740 results on '"Pigment cells"'
Search Results
2. Airineme-Mediated Intercellular Communication
- Author
-
Eom, Dae Seok
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Generic health relevance ,Animals ,Cell Communication ,Humans ,Zebrafish ,Signal Transduction ,Airinemes ,Cellular protrusions ,Cytonemes ,Intercellular communication ,Macrophages ,Melanophores ,Metaphocytes ,Notch ,Pigment cells ,Xanthophores ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Intercellular communication is indispensable across multicellular organisms, and any aberration in this process can give rise to significant anomalies in developmental and homeostatic processes. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of its mechanisms is imperative for addressing human health-related concerns. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of intercellular communication by elucidating additional signaling modalities alongside established mechanisms. Notably, cellular protrusion-mediated long-range communication, characterized by physical contact through thin and elongated cellular protrusions between cells involved in signal transmission and reception, has emerged as a significant intercellular signaling paradigm. This chapter delves into the exploration of a signaling cellular protrusion termed 'airinemes,' discovered in the zebrafish skin. It covers their identified signaling roles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin their functionality. more...
- Published
- 2024
Catalog
3. Transcriptome-based studies on the candidate genes related to body color yellowing in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
- Author
-
Chunyu Xue, Haifeng Mi, Dongyu Huang, Hualiang Liang, Ahmed Mohamed Aboseif, Mingchun Ren, and Lu Zhang
- Subjects
Body color yellowing ,Oxidative stress ,Pigment cells ,Transcriptome analysis ,Channel catfish ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
This experiment was aimed to screen the key factors regulating pigment cells and elucidate the potential mechanism of yellowing body color in the channel catfish. Three-channel catfish with all-black body color (NS group) and three channel catfish with yellow body color (YS group) were taken for transcript sequencing analysis using Illumina sequencing technology. The results showed that a total of 2368 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Compared with the transcription expression genes in the NS group, there were 1003 up-regulated genes and 1365 down-regulated genes in the YS group. Seven DEGs related to pigment regulation were selected for qRT-PCR analysis, and the results confirmed that the transcriptome analysis was reliable. Furthermore, the DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and the results showed that most of the DEGs were involved in immune response, endocytosis, cell adhesion molecules, etc. Furthermore, analysis of Melanogenesis and Wnt signaling pathways and other pathways with links to pigment regulation obtained by KEGG enrichment revealed that genes that promote melanogenesis, such as etb, plc, and camk2 were significantly down-regulated. Nevertheless, genes that inhibit melanogenesis (nf-κb, tnf-α, ifn) and genes that promote yellow pigmentation (xdh) were significantly up-regulated. In summary, it is hypothesized that oxidative stress is an important factor contributing to the yellowing of the body color of channel catfish, thus causing the expression of genes related to melanogenesis (etb, plc, camk2), yellow pigmentation (xdh), and immune-antioxidant responses (nf-κb, tnf-α, ifn). more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Transcriptomic analysis of colour dimorphism of Opsariichthys bidens provides insights into the mechanism of male colour
- Author
-
Kai Zhang, Qingyuan Liu, Weiyu Wang, Bingyan He, Yingyi Hou, Yehong Lin, Jiazhen Ye, Siqi Ren, Yuan Qin, Aiping Xiao, and Shanjian Zheng
- Subjects
Opsariichthys bidens ,Colour dimorphism ,Pigment cells ,Transcriptomic ,Microscopic imaging ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
Opsariichthys bidens (O. bidens) is a fish species native to China. It has become a popular ornamental fish because of its interesting colour dimorphism. Its colour pattern is unique; however, with the exception of model species, such as zebrafish, the molecular mechanisms of most fish colour patterns remain unclear. In the present study, we compared and analysed the transcriptomic data of the skin and anal fins of male and female O. bidens. A total of 9028 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 5259 were upregulated and 3769 were downregulated in males. Compared with known pigmentation genes, Mitf, Tyr, Tyrp1, Dct, Pnp4a, Alx4a, Gch1, and Csf1r were identified as potential genes related to colour dimorphism. Second, we tracked the process of colour development in male O. bidens and found that there were three stages in the formation of body colour. We explored the distribution, migration, and expression patterns of genes related to pigment cells at each stage using microscopic imaging, transmission electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores were found to be distributed on the skin or anal fins of O. bidens. It was inferred that this unique body colour pattern is caused by the differentiation and migration of pigment cells at specific stages. This discovery provides a basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of pigmentation in ornamental fish and will contribute to the genetic selection and breeding of O. bidens in ornamental fish cultures in the future. more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. microRNA-124 directly suppresses Nodal and Notch to regulate mesodermal development.
- Author
-
Konrad, Kalin D., Arnott, Malcolm, Testa, Michael, Suarez, Santiago, and Song, Jia L.
- Subjects
- *
NOTCH genes , *NOTCH signaling pathway , *CHROMATOPHORES , *SEA urchins , *GENE expression , *BLASTULA - Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by destabilizing and/or inhibiting translation of target mRNAs in animal cells. MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) has been examined mostly in the context of neurogenesis. This study discovers a novel role of miR-124 in regulating mesodermal cell differentiation in the sea urchin embryo. The expression of miR-124 is first detectable at 12hours post fertilization at the early blastula stage, during endomesodermal specification. Mesodermally-derived immune cells come from the same progenitor cells that give rise to blastocoelar cells (BCs) and pigment cells (PCs) that must make a binary fate decision. We determined that miR-124 directly represses Nodal and Notch to regulate BC and PC differentiation. miR-124 inhibition does not impact the dorsal-ventral axis formation, but result in a significant increase in number of cells expressing BC-specific transcription factors (TFs) and a concurrent reduction of differentiated PCs. In general, removing miR-124's suppression of Nodal phenocopies miR124 inhibition. Interestingly, removing miR-124's suppression of Notch leads to an increased number of both BCs and PCs, with a subset of hybrid cells that express both BC- and PC-specific TFs in the larvae. Removal of miR-124's suppression of Notch not only affects differentiation of both BCs and PCs, but also induces cell proliferation of these cells during the first wave of Notch signaling. This study demonstrates that post-transcriptional regulation by miR-124 impacts differentiation of BCs and PCs by regulating the Nodal and Notch signaling pathways. [Display omitted] • miR-124 is expressed in most cells but enriched in dorsal ectoderm of blastula. • miR-124 suppresses Nodal and Notch to regulate differentiation of mesodermally-derived immune cells. • Removing miR-124's suppression of Nodal phenocopies miR-124 inhibition. • Removing miR-124's suppression of Notch leads to increased blastocoelar and pigment cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Estructura ocular de Callinectes sapidus.
