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The notion of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) is operationalized here to explore the influence of press freedom (PF) on the performance of news media firms. We find that growth in reader revenues (RR)—digital and print—is statistically significantly correlated to both EO and PF, suggesting that subscriptions to independently produced news are likely to be better in countries with high degrees of PF, and in instances where the firm’s leaders are entrepreneurial. acceptedVersion

The effects of collecting prawns (Callichirus and Upogebia spp.) in Langebaan Lagoon as bait were assessed in 1999–2001 and in 2012–2013. Langebaan Lagoon (part of West Coast National Park and a Marine Protected Area) is divided into three zones. One zone is a sanctuary, a second allows non-extractive visitation, and the third is for general use including bait collecting and fishing. In 1999–2000, the number of people visiting the sandflats to collect bait was highest during summer weekends (x = 48 per day), and was concentrated at two sites: Centre Banks and Klein Oesterwal. Callichirus kraussi was the main species harvested, with an estimated 1 008 178 being removed annually. This represents 0.12% of the sandprawn stock at Centre Banks and Klein Oesterwal, and 0.012% of the estimated total stock. In 2012–2013, total bait-collecting activities had increased 23% compared with 1999–2000, but still constituted a small proportion of the stock. On average, each bait collector removed 86 prawns per outing: 36 more than the legal daily limit. The amount of sediment disturbed annually by bait collecting was estimated as 6189 tonnes. The surface area trampled by bait collectors and associated persons amounted to ~562 800 m2. Thus, although the proportion of C. kraussi harvested constitutes no threat to the stock, associated disturbance has local adverse effects on the ecosystem.Key words: sandprawns, mudprawns, callianassid, bait collecting, prawn stock.

Newspapers are in flux. Having seen their traditional businesses battered by forces that include structural changes fuelled by the rapid growth of networked digital technologies and cyclical shifts in the economy, mainstream news publishers have intensified efforts to adapt their journalism processes and products. However, growing digital revenue streams to match, if not surpass, the losses in print circulation and advertising incomes has proved difficult. A bright—or at least not quite so dim—spot glows from mobile devices. Drawing on data from an annual audit conducted in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, this article examines how 66 metropolitan newspapers in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have performed with respect to channels, content, conversation and commerce (4C's) of mobile news. While findings show the expansion of newspapers' mobile endeavours, these are uneven and characterised by repurposing existing content and duplicating traditional commercial models.

The need for journalism curriculum reform is widely acknowledged in the United Kingdom, yet the wheels of the academy turn slowly. How are its journalism educators to resolve this dichotomy and meaningfully prepare their students for the realities of a fast-changing profession? This essay critically reviews an intervention designed to complement and inform the process of curriculum development, while equipping journalism students with the additional skills and attributes that they will need in order to break into an industry that is, by all accounts, changing its shape and shifting its expectations of its workforce.

Predictions of the imminent death of once-powerful printed newspapers have grown louder in many developed countries, where structural changes fuelled by shifting consumer demand and the rapid growth of networked digital technologies have battered the sector. Nonetheless, most publishers are still in operation, albeit with shrinking readerships and advertising revenues. In response, many have launched news websites and applications for mobile devices and tablets with the aim to make their content and services accessible anytime, anyplace and through any device. The rise of Web 2.0 practices have further challenged publishers to engage with users in so-called participatory- and citizen journalism practices.

Much like their counterparts in the United States and elsewhere, British newspaper publishers have seen a sharp decline in revenues from traditional sources—print advertising and copy sales—and many are intensifying efforts to generate new income by expanding their online offerings. A study of the largest circulation newspapers in the 66 cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland showed that while only a small minority did not have companion websites, many of the publishers who do have an online presence have transferred familiar revenue models. It has also been recognised that income from these sources is not enough to sustain current operations and innovative publishers have diversified into additional broad categories of Web business models. Significantly, this study did not only compare the approaches of various news publishers with each other, but it also considered how active newspaper publishers were in taking advantage of the variety of business models generally being employed on the Web—and which opportunities were ignored.

The Changing Business of Journalism and Its Implications for Democracy David A. L. Levy and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (Eds) Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2010 152 pp., £19.95, I...

Radiation proctitis is a common complication of radiation treatment for pelvic malignancies. Approximately 5 to 20 % of patients who receive radiation treatment will develop chronic complications including bleeding, fistulae and stictures. To date there are no standard recommendations for the treatment of the chronic blood loss from radiation proctitis. Studied treatments, including hyperbaric oxygen, formaldehyde, 5-ASA have had varied results. Endoscopic treatment is gaining popularity in the treatment of radiation proctitis with both APC and bipolar heater probe being studied. A number of case reports suggest APC may be useful and safe in the treatment of chronic radiation proctitis. However none have utilized a validated scoring system for treatment effect.We plan to study both the endoscopic and the clinical response of APC in the treatment of rectal bleeding from radiation proctitis. Method: Patients referred from radiation oncology with chronic blood loss from suspected radiation proctitis were approached for consent to participate in this study. The patients baseline rectal bleeding was scored using a five point bleeding scale; the patient then underwent a colonoscopy to confirm the source of bleeding. The severity of radiation proctitis was scored using a validated scoring system the rectal telangiectasia density grading score (RTG). Patients were then treated with APC and then re-evaluated in 8 weeks time. At this time, baseline bleeding score was obtained and RTG score evaluated with sigmoidoscopy. If further treatment was required the patient was again re-evaluated in 8 weeks time. Results: There were 19 patients enrolled in this study. Mean age was 72.1 (STD=8.0) and mean Hb is 134.2 g/l(STD=21.7). Three of them did not complete the study. Among the 16 patients who underwent the APC treatment, both the clinical bleeding score and RTG score were reduced after the treatment. The bleeding score reduced 0.93±1.34 (Mean ±STD), while the RTG score reduced 0.81±0.98 (Mean ±STD). The p-values for comparing the pre and post treatment bleeding and RTG scores were 0.02 and