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The policy of trade liberalization led by the EEC and by France towards a state-trading country like Romania proved to be a specific issue with regard to the implementation of the European common trade policy. It was all the more complicated than the economic environment worsened from 1973 onwards and that protectionist measures became a more and more accurate danger. As a consequence, the goals of Romania, those of the European Commission and those of France interacted with each other in a complicated way. Moreover, that interaction evolved over the years as the French policy itself evolved regarding the processes it supported, namely the European construction in the West and the Détente towards the East. French diplomacy changed indeed in accordance with the new frame that was put in place inside the EEC. It was however confronted with several discrepancies between those two processes it wanted to link together.

This article focuses on paradoxical contemporary artwork, based on the self-evidence of mundane objects in Prayer Wheel: “Money Makes the Mare Go” (Chinese Slang), created in New York in 1997 by Chen Zhen, a French-naturalized artist born in China. This installation was made using the personal experience of the artist following a trip to Tibet in 1983, which he made unwillingly. The time he spent with Tibetans changed his perspective to such a degree that he gave closer attention to everyday realities. The simplicity of this installation, firmly anchored in material triviality, requires going beyond appearances to better share its non-physical elements. Throughout his work, Chen built a genuine life project and thought pattern that he called “transexperience.”

Pour la diplomatie francaise, l’integration europeenne et la detente devaient permettre, chacune a sa facon, un renforcement des Etats-nations europeens face aux superpuissances. La communautarisation de la politique commerciale constitue cependant, durant les annees 1970, une source d’incertitudes et de difficultes pour les relations avec la Hongrie et la Roumanie. Le risque d’une baisse des flux commerciaux entre les deux blocs est, certes, infirme sans ambiguite. Mais l’impact au niveau politique est reel. La diplomatie francaise parvient toutefois a articuler les differentes dimensions ouest-europeenne, est-europeenne et mondiale, afin de poursuivre deux objectifs lies entre eux, a savoir le maintien de la puissance francaise et le rapprochement entre les deux Europe.

The role of cathodic structure on water management was investigated for planar micro-air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The electrical results demonstrate the possibility to decrease, with the same structure, both cell drying and cell flooding according to the environmental and operation conditions. Thanks to a simultaneous study of internal resistance and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images, we demonstrate the advantageous influence of the presence of crack in cathodic catalytic layer on water management. On the one hand, the gold layer used as cathodic current collector is in contact with the electrolyte in the cracked zones which allows water maintenance within the electrolyte. It allows to decrease the cell drying and thus strongly increase the electrical performances. For cells operated in a 10% relative humidity atmosphere at 30 °C and at a potential of 0.5 V, the current density increases from 28 mA cm −2 to 188 mA cm −2 (+570%) for the cell with a cathodic cracked network. On the other hand, the reduction in oxygen barrier diffusion due to the cathodic cracks allows to improve oxygen diffusion. In flooding state, the current densities were higher for a cell with a cracked network. For cells operating in a 70% relative humidity atmosphere at 30 °C and at a potential of 0.2 V, a current density increase from 394 mA cm −2 to 456 mA cm −2 (16%) was noted for the cell with a cathodic cracked network. Microscopic observations allowed us to visualize water droplets growth mechanism in cathodic cracks. It was observed that the water comes out of the crack sides and partially saturates the cracks before emerging on cathodic collector. These results demonstrate that cathode structuration is a key parameter that plays a major role in the water management of PEMFCs.

The role of cathodic cover opening ratio on water management was investigated for micro air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The results demonstrate the possibility to manage water content in micro-PEMFC using cover opening ratio variation. By measuring the internal resistance of a cell in various cover configurations (0.33 Ω cm 2 to 4.0 Ω cm 2 ), the influence of cover opening ratio on water management was shown. Indeed, for a cell situated in a 10% relative humidity atmosphere and operated at 0.5 V, the addition of a 5% opening ratio cover allowed to reach similar current densities (270 mA cm −2 ) to those recorded for the same potential at 70% relative humidity without cover. Although the starting current density for a cell operated at 60 °C without gas humidification was extremely low (15 mA cm −2 ), the total closure of the cover allowed to maintain the water produced and accumulated by the cell at the cathode, and current density of 800 mA cm −2 were reached after height minutes of operation. The influence of the opening ratio on back-diffused water was also evaluated and the maximum of back-diffused water was observed for a cell operated with a 5% cover opening ratio and represented 33% of the total water product at 150 mA cm −2 . A new method of anodic water evacuation, which does not increase the cell volume and which does not require any control tool was carried out and experimentally evaluated.

Le pacte de Varsovie fut marque, durant la detente, par un processus de renforcement politique et militaire. La Hongrie se trouva cependant dans une situation particuliere, en raison de l’impact de la Revolution de 1956 et de la crise de 1968. Elle tendit donc a etre transformee davantage en un prolongement du flanc nord qu’en une composante majeure du flanc sud, dont elle faisait pourtant theo­riquement partie. Les attaches militaires francais saisirent cette situation mais en privilegiant une approche nationale – au niveau du satellite concerne – et bilaterale – au niveau des relations avec l’URSS – plutot qu’au niveau regional. Ce faisant, ils refleterent la politique etrangere menee alors par la France, et confirmerent la difficulte traditionnelle de celle-ci a comprendre l’Europe centrale comme un ensemble.