- Author
-
José Ricardo, Barradas-Barradas, Elizabeth, Valero-Pacheco, Luis Gerardo, Abarca-Arenas, Fernando, Álvarez-Noguera, and Mayvi, Alvarado-Olivarez
- Subjects
CHROMATOPHORES ,CORNEA - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Disrupting Hedgehog signaling in melanocytes by SUFU knockout leads to ocular melanocytosis and anterior segment malformation
- Author
-
Weizhuo Wang, Feiyang Li, Jing Wang, Zuimeng Liu, Meiyu Tian, Zhenhang Wang, Huirong Li, Jia Qu, Yu Chen, and Ling Hou
- Subjects
neural crest ,neurocristopathy ,melanoblast subpopulations ,mitf ,pigment cells ,cell migration ,Medicine ,Pathology ,RB1-214 - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Investigating the role of endothelin signalling system in the establishment of adult pigment progenitors in zebrafish development
- Author
-
Camargo Sosa, Karen and Kelsh, Robert
- Subjects
570 ,Zebrafish ,Neural Crest ,Stem Cells ,Endothelin Signalling ,Pigment Cells - Abstract
In this work, we present the characterisation of parade mutants, which disrupt activity of the Endothelin receptor Aa (EdnrAa), and which exhibit ectopic melanophores and iridophores in the medial trunk, ventral to the dorsal aorta (DA). Our first studies were based upon the hypothesis of disruption of embryonic pigment development. Using a transgenic line (sox10:cre/hsp70:lox:dsRed:lox-LYN-GFP) that labels neural crest (NC)-derived cells, we showed that cell migration is not disrupted. Furthermore, quantification of other NC-derivatives (sensory, sympathetic, nor enteric neurons) revealed similar numbers in WT and ednraa mutant siblings, arguing against transdifferentiation to pigment cells. Instead, by immunodetection of Phospho-Histone-H3, we detected proliferation of NC-derived cells restricted to the vicinity of the DA of ednraa mutants. Previously, a small molecule screen of 1396 compounds performed by a former PhD student of the lab showed that an inhibitor of Erb signalling, which is crucial for setting aside adult pigment stem cells (APSCs) in the embryo, rescued the ednraa mutant phenotype. Here we further investigate the requirement for Erb signalling in the ednraa phenotype. Strikingly, we have demonstrated that Erb signalling is required for the formation of ectopic pigment cells in ednraa mutant embryos in the same time-window in which APSCs are set aside. This strongly implicates APSCs as the source of the ectopic pigment cells. Based on these results, we proposed that a novel population of APSCs exists in association with medial blood vessels, and that their quiescence is dependent upon Endothelin-dependent factors expressed by the blood vessels. In order to identify what other components of the Endothelin signalling pathway contribute to Ednraa's function in the pde phenotype, in collaboration with the Nuesslein-Volhard lab we generated null mutants for some of the endothelin system genes (edn1, edn2a edn3a, edn3b, ednraa, ednrab and ece1) using CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutagenesis. Our analysis of the pigment phenotype of these mutants identified that edn1 and edn2a have redundant roles in embryonic iridophore development as single mutants of these genes display a strong reduction of iridophores in the dorsal and ventral stripes, while only edn2a mutants lack iridophores in the lateral patches. We also confirmed the previously reported phenotype of edn1 and edn2a mutants affecting the formation of ventral craniofacial cartilages. Furthermore, we determined that no single ligand mutant (edn1, edn2a, edn3a and edn3b) phenocopies the ednraa mutant, suggesting that more than one ligand is necessary for APSC development. Unexpectedly, we found that double mutants of ednraa; ednrab rescued the ednraa single mutant phenotype (no ectopic pigment cells), suggesting that ednrab has a role on APSC biology. To further test our model, we investigated whether formation of ectopic chromatophores shares other molecular traits with APSC development. Formation of APSCs does not require activity of mitfa; similarly, we determined that formation of ectopic cells in ednraa mutants does not require the early activity of this gene, supporting our hypothesis that ectopic pigment cells in ednraa mutant are derived from a source different to embryonic pigment cells. Secondly, we began to test whether signalling pathways known to regulate stem cells in other models are required in the formation of ectopic pigment cells in ednraa mutants. For instance, we showed that the ednraa mutant phenotype depends upon Wnt signalling and can be phenocopied by chemical inhibition of Notch signalling. Our revised model proposes that APSC associated with a niche consisting of the ventral spinal nerve projections, is regulated (indirectly) through ednraa signalling from the dorsal aorta. Thus, we have found in the ednraa mutant an exciting opportunity for in vivo study of adult pigment stem cell biology. more...
- Published
- 2019
9. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius : Biological Activity and Potential Applications.
- Author
-
Ageenko, Natalya V., Kiselev, Konstantin V., and Odintsova, Nelly A.
- Abstract
This review presents literature data: the history of the discovery of quinoid compounds, their biosynthesis and biological activity. Special attention is paid to the description of the quinoid pigments of the sea urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis (from the family Scutellidae) and Strongylocentrotus intermedius (from the family Strongylocentrotidae). The marine environment is considered one of the most important sources of natural bioactive compounds with extremely rich biodiversity. Primary- and some secondary-mouthed animals contain very high concentrations of new biologically active substances, many of which are of significant potential interest for medical purposes. The quinone pigments are products of the secondary metabolism of marine animals, can have complex structures and become the basis for the development of new natural products in echinoids that are modulators of chemical interactions and possible active ingredients in medicinal preparations. More than 5000 chemical compounds with high pharmacological potential have been isolated and described from marine organisms. There are three well known ways of naphthoquinone biosynthesis—polyketide, shikimate and mevalonate. The polyketide pathway is the biosynthesis pathway of various quinones. The shikimate pathway is the main pathway in the biosynthesis of naphthoquinones. It should be noted that all quinoid compounds in plants and animals can be synthesized by various ways of biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Observation of body colour formation and pigment cells in grey‐black and golden Paramisgumus dabryanus.
- Author
-
Zhang, Yibo, Wang, Tianzhu, Zhang, Xiaoyang, Wei, Yuling, Chen, Pengyu, Zhang, Shoudong, Guo, Zhonggang, Xiong, Yinlin, Jiang, Jun, Huang, Xiaoli, Chen, Defang, Yang, Shiyong, Luo, Wei, and Du, Zongjun more...
- Subjects
- *
CHROMATOPHORES , *FISH pigments , *ELECTRON density , *MELANOPHORES , *HUMAN skin color , *BODY composition - Abstract
In nature, most Paramisgurnus dabryanus are grey‐black (grey‐black loach), although there is a mutant (albino) in the breeding population with a 'golden colour' (golden loach). There are no reports of early body colour formation in albino fishes. In this study, the differences in body colour characteristics between normal body colour P. dabryanus and albino P. dabryanus were compared by comparing body colour formation, skin and fin pigment cells of two body colours of P. dabryanus. It was found that the order of appearance of pigment cells in grey‐black loach and golden loach was melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, and finally, iridophores; the composition of the pigment cells in the fins and the skin tissue were essentially the same. However, there were no melanophores in the skin of the golden loach. The melanophores of grey‐black loach skin were distributed with a large number of melanosomes of high electron density; the xanthophore and erythrophores were spherical and contained pteridine vesicles. Melanophores and xanthophores are distributed in both the epidermis and dermis of the grey‐black loach, and the xanthophores of the golden loach are distributed between the scales and the epidermis, and between the dermis and the muscle layer. In this study, we elucidated the body colour composition and pigment cell characteristics of the two body colours of P. dabryanus. Our study provided a scientific basis for the research for fish body colour variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The Blimp-1 transcription factor acts in non-neuronal cells to regulate terminal differentiation of the Drosophila eye.
- Author
-
Hongsu Wang, Morrison, Carolyn A., Ghosh, Neha, Tea, Joy S., Call, Gerald B., and Treisman, Jessica E.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSCRIPTION factors , *DROSOPHILA , *CHROMATOPHORES , *CYTOSKELETAL proteins , *GENE regulatory networks , *PHOTORECEPTORS - Abstract
The formation of a functional organ such as the eye requires specification of the correct cell types and their terminal differentiation into cells with the appropriate morphologies and functions. Here, we show that the zinc-finger transcription factor Blimp-1 acts in secondary and tertiary pigment cells in the Drosophila retina to promote the formation of a bi-convex corneal lens with normal refractive power, and in cone cells to enable complete extension of the photoreceptor rhabdomeres. Blimp-1 expression depends on the hormone ecdysone, and loss of ecdysone signaling causes similar differentiation defects. Timely termination of Blimp-1 expression is also important, as its overexpression in the eye has deleterious effects. Our transcriptomic analysis revealed that Blimp-1 regulates the expression of many structural and secreted proteins in the retina. Blimp-1 may function in part by repressing another transcription factor; Slow border cells is highly upregulated in the absence of Blimp-1, and its overexpression reproduces many of the effects of removing Blimp-1. This work provides insight into the transcriptional networks and cellular interactions that produce the structures necessary for visual function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. 红斑马鱼体色观察及敲除mitfa 基因 对其体色发育的影响.
- Author
-
王 梅, 张永勤, 黄 靖, 彭亮跃, 刘文彬, 肖亚梅, and 刘锦辉
- Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a common model organism, red zebrafish is one of the small ornamental fishes. The body color of fish is mainly determined by the tape and distribution of pigments on the skin or scales. Melanocytes inducing transcription factor (MITF) mainly regulate the development and differentiation of animal melanocytes. We observed the composition and distribution of pigment cells in the dorsal, anal, pelvic, ectoral of adult red zebrafish, and tracked the early body color development process of the red zebrafish. The knockouting system of mitfa gene was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout technology, which is to study how mitfa gene plays a role in early color development of red zebrafish. The results showed that: 1) Red pigment cells, xanthophores and a small amount of iridophores cells are distributed on the red zebrafish fin, but there are a large number of melanocytes in the dorsal fin; 2) During the early body color development of the red zebrafish, melanocytes appear first and then xanthophores appeared. One month later, the melanocytes of the red zebrafish faded, and the surface of the fish became light red. Then the color of the body surface gradually deepened during the discoloration, and finally the body color of the adult fish with red and silver-white stripes alternately distributed; 3) Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out the mitfa gene, it was found that the absence of mitfa resulted in significantly fewer melanocytes in the early red zebrafish. The above research results will provide important theoretical support for the selection and breeding of ornamental fish and the establishment of effective ways to artificially improve the body color of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Complementarity of Seeing and Appearing
- Author
-
Brejcha, Jindřich, Pecháček, Pavel, Kleisner, Karel, Tzafestas, S.G., Series Editor, Antsaklis, P., Advisory Editor, Borne, P., Advisory Editor, Carelli, R., Advisory Editor, Fukuda, T., Advisory Editor, Gans, N.R., Advisory Editor, Harashima, F., Advisory Editor, Martinet, P., Advisory Editor, Monaco, S., Advisory Editor, Negenborn, R.R., Advisory Editor, Pascoal, A.M., Advisory Editor, Schmidt, G., Advisory Editor, Sobh, T.M., Advisory Editor, Tzafestas, C., Advisory Editor, Valavanis, K., Advisory Editor, Aldinhas Ferreira, Maria Isabel, editor, Silva Sequeira, João, editor, and Ventura, Rodrigo, editor more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A chieftain’s colourful garments: microinvasive analysis of Norwegian Snartemo V textiles.
