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To meet the challenge of feeding almost 10 billion people by 2050, wheat yield has to double by 2050. However, over the past 20 years, yield increase has slowed down and even stagnated in the main producing countries. Following the example of maize, hybrids have been suggested as a solution to overcome yield stagnation in wheat. However, wheat heterosis is still limited and poorly understood. Gaining a better understanding of hybrid vigor holds the key to breed for better varieties. To this aim, we have developed and phenotyped for physiological and agronomic traits an incomplete factorial design consisting of 91 hybrids and their nineteen female and sixteen male parents. Monitoring the plant development with normalized difference vegetation index revealed that 89% of the hybrids including the five higher yielding hybrids had a longer grain filling phase with a delayed senescence that results in larger grain size. This average increase of 7.7% in thousand kernel weight translated to a positive mid-parent heterosis for grain yield for 86% of hybrids. In addition, hybrids displayed a positive grain protein deviation leading to a +4.7% heterosis in protein yield. These results shed light on the physiological bases underlying yield heterosis in wheat, paving new ways to breed for better wheat hybrids.

Background: The Haitian Annual Assembly for Orthopaedic Trauma (HAAOT) is a CME conference designed to help Haitian orthopaedic surgeons improve their knowledge and skills. The effectiveness of international CME conferences has not been studied. We hypothesized that HAAOT improves participants' short-term performance on knowledge-based assessments., Methods: Data were prospectively collected from 57 Haitian and 21 foreign orthopaedic surgeons and residents who attended HAAOT using pre- and post-presentation questions. An audience response system was used to capture responses to 40 questions. Five additional demographic questions were used to train participants and to record unique audience member responses. Questions were projected in English and in French. Two-sided paired t tests were used to compare pre- and post-test scores. ANOVA with post-hoc unpaired t tests was used to compare among demographic groups., Results: Response rate Median response rate was 77.4 % per day (Range: 76.5-85.9 % per day). Pre-test scores Pre-test scores averaged 21 % for Haitians and 39 % for foreigners (p < 0.0001), and were similar among Haitian attendings and residents. Pre-post differences Scores improved by 8 % for Haitians (p < 0.0001) and 10 % for foreigners (p < 0.01) after didactic presentations. Among sub-groups, Haitian attendings improved on average by 18 % compared to 6 % for residents (p < 0.0001). Haitian attending improvement trended toward significance when compared to foreign attendings (p < 0.08)., Conclusions: Our study is the first to show improved short-term knowledge performance using an audience response system during a CME conference in a low-income country. CME conferences in low-income countries can be an effective tool to increase surgeon knowledge, and audience response systems can help engage participants and track outcomes.

Background: Haiti's surgical capacity was significantly strained by the 2010 earthquake. As the government and its partners rebuild the health system, emergency and essential surgical care must be a priority., Methods: A validated, facility-based assessment tool developed by WHO was completed by 45 hospitals nationwide. The hospitals were assessed for (1) infrastructure, (2) human resources, (3) surgical interventions and emergency care, and (4) material resources for resuscitation. Fisher's exact test was used to compare hospitals by sectors: public compared to private and mixed (public-private partnerships)., Results: The 45 hospitals included first-referral level to the national referral hospital: 20 were public sector and 25 were private or mixed sector. Blood banks (33% availability) and oxygen concentrators (58%) were notable infrastructural deficits. For human resources, 69% and 33% of hospitals employed at least one full-time surgeon and anaesthesiologist, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of hospitals reported capacity to perform resuscitation. General and obstetrical surgical interventions were relatively more available, for example 93% provided hernia repairs and 98% provided cesarean sections. More specialized interventions were at a deficit: cataract surgery (27%), cleft repairs (31%), clubfoot (42%), and open treatment of fractures (51%)., Conclusion: Deficiencies in infrastructure and material resources were widespread and should be urgently addressed. Physician providers were mal-distributed relative to non-physician providers. Formal task-sharing to midlevel and general physician providers should be considered. The parity between public and private or mixed sector hospitals in availability of Ob/Gyn surgical interventions is evidence of concerted efforts to reduce maternal mortality. This ought to provide a roadmap for strengthening of surgical care capacity.

Adaptation to the environment and reproduction are dependent on the date of flowering in the season. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the effect of photoperiod on flowering date of the model species for legume crops, Medicago truncatula and to describe genetic architecture of this trait in multiple mapping populations. The effect of photoperiod (12 and 18 h) was analysed on eight lines. Quantitative variation in three recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations involving four parental lines was evaluated, and QTL detection was carried out. Flowering occurred earlier in long than in short photoperiods. Modelling the rate of progression to flowering with temperature and photoperiod gave high R2, with line-specific parameters that indicated differential responses of the lines to both photoperiod and temperature. QTL detection showed a QTL on chromosome 7 that was common to all populations and seasons. Taking advantage of the multiple mapping populations, it was condensed into a single QTL with a support interval of only 0.9 cM. In a bioanalysis, six candidate genes were identified in this interval. This design also indicated other genomic regions that were involved in flowering date variation more specifically in one population or one season. The analysis on three different mapping populations detected more QTLs than on a single population, revealed more alleles and gave a more precise position of the QTLs that were common to several populations and/or seasons. Identification of candidate genes was a result of integration of QTL analysis and genomics in M. truncatula.

In many legume crops, especially in forage legumes, aerial morphogenesis defined as growth and development of plant organs, is an essential trait as it determines plant and seed biomass as well as forage quality (protein concentration, dry matter digestibility). Medicago truncatula is a model species for legume crops. A set of 29 accessions of M. truncatula was evaluated for aerial morphogenetic traits. A recombinant inbred lines (RILs) mapping population was used for analysing quantitative variation in aerial morphogenetic traits and QTL detection. Genes described to be involved in aerial morphogenetic traits in other species were mapped to analyse co-location between QTLs and genes. A large variation was found for flowering date, morphology and dynamics of branch elongation among the 29 accessions and within the RILs population. Flowering date was negatively correlated to main stem and branch length. QTLs were detected for all traits, and each QTL explained from 5.2 to 59.2% of the phenotypic variation. A QTL explaining a large part of genetic variation for flowering date and branch growth was found on chromosome 7. The other chromosomes were also involved in the variation detected in several traits. Mapping of candidate genes indicates a co-location between a homologue of Constans gene or a flowering locus T (FT) gene and the QTL of flowering date on chromosome 7. Other candidate genes for several QTLs are described.