,97 y AUC-PRC = 0,78. La adicion de indices radiologicos obtenidos por inteligencia artificial no mejoro significativamente las metricas predictivas. Conclusion: Los modelos de prediccion de pronostico desarrollados podrian ser utiles para clasificar en urgencias a los pacientes con COVID-19 u otras infecciones viricas con comportamiento similar.

Background: Patients who have undergone the Fontan procedure are at risk of developing hepatic dysfunction. However, broad recommendations regarding liver monitoring are limited. The purpose of this study was to characterize the frequency of liver disease in adult Fontan patients using multimodality imaging (hepatic magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], acoustic radiation force impulse [ARFI] elastography, or hepatic ultrasound). Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional analysis of adult patients palliated with a Fontan procedure, hepatic MRI, ARFI, and hepatic ultrasound were used to assess for liver disease. The protocol compared (1) varying prevalence of liver disease based on each imaging technique, (2) agreement between different techniques, and (3) association between noninvasive imaging diagnosis of liver disease and clinical variables, including specific liver disease biomarkers. Results: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled. The ARFI results showed high wave propagation velocity in 35 patients (94.6%). All patients had some abnormality in the hepatic MRI. Specifically, 8 patients (21.6%) showed signs of chronic liver disease, 10 patients (27%) had significant liver fibrosis, and 27 patients (73%) had congestion. No correlation was found between liver stiffness measured as propagation velocity and hepatic MRI findings. Only 7 patients had an abnormal hepatic ultrasound study. Conclusions: There is an inherent liver injury in adult Fontan patients. Signs of liver disease were observed in most patients by both hepatic MRI and ARFI elastography but not by ultrasound imaging. Increased liver stiffness did not identify specific disease patterns from MRI, supporting the need for multimodality imaging to characterize liver disease in Fontan patients.

[EN] Background: Diagnostic Task Force Criteria (TFC) for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) exhibit poor performance for left dominant forms. TFC only include right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (akinesia, dyssynchrony, volumes and ejection fraction). Moreover, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) assessment of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony has hitherto not been described. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively characterize LVCMRI behavior in AC patients. Methods: Thirty-five AC patients with LV involvement and twenty-three non-affected family members (controls) were enrolled. Feature-tracking analysis was applied to cine CMRI to assess LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volume indexes, strain values and dyssynchrony. Regions with more frequent strain and dyssynchrony impairment were also studied. Results: Radial dyssynchrony and LVEF were selected (sensitivities 54.3% and 48.6%, respectively at 100% specificity), with a threshold of 70 ms for radial dyssynchrony and 48.5% for LVEF. 71.4% of patients exceeded these thresholds (31.4% both, 22.9% only dyssynchrony and 17.1% only LVEF). Considering these cut-off values as a novel combined criterion, 30% of patients with 'borderline' or 'possible' AC following 2010 TFC would move to a 'definite' AC diagnosis. Strain was globally impaired whereas dyssynchronous regions were more often apical and located at the inferolateral wall. Conclusions: Mirroring the RV evaluation, we suggest including LVEF and LV dyssynchrony to improve the diagnosis of AC. Two independent mechanisms can be claimed in AC patients with LV involvement: 1) decreased myocardial deformation with global LV affectation and 2) delayed myocardial contraction at localized regions., This work was supported by grants from the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" [DPI2015-70821-R], "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and FEDER "Union Europea, Una forma de hacer Europa" [RD12/0042/0029, PI14/01477, PI18/01582 and La Fe Biobank PT17/0015/0043].

[EN] Background and objective: A heterogenous expression characterizes arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). The evaluation of regional wall movement included in the current Task Force Criteria is only qualitative and restricted to the right ventricle. However, a strain-based approach could precisely quantify myocardial deformation in both ventricles. We aim to define and modelize the strain behavior of the left ventricle in AC patients with left ventricular (LV) involvement by applying algorithms such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), clustering and naive Bayes (NB) classifiers. Methods: Thirty-six AC patients with LV involvement and twenty-three non-affected family members (controls) were enrolled. Feature-tracking analysis was applied to cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to assess strain time series from a 3D approach, to which PCA was applied. A Two-Step clustering algorithm separated the patients' group into clusters according to their level of LV strain impairment. A statistical characterization between controls and the new AC subgroups was done. Finally, a NB classifier was built and new data from a small evolutive dataset was predicted. Results: 60% of AC-LV patients showed mildly affected strain and 40% severely affected strain. Both groups and controls exhibited statistically significant differences, especially when comparing controls and severely affected AC-LV patients. The classification accuracy of the strain NB classifier reached 82.76%. The model performance was as good as to classify the individuals with a 100% sensitivity and specificity for severely impaired strain patients, 85.7% and 81.1% for mildly impaired strain patients, and 69.9% and 91.4% for normal strain, respectively. Even when the severely affected LV-AC group was excluded, LV strain showed a good accuracy to differentiate patients and controls. The prediction of the evolutive dataset revealed a progressive alteration of strain in time. Conclusions: Our LV strain classification model may help to identify AC patients with LV involvement, at least in a setting of a high pretest probability, such as family screening., This work was supported by grants from the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad"[DPI2015-70821-R], "Instituto de Salud Carlos III " and FEDER "Union Europea, Una forma de hacer Europa"[PI14/01477, PI15/00748, PI18/01582, CIBERCV] and La Fe Biobank [PT17/0 015/0043].

Objective: The development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis due to long-standing liver congestion is known to occur in adult patients with Fontan circulation. Hepatic elastography has shown to be a useful tool for the noninvasive assessment and staging of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, although the utility of this technique in Fontan patients remains to be adequately studied. Methods: Twenty-one patients with Fontan circulation underwent an abdominal ultrasound and an acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography. In order to compare the results from this group, a cohort of 14 healthy controls and another group containing 17 patients with cirrhosis were included. The association between the velocity values measured with elastography and clinical and analytical parameters were also studied. Results: Mean shear waves propagation velocity in liver tissue in the Fontan group was 1.86 ± 0.5 m/s, with 76% of patients over the cirrhosis threshold (1.55 m/s). The control group had a mean velocity of 1.09 ± 0.06 m/s, while the cirrhotic group obtained 2.71 ± 0.51 m/s. Seven patients with Fontan circulation had increased liver enzymes. Liver ultrasound showed evidence of chronic liver disease in six patients. Velocity values obtained in the presence or absence of analytical or liver ultrasound abnormalities showed significant differences in the univariate analysis ( P = .04 and P = .03 respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, ARFI elastography showed increased wave propagation velocity values in the Fontan population suggesting increased liver stiffness which could be related to advanced fibrosis. A statistically significant association between ARFI values and the presence of analytical and ultrasound abnormalities has been demonstrated.