- Author
-
Wright, Krista, van Bommel, Maarten R., Kirkinen, Tuija, Suomela, Jenni, Seitsonen, Jani, and Ruokolainen, Janne
- Subjects
BROWN bear ,CLOTHING & dress ,TEXTILES ,ELECTRON microscopy ,WOOL - Abstract
Several microinvasive methods were applied to analyse the fibre materials from the Snartemo V burial from the Migration Period (fifth century CE) in Norway. The morphological parameters of the textile fibres and furs were examined with optical (TLM) and electron microscopy (SEM, SEM-EDX and TEM) and dyes with UHPLC-PDA method. According to TLM and TEM analyses, the Snartemo textiles were spun of very fine wool, that consisted of white and naturally pigmented fibres. The dye analysis revealed colourants referring to dyer’s madder, weld and woad in several textiles. The reddish hue in the warp of the wide geometrically patterned tablet-woven band was interpreted a result of the fading of the natural dark pigmentation of the wool. Respectively, the warp yarns that now appear yellow were interpreted as originally white, undyed wool. In addition, fibres from a bear’s (Ursus arctos) fur and a Mustelidae sp. were identified in the previously unexamined Snartemo materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2022
15. Studies of Turing pattern formation in zebrafish skin.
- Author
-
Kondo, Shigeru, Watanabe, Masakatsu, and Miyazawa, Seita
- Subjects
- *
BRACHYDANIO , *CELL communication , *CHROMATOPHORES , *CELL proliferation , *ZEBRA danio , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Skin patterns are the first example of the existence of Turing patterns in living organisms. Extensive research on zebrafish, a model organism with stripes on its skin, has revealed the principles of pattern formation at the molecular and cellular levels. Surprisingly, although the networks of cell–cell interactions have been observed to satisfy the 'short-range activation and long-range inhibition' prerequisites for Turing pattern formation, numerous individual reactions were not envisioned based on the classical reaction–diffusion model. For example, in real skin, it is not an alteration in concentrations of chemicals, but autonomous migration and proliferation of pigment cells that establish patterns, and cell–cell interactions are mediated via direct contact through cell protrusions. Therefore, the classical reaction–diffusion mechanism cannot be used as it is for modelling skin pattern formation. Various studies are underway to adapt mathematical models to the experimental findings on research into skin patterns, and the purpose of this review is to organize and present them. These novel theoretical methods could be applied to autonomous pattern formation phenomena other than skin patterns. This article is part of the theme issue 'Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing's theory of morphogenesis'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Review: The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling in Neural Crest Development in Zebrafish
- Author
-
Gemma Sutton, Robert N. Kelsh, and Steffen Scholpp
- Subjects
Wnt/β-catenin signalling ,neural crest ,gene regulatory network ,NC induction ,NC specification ,pigment cells ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent cell population in vertebrate embryos with extraordinary migratory capacity. The NC is crucial for vertebrate development and forms a myriad of cell derivatives throughout the body, including pigment cells, neuronal cells of the peripheral nervous system, cardiomyocytes and skeletogenic cells in craniofacial tissue. NC induction occurs at the end of gastrulation when the multipotent population of NC progenitors emerges in the ectodermal germ layer in the neural plate border region. In the process of NC fate specification, fate-specific markers are expressed in multipotent progenitors, which subsequently adopt a specific fate. Thus, NC cells delaminate from the neural plate border and migrate extensively throughout the embryo until they differentiate into various cell derivatives. Multiple signalling pathways regulate the processes of NC induction and specification. This review explores the ongoing role of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway during NC development, focusing on research undertaken in the Teleost model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio). We discuss the function of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in inducing the NC within the neural plate border and the specification of melanocytes from the NC. The current understanding of NC development suggests a continual role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in activating and maintaining the gene regulatory network during NC induction and pigment cell specification. We relate this to emerging models and hypotheses on NC fate restriction. Finally, we highlight the ongoing challenges facing NC research, current gaps in knowledge, and this field’s potential future directions. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Hexagonal patterning of the Drosophila eye.
- Author
-
Johnson, Ruth I.
- Subjects
- *
DROSOPHILA , *ANTIGEN presenting cells , *CHROMATOPHORES , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *PHOTORECEPTORS , *MORPHOGENESIS - Abstract
A complex network of transcription factor interactions propagates across the larval eye disc to establish columns of evenly-spaced R8 precursor cells, the founding cells of Drosophila ommatidia. After the recruitment of additional photoreceptors to each ommatidium, the surrounding cells are organized into their stereotypical pattern during pupal development. These support cells – comprised of pigment and cone cells – are patterned to encapsulate the photoreceptors and separate ommatidia with an hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Since the proteins and processes essential for correct eye patterning are conserved, elucidating how these function and change during Drosophila eye patterning can substantially advance our understanding of transcription factor and signaling networks, cytoskeletal structures, adhesion complexes, and the biophysical properties of complex tissues during their morphogenesis. Our understanding of many of these aspects of Drosophila eye patterning is largely descriptive. Many important questions, especially relating to the regulation and integration of cellular events, remain. [Display omitted] • The Drosophila eye is a highly-organized neuroepithelium. • A transcription factor network establishes columns of evenly-spaced R8 precursors. • Computational models describe propagation of R8 placement across the eye. • Accessory cells adopt stereotypical positions and shapes essential for correct eye patterning. • Morphogenesis of accessory cells requires conserved processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. 豹纹鲤棘鱼卢体色变异的色素细胞差异分析.
- Author
-
周可欣, 文鑫, 邓成, 陈帅龙, 齐兴柱, and 骆剑
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications
- Author
-
Natalya V. Ageenko, Konstantin V. Kiselev, and Nelly A. Odintsova
- Subjects
biological active substances (BAS) ,echinoids ,naphthoquinones ,sea urchins ,pigment cells ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
This review presents literature data: the history of the discovery of quinoid compounds, their biosynthesis and biological activity. Special attention is paid to the description of the quinoid pigments of the sea urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis (from the family Scutellidae) and Strongylocentrotus intermedius (from the family Strongylocentrotidae). The marine environment is considered one of the most important sources of natural bioactive compounds with extremely rich biodiversity. Primary- and some secondary-mouthed animals contain very high concentrations of new biologically active substances, many of which are of significant potential interest for medical purposes. The quinone pigments are products of the secondary metabolism of marine animals, can have complex structures and become the basis for the development of new natural products in echinoids that are modulators of chemical interactions and possible active ingredients in medicinal preparations. More than 5000 chemical compounds with high pharmacological potential have been isolated and described from marine organisms. There are three well known ways of naphthoquinone biosynthesis—polyketide, shikimate and mevalonate. The polyketide pathway is the biosynthesis pathway of various quinones. The shikimate pathway is the main pathway in the biosynthesis of naphthoquinones. It should be noted that all quinoid compounds in plants and animals can be synthesized by various ways of biosynthesis. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Nile Tilapia: A Model for Studying Teleost Color Patterns.