The emergence of wireless communication technologies has increased the need for high performance radio frequency (RF) circuits as transceivers or filters (1). These functions imply high quality factor (Q) inductors. One way to reach such high Q value is to increase the ultimate copper thickness (above 3µm). Whereas Cu CMP has been widely reported as one of the leading techniques to integrate copper interconnects, many issues are still encountered for thick copper applications, where uniformity, topology and process time are major concerns. In this study, we develop a copper bulk CMP process compatible for both thick copper/low k interconnects and RF application. Starting from conventional sub-0.18µm slurry, an additive solution is added to enhance its removal rate. Results obtained on a 4 µm thick level are presented. It is shown that electrical performances are preserved, notably sheet resistance uniformity. Other usual CMP parameters, like planarization and consumables aging are also presented. The approach reported here, which emphasizes chemical contribution, is expected to make compatible slurries dedicated to sub-0.18µm copper/low k technologies with thick copper applications, while not inducing significant additional cost of ownership.

While most of the SiO2 etch processes for microelectronics focus on very small dimensions, some specific embedded applications require thick oxide etching. For the purpose of a thick damascene copper layer, the morphological properties of a C5F8 (octafluorocyclopentene)/O2/Ar chemistry is investigated on a MERIE reactor by means of a Design of Experiment (DOE). Some experiments present 2 distinct etch states, inducing sloping profile on top of the trench and straighter profile on bottom of the trench. Polymer deposition on the photoresist sides and on the oxide walls is faster than polymer consumption by bombardment. A very simple model is issued for RIE-lag adjustment between small and large areas through the mean of residence time, thus allowing a fine depth tuning for both trenches and pads patterning.

La crise des rapports soviéto-roumains, à la suite de l’invasion de la Tchécoslovaquie, aboutit à une transformation du socle normatif qui régulait le rapport de domination entre Bucarest et Moscou. Ce phénomène s’opéra toutefois dans des bornes étroites en raison du maintien de l’idéologie comme langage commun à la Roumanie et à l’URSS. La redéfinition du système normatif s’opéra en réalité par une adjonction de nouvelles normes plutôt que par une remise en cause radicale. Ce fut en conséquence dès le début des années 1970 que la profondeur de cette altération apparut douteuse à l’Ouest, et le rapport de subordination entre l’URSS et la Roumanie reformulé aux dépens de celle-ci. The diplomatic crisis between Romania and the USSR following the invasion of Czechoslovakia, led to a transformation of the normative basis regulating the way Romania was dominated by the USSR. This phenomenon was however narrowly circumscribed, as ideology remained a common language in both Bucharest and Moscow. Actually, there was no thorough transformation of the normative basis, but rather new norms were introduced. As a consequence, as early as the 1970s it appeared dubious to the West that the normative rift between Romania and the USSR was truly significant. On the contrary, it seemed that Romania was rather subordinated in a different way to the USSR.

In 1990, an unprecedented strike of the French-speaking teachers stirred up political life in Belgium. The conflict started in February, when the unions demanded a two percent wage increase. Such an increase had been promised a couple of months earlier to all civil servants in Belgium. However, the Frenchspeaking community could only implement this decision by cuttingjobs. The anger of the teachers was also rooted in a profound malaise about their profession. In May and June, most schools were on strike. The French-speaking community receives a dotation from the federal government, the amount of which is determined by the law of January 1989. Politicians will eventually agree on the necessity of revising this law, but they did not do so in 1990. As a consequence, the Community had to appeal to the Walloon andBrussels Regions for financial aid, so as to be able to meet the demands of the teachers without having to cut jobs. At the cost of a strike which lasted for about six weeks, the teachers have obtained a four percent wage increase. In addition, politicians have formally promised not to take any measures affecting employment until they have received the conclusions of a large-scale study of the educational system in the French-speaking Community. Those conclusions are expected to be available in 1992.

Les annees 1970 ne furent pas marquees par un dialogue etroit entre Paris et Rome. Or il y avait bien des convergences entre les politiques francaise et italienne : toutes deux soutenaient la detente – quoique pour des raisons differentes – et s’orienterent vers des pays du bloc de l’Est similaires. Mais Rome etait consideree comme totalement alignee sur les Etats-Unis, alors que Paris dirigeait en partie la detente contre leur hegemonie. La politique francaise fut, de surcroit, plus pionniere et plus ambitieuse. L’Italie ne pouvait ainsi pretendre a la meme stature diplomatique. Quand la politique italienne connut des developpements paralleles, elle ne fut donc pas percue en France comme une rivale a plein titre, a la difference de la RFA.

Entre 1967 et 1973, la politique exterieure francaise mit a profit plusieurs satellites sovietiques pour appuyer la detente en Europe. De ce point de vue, la Pologne et la Roumanie furent des interlocuteurs privilegies. La Hongrie, cependant, parvint a interesser la France a son sort, en depit d’un passe difficile entre les deux pays. Les reformes interieures mises en place par les dirigeants communistes, de meme que leur attitude moderee lors de la crise du Printemps de Prague, distinguerent Budapest de la majorite des autres democraties populaires. Toutefois, la Hongrie ne pouvant s’affirmer comme la Roumanie sur la scene internationale, les relations franco-hongroises echouerent a changer d’envergure, avant l’ouverture de la Conference sur la securite et la cooperation en Europe (CSCE).

This paper reviews the concept, manufacturing process and electrical characteristics of a novel self-aligned SiGeC HBT structure suitable for thin-film SOI substrates. It then describes the integration of this device into 130nm SOI CMOS technology, and presents early results on the development of a complementary pnp HBT.

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