- Author
-
Wang, Chenxu, Lu, Baoyue, Li, Tao, Liang, Guangyuan, Xu, Mengmeng, Liu, Xingyong, Tao, Wenjing, Zhou, Linyan, Kocher, Thomas D, and Wang, Deshou
- Subjects
- *
TILAPIA , *NILE tilapia , *DEVELOPMENTAL genetics , *CICHLIDS , *CHROMATOPHORES , *PHENOTYPES , *EYE color , *SPECIES hybridization - Abstract
The diverse color patterns of cichlid fishes play an important role in mate choice and speciation. Here we develop the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a model system for studying the developmental genetics of cichlid color patterns. We identified 4 types of pigment cells: melanophores, xanthophores, iridophores and erythrophores, and characterized their first appearance in wild-type fish. We mutated 25 genes involved in melanogenesis, pteridine metabolism, and the carotenoid absorption and cleavage pathways. Among the 25 mutated genes, 13 genes had a phenotype in both the F0 and F2 generations. None of F1 heterozygotes had phenotype. By comparing the color pattern of our mutants with that of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp), a natural mutant produced during hybridization of tilapia species, we found that the pigmentation of the body and eye is controlled by different genes. Previously studied genes like mitf , kita/kitlga , pmel , tyrb , hps4 , gch2 , csf1ra , pax7b, and bco2b were proved to be of great significance for color patterning in tilapia. Our results suggested that tilapia, a fish with 4 types of pigment cells and a vertically barred wild-type color pattern, together with various natural and artificially induced color gene mutants, can serve as an excellent model system for study color patterning in vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Cis-Regulatory Code for Kelch-like 21/30 Specific Expression in Ciona robusta Sensory Organs
- Author
-
Ugo Coppola, Ashwani Kumar Kamal, Alberto Stolfi, and Filomena Ristoratore
- Subjects
tunicates ,otolith ,Mitf ,Klhl family evolution ,pigment cells ,CRISPR/Cas9 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The tunicate Ciona robusta is an emerging model system to study the evolution of the nervous system. Due to their small embryos and compact genomes, tunicates, like Ciona robusta, have great potential to comprehend genetic circuitry underlying cell specific gene repertoire, among different neuronal cells. Their simple larvae possess a sensory vesicle comprising two pigmented sensory organs, the ocellus and the otolith. We focused here on Klhl21/30, a gene belonging to Kelch family, that, in Ciona robusta, starts to be expressed in pigmented cell precursors, becoming specifically maintained in the otolith precursor during embryogenesis. Evolutionary analyses demonstrated the conservation of Klhl21/30 in all the chordates. Cis-regulatory analyses and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of potential upstream factors, revealed that Klhl21/30 expression is controlled by the combined action of three transcription factors, Mitf, Dmrt, and Msx, which are downstream of FGF signaling. The central role of Mitf is consistent with its function as a fundamental regulator of vertebrate pigment cell development. Moreover, our results unraveled a new function for Dmrt and Msx as transcriptional co-activators in the context of the Ciona otolith. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Blue, Black, and Stripes: Evolution and Development of Color Production and Pattern Formation in Lizards and Snakes
- Author
-
Takeo Kuriyama, Arata Murakami, Matt Brandley, and Masami Hasegawa
- Subjects
pigment cells ,embryogenesis ,polymorphism ,melanism ,reptile ,Evolution ,QH359-425 ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
In order to understand molecular and genetic mechanism of color pattern formation, not only adult phenotypes but also processes and mechanisms of color production and pattern formation during embryonic and postembryonic stages should be described. The pigment cell based color production and pattern formation during embryogenesis were reviewed for the recent studies on lizards and snakes, by focusing on different color production mechanisms in terms of epidermal and dermal pigment cell architectures, and then discuss the genetic determinants of pattern formation considering both biologically relevant theoretical models which consider pigment cell specification, migration, and architecture differentiation. Clarifying the contributions of pigment cells and genetic factors improves our general understanding of reptilian color pattern evolution. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Regulation of dynamic pigment cell states at single-cell resolution
- Author
-
Margherita Perillo, Nathalie Oulhen, Stephany Foster, Maxwell Spurrell, Cristina Calestani, and Gary Wessel
- Subjects
sea urchin ,pigment cells ,scmRNA-seq ,gene regulatory network ,innate immunity ,glial cells missing ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Cells bearing pigment have diverse roles and are often under strict evolutionary selection. Here, we explore the regulation of pigmented cells in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, an emerging model for diverse pigment function. We took advantage of single cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) technology and discovered that pigment cells in the embryo segregated into two distinct populations, a mitotic cluster and a post-mitotic cluster. Gcm is essential for expression of several genes important for pigment function, but is only transiently expressed in these cells. We discovered unique genes expressed by pigment cells and test their expression with double fluorescence in situ hybridization. These genes include new members of the fmo family that are expressed selectively in pigment cells of the embryonic and in the coelomic cells of the adult - both cell-types having immune functions. Overall, this study identifies nodes of molecular intersection ripe for change by selective evolutionary pressures. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Macrophages and pigment cells in the liver of tailless amphibians
- Author
-
N. M. Akulenko
- Subjects
frog ,liver ,pigment cells ,mactophages ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The morphological features of pigment-containing cells and phagocytic cells were observed on the smears of the liver of the lake frogs. Based on an analysis of more than 1500 cells, it was concluded that cells that have pigment granules in the cytoplasm do not have phagocytic inclusions. On the other hand, phagocytic cells can have pigment inclusions only in the composition of phagocytic vacuoles. Thus, in this organ pigment cells and macrophages are different lines of cell differentiation. For two types of cells, the morphological features characterizing young, functionally active and aging cells are described. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Differences in melanin type and content among color variations in American mink (Neovison vison).
- Author
-
Grabolus, Dominika, Wacławik, Patrycja, and Zatoń-Dobrowolska, Magdalena
- Subjects
MELANINS ,AMERICAN mink ,BIOLOGICAL pigments - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. MACROPHAGES AND PIGMENT CELLS IN THE LIVER OF PELOPHYLAX RIDIBUNDUS (ANURA).
- Author
-
Akulenko, N. M.
- Subjects
LIVER physiology ,BIOLOGICAL pigments ,MACROPHAGES ,PELOPHYLAX ,AGING - Abstract
The morphological features of pigment-containing cells and phagocytic cells were observed on the smears of the liver of the lake frogs. Based on an analysis of more than 1500 cells, it was concluded that cells that have pigment granules in the cytoplasm do not have phagocytic inclusions. On the other hand, phagocytic cells can have pigment inclusions only in the composition of phagocytic vacuoles. Thus, in this organ pigment cells and macrophages are different lines of cell differentiation. For two types of cells, the morphological features characterizing young, functionally active and aging cells are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Body patterning and cognition in cephalopods - a literature review
- Author
-
Chu, Georgina and Chu, Georgina
- Abstract
Cephalopods are a valuable model for studying the evolution of cognition due to their distinctive brain structure, organisation, and connectivity patterns compared to vertebrates. The development of large brains and behavioural complexities are believed to be triggered by evolutionary pressures stemming from factors like heightened predation, more demanding foraging conditions, and intense mating competition. While the differences between corvid and mammals are less pronounced, the cephalopod brain is closer to the vertebrate brain in terms of encephalisation of ganglionic masses observed by nerve cell clusters. The cerebral ganglion in cephalopods is similar to the vertebrate forebrain and midbrain, while the vertical lobe is similar to the vertebrate cerebral cortex and hippocampus formation, which are involved in learning and memory. These brain regions function in a hierarchical system and are intimately connected with their eyes and optic lobes where visual inputs are processed, motor commands are transmitted to the lower motor centre. Chromatophores are skin elements and the physiological control of body patterning and are visually driven and light sensitive. This sets cephalopods apart from their molluscan families such as gastropods and bivalves. Recent studies have revealed that the opsins present in the skin are like those occurring in the retina. This infers that the connection between visual processing and body patterns is not exclusively innate. Expanding on Macphail's Null Hypothesis which posits no significant qualitative or quantitative differences in intelligence across vertebrates, this study seeks to explore the link between body patterning and cognitive abilities across cephalopod species. By comparing patterns of similarities and differences in cognitive abilities, this study aims to investigate whether body patterning can serve as an indicator of cognitive capacity. In conclusion, the study finds the presence of interindividual variations withi, Cephalopoda utgör en värdefull modell för att studera den kognitiva evolutionen på grund av deras distinkta hjärnstruktur, organisation och nervernas kontaktmönster jämfört med ryggradsdjur. Utvecklingen av stora hjärnor och komplexa beteenden tros vara resultatet av evolutionär press från faktorer som ökad predation, mer krävande födosökningsförhållanden och intensiv parningskonkurrens. Medan skillnaderna mellan kråkfåglar och däggdjur är mindre uttalade, är bläckfiskhjärnan närmare ryggradsdjurshjärnan när det gäller encefalisering av nervcellkluster. Det cerebrala ganglie hos bläckfiskar liknar ryggradsdjurens främre hjärna och mellanhjärna, medan den vertikala loben liknar ryggradsdjurens hjärnbark och hippocampusformation, som är involverade i inlärning och minne. Dessa hjärnregioner fungerar inom ett hierarkiskt system och är intimt kopplade till deras ögon och optiska lober där visuell information bearbetas och motoriska kommandon överförs till de nedre motoriska centrarna. Kromatoforer är hudstrukturer som fysiologiskt kontrollerar kroppsmönster och är visuellt styrda och ljuskänsliga. Detta skiljer cephalopoder från andra molluskfamiljer som gastropoder och musslor. Studier har nyligenavslöjat att de opsin som finns i huden liknar de som förekommer i näthinnan. Detta antyder att sambandet mellan visuell bearbetning och kroppsmönster inte är uteslutande medfödd. Utöver Macphails nollhypotes, som hävdar att det inte finns några signifikanta kvalitativa eller kvantitativa skillnader i intelligens mellan ryggradsdjur, ämnar denna studie utforska kopplingen mellan kroppsmönster och kognitiva förmågor hos cephalopoda. Genom att jämföra likheter och skillnader i kognitiva förmågor syftar denna studie till att undersöka om kroppsmönster kan fungera som en indikator på kognitiv kapacitet. Resultaten visar på förekomst av variationer mellan individer inom arter och skillnader mellan olika arter både vad gäller kroppsmönster och kognitiva förmågor. Det finns samband m more...
- Published
- 2023
28. Effects of magnesium deprivation on development and biomineralization in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula.
- Author
-
Martino, Chiara, Chiarelli, Roberto, Roccheri, Maria Carmela, Matranga, Valeria, and Byrne, Maria
- Subjects
- *
SEA urchins , *MESODERM , *BIOMINERALIZATION , *HYPOMAGNESEMIA , *MAGNESIUM , *BIOLOGICAL pigments , *EXTRACELLULAR matrix proteins - Abstract
Echinoderms have an extensive endoskeleton composed of magnesian calcite and occluded matrix proteins. As biomineralization in sea urchin larvae is sensitive to the Magnesium:Calcium ratio of seawater, we investigated the effects of magnesium deprivation on development and skeletogenesis in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. We focused on the localization of the skeletogenic cells (primary mesenchyme cells) and the spatial expression of associated genes. Embryos reared in Mg-free seawater exhibited developmental delay from 6-h post-fertilization and at 24 h embryos showed complete lack of biomineral formation. Larvae (48–72 h) exhibited severe skeleton malformations. Fluorescent labelling revealed that the primary mesenchyme cells and the developing skeleton of treated embryos were in an abnormal ectopic location. Expression of the skeleton matrix protein gene (msp130) in the primary mesenchyme cells as seen using in situ hybridization was normal at 24 h. At 48 h this gene was down-regulated in control larvae, but not in treated larvae. Development of the pigment cells, immune cells that, like the skeleton, are mesodermal derivatives, was also impaired. Our results highlight the essential role of Mg in skeleton formation in sea urchin embryos with an indication that this element is also generally important for the development of mesoderm. Abbreviations: hpf: hours post fertilization; PMCs: primary mesenchyme cells; ACC: amorphous calcium carbonate; MgFSW: magnesium-free seawater; FSW: filtered seawater Impact statement Echinoderms have an extensive endoskeleton composed of magnesian calcite We investigated the effects of magnesium deprivation on development and skeletogenesis in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula Magnesium deprivation caused developmental delay and skeleton malformations Primary mesenchyme cells of treated embryos were in an abnormal ectopic location The spatial and temporal expression profile of the skeleton matrix protein gene (msp130) was found to be different from controls Our results highlight the essential role of Mg across developmental processes in sea urchin embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The true colours of the flatworm: Mechanisms of pigment biosynthesis and pigment cell lineage development in planarians.
- Author
-
Lindsay-Mosher, Nicole and Pearson, Bret J.
- Subjects
- *
BIOLOGICAL pigments , *PLATYHELMINTHES , *STEM cells , *BIOSYNTHESIS , *PORPHYRINS - Abstract
Abstract Pigment cells serve a variety of important uses across the animal kingdom, and in many species can change and regenerate throughout the lifetime of the organism. The functions of these cells, as well as their origins in both embryonic development and adult regeneration, are not fully understood. Here, we review advances in the study of pigment cells in the freshwater planarian, a model system for stem cell biology and regeneration. Freshwater planarians produce at least three pigment types to generate brown eye and body colouration: melanin, porphyrin, and ommochrome. The body pigments of planarians are produced and contained by a specialized, highly dendritic cell type located in the subepidermal parenchymal space. This cell type is specifically ablated following intense light exposure, a characteristic which has been exploited to discover the gene expression and regeneration of planarian pigment cells. Regenerating pigment cells progress through an immature state marked by upregulation of pigment synthesis genes before differentiating into mature pigment cells; these two states are dynamically regulated in homeostasis to maintain constant body pigmentation. The transcription factors Albino, FoxF-1, and Ets-1, as well as an FGFR-like molecule, are required for proper maintenance of the pigment lineage in both regeneration and homeostasis. These discoveries set the stage for research into external signals that regulate the pigment lineage, as well as possible functions for pigment cells in planarians, including the extra-ocular light response. These insights will address outstanding questions about the evolutionarily-conserved biology of pigment cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor Tariquidar Plays an Important Regulatory Role in Pigmentation in Larval Zebrafish
- Author
-
Natalia Kasica, Piotr Jakubowski, and Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Subjects
zebrafish ,pigment cells ,melanophores ,iridophores ,tyrosinase ,dopachrome tautomerase ,Cytology ,QH573-671 - Abstract
Zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model in studies dealing with pigment development and pathobiology of pigment diseases. Due to its conserved pigment pattern with established genetic background, the zebrafish is used for screening of active compounds influencing melanophore, iridophore, and xanthophore development and differentiation. In our study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were used to investigate the influence of third-generation noncompetitive P-glycoprotein inhibitor, tariquidar (TQR), on pigmentation, including phenotype effects and changes in gene expression of chosen chromatophore differentiation markers. Five-day exposure to increasing TQR concentrations (1 µM, 10 µM, and 50 µM) resulted in a dose-dependent augmentation of the area covered with melanophores but a reduction in the area covered by iridophores. The observations were performed in three distinct regions—the eye, dorsal head, and tail. Moreover, TQR enhanced melanophore renewal after depigmentation caused by 0.2 mM 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) treatment. qPCR analysis performed in 56-h post-fertilization (hpf) embryos demonstrated differential expression patterns of genes related to pigment development and differentiation. The most substantial findings include those indicating that TQR had no significant influence on leukocyte tyrosine kinase, GTP cyclohydrolase 2, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and forkhead box D3, however, markedly upregulated tyrosinase, dopachrome tautomerase and melanocyte inducing transcription factor, and downregulated purine nucleoside phosphorylase 4a. The present study suggests that TQR is an agent with multidirectional properties toward pigment cell formation and distribution in the zebrafish larvae and therefore points to the involvement of P-glycoprotein in this process. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Planarians require ced-12/elmo-1 to clear dead cells by excretion through the gut.
- Author
-
Lindsay-Mosher, Nicole, Lusk, Sarah, and Pearson, Bret J.
- Abstract
Cell corpse removal is a critical component of both development and homeostasis throughout the animal kingdom. Extensive research has revealed many of the mechanisms involved in corpse removal, typically involving engulfment and digestion by another cell; however, the dynamics of cell corpse clearance in adult tissues remain unclear. Here, we track cell death in the adult planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and find that, following light-induced cell death, pigment cell corpses transit to the gut and are excreted from the animal. Gut phagocytes, previously only known to phagocytose food, are required for pigment cells to enter the gut lumen. Finally, we show that the planarian ortholog of ced-12/engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) is required for corpse phagocytosis and removal through the gut. In total, we present a mechanism of cell clearance in an adult organism involving transit of dead cells to the gut, transport into the gut by phagocytes, and physical excretion of debris. [Display omitted] • Dying pigment cells in planarians localize to the gut after light exposure • Gut phagocytes are required to move pigment cell corpses into the gut for excretion • The conserved gene elmo-1 facilitates transport of cell corpses by gut phagocytes • Failure to excrete pigment cells through the gut leads to animal death Lindsay-Mosher et al. find that planarian gut phagocytes can remove light-damaged pigment cells by transporting the cell corpses into the gut for excretion. These findings demonstrate how the planarian can efficiently clear dead cells by excreting them physically from its body, thereby preventing tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Pigment International
- Subjects
molecular biology ,pigment cells ,genetics ,pigmentary disorders ,Dermatology ,RL1-803 - Published
- 2018
33. Airineme-Mediated Intercellular Communication.
- Author
-
Eom DS
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Signal Transduction physiology, Cell Communication physiology, Zebrafish
- Abstract
Intercellular communication is indispensable across multicellular organisms, and any aberration in this process can give rise to significant anomalies in developmental and homeostatic processes. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of its mechanisms is imperative for addressing human health-related concerns. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of intercellular communication by elucidating additional signaling modalities alongside established mechanisms. Notably, cellular protrusion-mediated long-range communication, characterized by physical contact through thin and elongated cellular protrusions between cells involved in signal transmission and reception, has emerged as a significant intercellular signaling paradigm. This chapter delves into the exploration of a signaling cellular protrusion termed 'airinemes,' discovered in the zebrafish skin. It covers their identified signaling roles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin their functionality., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.) more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Secondary Mesenchyme Cells as Potential Stem Cells of the Sea Urchin Embryo
- Author
-
Zito, Francesca, Matranga, Valeria, Rinkevich, Baruch, editor, and Matranga, Valeria, editor
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. An Organismal Model for Gene Regulatory Networks in the Gut-Associated Immune Response
- Author
-
Katherine M. Buckley and Jonathan P. Rast
- Subjects
inflammation ,pigment cells ,interleukin 17 ,gut immunology ,phagocytosis ,echinodermata ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
The gut epithelium is an ancient site of complex communication between the animal immune system and the microbial world. While elements of self-non-self receptors and effector mechanisms differ greatly among animal phyla, some aspects of recognition, regulation, and response are broadly conserved. A gene regulatory network (GRN) approach provides a means to investigate the nature of this conservation and divergence even as more peripheral functional details remain incompletely understood. The sea urchin embryo is an unparalleled experimental model for detangling the GRNs that govern embryonic development. By applying this theoretical framework to the free swimming, feeding larval stage of the purple sea urchin, it is possible to delineate the conserved regulatory circuitry that regulates the gut-associated immune response. This model provides a morphologically simple system in which to efficiently unravel regulatory connections that are phylogenetically relevant to immunity in vertebrates. Here, we review the organism-wide cellular and transcriptional immune response of the sea urchin larva. A large set of transcription factors and signal systems, including epithelial expression of interleukin 17 (IL17), are important mediators in the activation of the early gut-associated response. Many of these have homologs that are active in vertebrate immunity, while others are ancient in animals but absent in vertebrates or specific to echinoderms. This larval model provides a means to experimentally characterize immune function encoded in the sea urchin genome and the regulatory interconnections that control immune response and resolution across the tissues of the organism. more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Gustatory apparatus in the lips and barbel of Mystus tengra (Hamilton, 1822) and Clarias magur (Linnaeus, 1758) from India
- Author
-
Snigdha Dey, Kamales K. Misra, and Sumit Homechoudhuri
- Subjects
Barbel ,Taste ,Club cell ,biology ,Clarias magur ,Ontogeny ,Zoology ,Pigment cells ,Gustatory system ,biology.organism_classification ,Mystus - Abstract
In this report, the external surface morphology and cellular distribution of taste buds (the primary organ of the gustatory system) of two barbed fishes, Clarias magur (Linnaeus, 1758) and Mystus tengra (Hamilton, 1822) were studied using light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The microscopic analysis reveals that the both type-I and type II TBs are prevalent in both fishes, while a special type-IV TBs is only observed in Mystus tengra. The mucous cells, club cell, pigment cells and lymphocytes are observed alongside with TBs in both species. The upper and lower lips of Clarias magur provided with unculi and microvilli, whereas microridges are found in Mystus tengra. It can be postulated that the differences in distribution and architecture of external taste buds may be connected to differences in their foraging strategies, their microhabitats as well as environmental plasticity throughout their ontogeny in both species and family levels. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism patterning the ectoderm in echinoids.
- Author
-
Erkenbrack, Eric M.
- Subjects
- *
NOTCH signaling pathway , *SEA urchins , *GENETIC transcription , *GASTRULATION , *GENE expression - Abstract
Notch signaling is a crucial cog in early development of euechinoid sea urchins, specifying both non-skeletogenic mesodermal lineages and serotonergic neurons in the apical neuroectoderm. Here, the spatial distributions and function of
delta ,gcm , andhesc , three genes critical to these processes in euechinoids, are examined in the distantly related cidaroid sea urchinEucidaris tribuloides. Spatial distribution and experimental perturbation ofdelta andhesc suggest that the function of Notch signaling in ectodermal patterning in early development ofE. tr ibuloides is consistent with canonical lateral inhibition.Delta transcripts were observed in t he archenteron, apical ectoderm, and lateral ectoderm in gastrulating e mbryos ofE. tribuloides. Perturbation of Notch signaling by eitherdelta morpholino or treatment of DAPT downregulatedhesc and upregulateddelta andgcm , resulting in ectopic expression ofdelta andgcm. Similarly,hesc perturbation mirrored the effects ofdelta perturbation. Interestingly, perturbation ofdelta orhesc resulted in more cells expressinggcm and supernumerary pigment cells, suggesting that pigment cell proliferation is regulated by Notch inE. tribuloides . These results are consistent with an evolutionary scenario whereby, in the echinoid ancestor, Notch signaling was deployed in the ectoderm to specify neurogenic progenitors and controlled pigment cell proliferation in the dorsal ectoderm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. An Organismal Model for Gene Regulatory networks in the Gut-Associated immune Response.
- Author
-
Buckley, Katherine M. and Rast, Jonathan P.
- Subjects
GENE regulatory networks ,IMMUNITY ,SEA urchin embryos - Abstract
The gut epithelium is an ancient site of complex communication between the animal immune system and the microbial world. While elements of self-non-self receptors and effector mechanisms differ greatly among animal phyla, some aspects of recognition, regulation, and response are broadly conserved. A gene regulatory network (GRN) approach provides a means to investigate the nature of this conservation and divergence even as more peripheral functional details remain incompletely understood. The sea urchin embryo is an unparalleled experimental model for detangling the GRNs that govern embryonic development. By applying this theoretical framework to the free swimming, feeding larval stage of the purple sea urchin, it is possible to delineate the conserved regulatory circuitry that regulates the gut-associated immune response. This model provides a morphologically simple system in which to efficiently unravel regulatory connections that are phylogenetically relevant to immunity in vertebrates. Here, we review the organism-wide cellular and transcriptional immune response of the sea urchin larva. A large set of transcription factors and signal systems, including epithelial expression of interleukin 17 (IL17), are important mediators in the activation of the early gut-associated response. Many of these have homologs that are active in vertebrate immunity, while others are ancient in animals but absent in vertebrates or specific to echinoderms. This larval model provides a means to experimentally characterize immune function encoded in the sea urchin genome and the regulatory interconnections that control immune response and resolution across the tissues of the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Comparative transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanism underlying gray-to-red body color formation in red crucian carp ( Carassius auratus, red var.).
- Author
-
Zhang, Yongqin, Liu, Jinhui, Peng, Liangyue, Ren, Li, Zhang, Huiqin, Zou, Lijun, Liu, Wenbin, and Xiao, Yamei
- Abstract
Red crucian carp ( Carassius auratus red var .) is an ornamental fish with vivid red/orange color. It has been found that the adult body color of this strain forms a gray-to-red change. In this study, skin transcriptomes of red crucian carp are first obtained for three different stages of body color development, named by gray-color (GC), color-variation (CV), and red-color (RC) stages, respectively. From the skins of GC, CV, and RC, 103,229; 108,208; and 120,184 transcripts have been identified, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that 2483, 2967, and 4473 unigenes are differentially expressed between CV and GC, RC and CV, and RC and GC, respectively. A part of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the signaling pathway of pigment synthesis, such as the melanogenesis genes ( Mitfa, Pax3a, Foxd3, Mc1r, Asip); tyrosine metabolism genes ( Tyr, Dct, Tyrp1, Silva, Tat, Hpda); and pteridine metabolism genes ( Gch, Xdh, Ptps, Tc). According to the data of transcriptome and quantitative PCR, the expression of Mitfa and its regulated genes which include the genes of Tyr, Tyrp1, Dct, Tfe3a, and Baxα, decreases with gray-to-red change. It is suggested that Mitfa and some genes, being related to melanin synthesis or melanophore development, are closely related to the gray-to-red body color transformation in the red crucian carp. Furthermore, the DEGs of cell apoptosis and autophagy pathway, such as Tfe3a, Baxα, Hsp70, Beclin1, Lc3, Atg9a, and Atg4a, might be involved in the melanocytes fade away of juvenile fish. These results shed light on the regulation mechanism of gray-to-red body color transformation in red crucian carp, and are helpful to the selective breeding of ornamental fish strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The cuticular nature of corneal lenses in Drosophila melanogaster.
- Author
-
Stahl, Aaron, Charlton-Perkins, Mark, Buschbeck, Elke, and Cook, Tiffany
- Subjects
- *
DROSOPHILA melanogaster , *CONTACT lenses , *MASS spectrometry , *IN situ hybridization , *BIOLOGICAL pigments , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
The dioptric visual system relies on precisely focusing lenses that project light onto a neural retina. While the proteins that constitute the lenses of many vertebrates are relatively well characterized, less is known about the proteins that constitute invertebrate lenses, especially the lens facets in insect compound eyes. To address this question, we used mass spectrophotometry to define the major proteins that comprise the corneal lenses from the adult Drosophila melanogaster compound eye. This led to the identification of four cuticular proteins: two previously identified lens proteins, drosocrystallin and retinin, and two newly identified proteins, Cpr66D and Cpr72Ec. To determine which ommatidial cells contribute each of these proteins to the lens, we conducted in situ hybridization at 50% pupal development, a key age for lens secretion. Our results confirm previous reports that drosocrystallin and retinin are expressed in the two primary corneagenous cells-cone cells and primary pigment cells. Cpr72Ec and Cpr66D, on the other hand, are more highly expressed in higher order interommatidial pigment cells. These data suggest that the complementary expression of cuticular proteins give rise to the center vs periphery of the corneal lens facet, possibly facilitating a refractive gradient that is known to reduce spherical aberration. Moreover, these studies provide a framework for future studies aimed at understanding the cuticular basis of corneal lens function in holometabolous insect eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Histology and ultrastructure of the integumental chromatophores in tokay gecko ( Gekko gecko) (Linnaeus, 1758) skin.
- Author
-
Szydłowski, Paweł, Madej, Jan, and Mazurkiewicz-Kania, Marta
- Subjects
- *
CHROMATOPHORES , *GECKOS , *ANIMAL coloration , *MICROSCOPY , *MELANOPHORES - Abstract
This paper describes the relationship between the arrangement of dermal chromatophores in tokay gecko ( Gekko gecko) skin and the formation of wild-type colouration, with emphasis on the ultrastructure of chromatophores. The samples of the tokay gecko skin were collected from wild-type colouration adult specimens. Morphology and distribution of chromatophores was determined by using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The present study revealed that orange/red coloured skin of G. gecko contained erythrophores, which were located under basement membrane, and usually comprised deeper situated iridophores and melanophores which were form single layer with iridophores or were occupying the deepest region of dermis. In orange/red coloured skin, erythrophores were the predominant chromatophores. However in blue areas these cells occurred in small numbers or were not noticed at all. In blue pigmented areas predominated iridophores and melanophores. Iridophores were found just under basement membrane, but this superficial location of iridophores occured only in areas without erythrophores. Distribution of erythrophores, melanophores, and iridophores determines the characteristic blue colour of the tokay gecko skin with orange/red dots on the whole body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Light reflection from crystal platelets in iridophores determines green or brown skin coloration in Takydromus lizards.
- Author
-
Kuriyama, Takeo, Esashi, Jyunko, and Hasegawa, Masami
- Subjects
- *
TAKYDROMUS , *ANIMAL coloration , *BLOOD platelets , *OPTICAL reflection , *MELANOPHORES - Abstract
Brown and green are the most commonly imitated colors in prey animals because both colors occur in a range of habitats. Many researchers have evaluated survival with respect to background color matching, but the pigment cell mechanisms underlying such coloration are not known. Dorsal coloration of East Asian Takydromus lizards has shifted from green to brown or from brown to green on multiple occasions during the diversification of the genus, thus giving us an opportunity to examine the cellular mechanisms of background color matching. Brown and green skin were found to differ with respect to the morphological characteristics of iridophores, with different thicknesses of the reflecting platelets and the cytoplasmic spacing between platelets, despite a shared vertical arrangement of pigment cells, i.e., xanthophores in the upper layer, iridophores in the middle layer, and melanophores at the bottom of the dermal layer, among the different Takydromus lizards. Iridophores of brown skin reflected longer wavelengths of light than those of green skin, which may be attributed to the thicker platelets and longer distances between platelets in brown skin. We discuss the potential role of genetic and intracellular mechanisms explaining the thickness and orientation of the light-reflecting platelets of iridophores in Takydromus lizards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Disrupting Hedgehog signaling in melanocytes by SUFU knockout leads to ocular melanocytosis and anterior segment malformation.
- Author
-
Wang W, Li F, Wang J, Liu Z, Tian M, Wang Z, Li H, Qu J, Chen Y, and Hou L
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Mice, Cell Lineage, Skin, Hedgehog Proteins, Melanocytes, Repressor Proteins genetics
- Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is well known for its crucial role during development, but its specific role in individual cell lineages is less well characterized. Here, we disrupted Hh signaling specifically in melanocytes by using Cre-mediated cell-type-specific knockout of the Hh regulator suppressor of fused (Sufu). Interestingly, corresponding mice were fully pigmented and showed no developmental alterations in melanocyte numbers or distribution in skin and hair follicles. However, there were ectopic melanoblasts visible in the anterior chamber of the eye that eventually displayed severe malformation. Choroidal melanocytes remained unaltered. Surprisingly, the abnormal accumulation of anterior uveal melanoblasts was not the result of increased cell proliferation but of increased migration to ectopic locations such as the cornea. In melanoblasts in vitro, Sufu knockdown replicated the increase in cell migration without affecting proliferation and was mediated by an increased level of phosphorylated-ERK brought about by a reduction in the levels of the repressor form of GLI3. These results highlight the developmental divergence of distinct melanocyte subpopulations and may shed light on the pathogenesis of human ocular melanocytosis., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2023. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.) more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Albino wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Tamil Nadu, Southern India
- Author
-
Nagarajan Krishnakumar, Jabamalainathan Leona Princy, Arockianathan Samson, and Balasundaram Ramakrishnan
- Subjects
White (horse) ,Wild boar ,Tiger ,biology.animal ,Tamil ,language ,Albinism ,medicine ,Pigment cells ,Zoology ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,language.human_language - Abstract
El albinismo es un trastorno hipopigmentario con una falta total de melanina en el pelo, los ojos y la piel debido a la ausencia hereditaria de la enzima funcional tirosinasa en las células pigmentarias que afectan a toda la piel y el pelo, lo que da como resultado un pelaje blanco total con ojos rojos. El 10 de agosto de 2019 a las 11:30 am durante un trabajo de campo, registramos un jabalí macho albino en la Reserva de Tigres de Sathyamangalam, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, sur de la India. Desafortunadamente, numerosos registros de este tipo de aberraciones de color no se informaron adecuadamente. En esta nota destacamos la importancia de las fotografías como una herramienta importante para la documentación sobre la historia natural. Esta observación centra la atención de la comunidad científica por reconocer mejor este fenómeno y comprender las implicaciones ecológicas y fisiológicas de esta situación, que tiene una gran influencia en la supervivencia animal. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Biodiversity of the Micro-morphologies of the Petal Epidermis of Angiosperms & Their Scientific Aesthetics, Quasi-Geometry
- Author
-
Dongming Zhou, Fan Du, Hua Wang, Shaoyong Yang, Weibo Liu, and Dixin Wu
- Subjects
Epidermis (zoology) ,Aesthetics ,Taxonomy (general) ,Biodiversity ,Pigment cells ,Geometry ,Petal ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Micro morphology - Abstract
The micro-morphologies and biodiversities of the epidermis of flower petals of angiosperms were reported for the first time. By manual slicing anatomy and microscopic photography technique, the micro-morphologies of the upper and lower epidermis of petals of some common ornamental flowers in Kunming were studied, and the biodiversities were discovered. The results showed these much-varied pigment cells appeared not only a new compensation to anatomy, but a new criteria to taxonomy, so that a brand new research field of “Cell Taxonomy” was established instead of the current “Chromosome Taxonomy” widely used in phytosystematics research. Furthermore, the most interesting and significant phenomena was their scientific aesthetics: these pigment cells of flower petals were quite special, planary, far different from the ordinary plant cells in plant organs & tissues. By comparison to ordinary geometry, these colorful cells of the fresh flower petals could be described as “Quasi-geometry” for their special origin and micro-morphological characteristics. As for the aspect of art, it was quite similar to “Quasi-crystal” discovered by Daniel Schechtman, so that the art future was discussed, obviously another new epoch of scientific-art history began. more...
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. In situ differentiation of iridophore crystallotypes underlies zebrafish stripe patterning
- Author
-
Kory R. Johnson, Dvir Gur, David M. Parichy, H. Amalia Pasoili, Jennifer C. Lee, Michael C. Allen, Jessica D. Flynn, Dimitri D. Deheyn, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Andy Aman, and Emily J. Bain
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,In situ ,Cell type ,Science ,Biophysics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Skin Pigmentation ,Model system ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,X-Ray Diffraction ,biology.animal ,Organelle ,Animals ,Chromatophores ,Predator avoidance ,Zebrafish ,Cell Proliferation ,Skin ,030304 developmental biology ,Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Pigment cells ,Vertebrate ,food and beverages ,Cell Differentiation ,General Chemistry ,Zebrafish Proteins ,biology.organism_classification ,Phenotype ,Chromatophore ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Mutagenesis ,Skin color ,embryonic structures ,Ultraviolet irradiation ,Pattern formation ,Transcriptome ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Skin color patterns are ubiquitous in nature, impact social behavior, predator avoidance, and protection from ultraviolet irradiation. A leading model system for vertebrate skin patterning is the zebrafish; its alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes depend on light-reflecting cells called iridophores. It was suggested that the zebrafish’s color pattern arises from a single type of iridophore migrating differentially to stripes and interstripes. However, here we find that iridophores do not migrate between stripes and interstripes but instead differentiate and proliferate in-place, based on their micro-environment. RNA-sequencing analysis further reveals that stripe and interstripe iridophores have different transcriptomic states, while cryogenic-scanning-electron-microscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction identify different crystal-arrays architectures, indicating that stripe and interstripe iridophores are different cell types. Based on these results, we present an alternative model of skin patterning in zebrafish in which distinct iridophore crystallotypes containing specialized, physiologically responsive, organelles arise in stripe and interstripe by in-situ differentiation., The skin of zebrafish is patterned by alternating blue stripes and yellow interstripes which arises from guanine crystal-containing cells called iridophores that reflect light. Here the authors track iridophores and see that they do not migrate between stripes and interstripes, but instead differentiate and proliferate in place based on their micro-environment. more...
- Published
- 2020
47. Regional Changes of Iris Stiffness in the Rabbits Suffered from Chronic High Intraocular Pressure
- Author
-
Haixia Zhang, Zhicheng Liu, Xiao Qin, Tan Li, and Lin Li
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Atomic force microscopy ,0206 medical engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Pigment cells ,Aqueous humor ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,urologic and male genital diseases ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Flow field ,eye diseases ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Ophthalmology ,medicine ,sense organs ,Iris (anatomy) ,High intraocular pressure ,business - Abstract
To explore the effects of chronic high intraocular pressure (IOP) on the iris stiffness in different regions (iris root, mid-periphery and pupillary-margin). We established rabbit animal models with chronic high IOP by injecting α-chymotrypsin into the posterior chamber of the left eyes of rabbits, while their right eyes were regarded as self-blank control eyes. After a 26-week duration of chronic high IOP, rabbits were sacrificed and irises were removed from the eyes globe. The iris stiffness in different regions was measured by atomic force microscope. The iris in treated eye was significantly stiffer than that in control eye in iris root (1.9 times), mid-periphery (2.0 times) and pupillary-margin (2.3 times), p < 0.05. In treated eye, the iris in pupillary-margin was significantly stiffer than that in iris root and mid-periphery, p < 0.05. In control eye, the iris in pupillary-margin was significantly stiffer than that in mid-periphery, p < 0.05. Histological analysis showed that in treated eye, the iris thinned and the number of iris pigment cells in the stroma decreased. Under chronic high IOP, rabbit iris stiffness increases. The difference in mean iris stiffness between pupillary-margin and mid-periphery in the treated eye is higher than that in the control eye. It needs to investigate whether the regional difference of iris stiffness affects the flow field of aqueous humor in the anterior segment and leads to further elevation of IOP. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. SLC45A2 protein stability and regulation of melanosome pH determine melanocyte pigmentation
- Author
-
Linh Le, Elena V. Sviderskaya, Ariel J Lefkovith, Emily Latteri, Elena Oancea, Michael S. Marks, Kirk D. Haltaufderhyde, Megan K Dennis, Iliana E. Escobar, Tina Ho, Dorothy C. Bennett, and Lynn Plowright more...
- Subjects
Male ,SLC45A2 ,genetic structures ,Skin Pigmentation ,Melanocyte ,Cell Line ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Melanin synthesis ,0302 clinical medicine ,Protein stability ,Antigens, Neoplasm ,Chloride Channels ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Skin ,030304 developmental biology ,Melanosome ,0303 health sciences ,Melanosomes ,biology ,Pigmentation ,Protein Stability ,Membrane Transport Proteins ,Pigment cells ,Transporter ,Articles ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Oculocutaneous albinism ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell Biology of Disease ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Melanocytes ,Carrier Proteins ,Lysosomes ,HeLa Cells - Abstract
SLC45A2 encodes a putative transporter expressed primarily in pigment cells. SLC45A2 mutations cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) and polymorphisms are associated with pigmentation variation, but the localization, function, and regulation of SLC45A2 and its variants remain unknown. We show that SLC45A2 localizes to a cohort of mature melanosomes that only partially overlaps with the cohort expressing the chloride channel OCA2. SLC45A2 expressed ectopically in HeLa cells localizes to lysosomes and raises lysosomal pH, suggesting that in melanocytes SLC45A2 expression, like OCA2 expression, results in the deacidification of maturing melanosomes to support melanin synthesis. Interestingly, OCA2 overexpression compensates for loss of SLC45A2 expression in pigmentation. Analyses of SLC45A2- and OCA2-deficient mouse melanocytes show that SLC45A2 likely functions later during melanosome maturation than OCA2. Moreover, the light skin-associated SLC45A2 allelic F374 variant restores only moderate pigmentation to SLC45A2-deficient melanocytes due to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation resulting in lower protein expression levels in melanosomes than the dark skin-associated allelic L374 variant. Our data suggest that SLC45A2 maintains melanosome neutralization that is initially orchestrated by transient OCA2 activity to support melanization at late stages of melanosome maturation, and that a common allelic variant imparts reduced activity due to protein instability. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Computer-aided Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: A Review
- Author
-
Maryam Karimifard, Douglas Aguiar do Nascimento, Vania V. Estrela, Mohsen Ashourian, Hermes José Loschi, Reinaldo Padilha França, Mikhail P. Vishnevski, and Navid Razmjooy
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Skin Neoplasms ,High prevalence ,integumentary system ,Computers ,business.industry ,Melanoma ,Pigment cells ,Cancer ,Cancer detection ,medicine.disease ,Dermatology ,Lymphatic system ,Computer-aided diagnosis ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ,Skin cancer ,business ,Algorithms ,Skin - Abstract
Cancer is currently one of the main health issues in the world. Among different varieties of cancers, skin cancer is the most common cancer in the world and accounts for 75% of the world's cancer. Indeed, skin cancer involves abnormal changes in the outer layer of the skin. Although most people with skin cancer recover, it is one of the major concerns of people due to its high prevalence. Most types of skin cancers grow only locally and invade adjacent tissues, but some of them, especially melanoma (cancer of the pigment cells), which is the rarest type of skin cancer, may spread through the circulatory system or lymphatic system and reach the farthest points of the body. Many papers have been reviewed about the application of image processing in cancer detection. In this paper, the automatic skin cancer detection and also different steps of such a process have been discussed based on the implantation capabilities. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Linking genotype, cell behavior, and phenotype: multidisciplinary perspectives with a basis in zebrafish patterns
- Author
-
Alexandria Volkening
- Subjects
Embryo, Nonmammalian ,animal structures ,Genotype ,Cell ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Morphogenesis ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Zebrafish ,Body Patterning ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,fungi ,Pigment cells ,biology.organism_classification ,Biological Evolution ,Phenotype ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Evolutionary biology ,embryonic structures ,%22">Fish ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Zebrafish are characterized by dark and light stripes, but mutants display a rich variety of altered patterns. These patterns arise from the interactions of brightly colored pigment cells, making zebrafish a self-organization problem. The diversity of patterns present in zebrafish and other emerging fish models provides an excellent system for elucidating how genes, cell behavior, and visible animal characteristics are related. With the goal of highlighting how experimental and mathematical approaches can be used to link these scales, I overview current descriptions of zebrafish patterning, describe advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell communication, and discuss new work that moves beyond zebrafish to explore patterning in evolutionary relatives. more...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.