Search

Objective: Exposure of neonatal macaques to the antiseizure medications phenobarbital and midazolam (PbM) causes widespread apoptotic death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. We studied behavior and neurocognitive performance in 12 to 24 month‐old macaques treated as neonates with PbM. Methods: A total of 14 monkeys received phenobarbital and midazolam over 24 hours under normothermia (n = 8) or mild hypothermia (n = 6). Controls (n = 8) received no treatment. Animals underwent testing in the human intruder paradigm at ages 12 and 18 months, and a 3‐step stimulus discrimination task at ages 12, 18, and 24 months. Results: Animals treated with PbM displayed lower scores for environmental exploration, and higher scores for locomotion and vocalizations compared with controls. Combined PbM and hypothermia resulted in lower scores for aggression and vigilance at 12 months compared with controls and normothermic PbM animals. A mixed‐effects generalized linear model was used to test for differences in neurocognitive performance between the control and PbM groups in the first step of the stimulus discrimination task battery (shape center baited to shape center non‐baited). The odds of passing this step differed by group (p = 0.044). At any given age, the odds of passing for a control animal were 9.53‐fold (95% CI 1.06–85) the odds for a PbM animal. There was also evidence suggesting a higher learning rate in the shape center non‐baited for the control relative to the PbM group (Cox model HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.02–4.43; p = 0.044). Interpretation: These findings demonstrate that a 24‐hour‐long neonatal treatment with a clinically relevant combination of antiseizure medications can have long‐lasting effects on behavior and cognition in nonhuman primates. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:57–70 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many coaches have been called instinctive for decisions they have made, whether in game situations, recruiting, or other aspects of their job. Coaches often report having "gut feelings" before making important decisions. The purpose of this article is to dispel the notion of intuition as a magical ability, and begin to look at it as an important decision-making tool that can be cultivated. Through education and deliberate practice, coaches can become more intuitive.

The purpose of the study was to identify American and English secondary students' determinants of enjoyment in physical education using Scanlan and Lewthwaite's (1986) Sport Enjoyment Model as a theoretical and conceptual framework. Open-ended semi-structured interviews, lasting between 30 and 75 minutes were conducted. Using open and axial coding, four themes and five categories representing student perceptions of enjoyment were established. These themes were: teacher impact, class activities, student determinants, and the physical education environment. Based on the findings, implications for practice are presented.

The author argues that there is a need to reassess the direction of the academic library and the working practices of the staff within it to reclaim our libraries for their users and to examine the epistemology of library and information services. He argues that in order for academic libraries to find their place in the tertiary education culture they need to investigate their origins. The academic library might then be able to reclaim its position as one of the pillars of academia.

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant instructional interaction patterns of expert golf instructors. Instructors (N = 22) were selected by the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) Teaching based on the following criteria: (a) 10 or more years of golf teaching experience, (b) LPGA certification, (c) awards received for the quality of their instruction, and (d) peer and student recognition for outstanding teaching. The instructors were videotaped teaching a 60-min lesson to a novice college-age woman with no previous golf experience. The tapes were then analyzed using both the Cheffers Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (CAFIAS) and a qualitative analysis. Based on the findings from descriptive statistics and correlation analyses of the CAFIAS data and qualitative data analysis, several trends were identified. First, the dominant instructional behavior of these teachers was providing information to the students using both explanations and demonstrations. Second, the prevailing instructional interaction pattern of the expert teachers included extensive explanations and demonstrations followed by directions. The student followed the directions by practicing skills and received praise for their achievements. Third, high rates of directions and praise from teachers prompted student practice. Fourth, engaging students in subject-related discussion was positively correlated with teachers' questions but negatively correlated with teachers' criticisms. Finally, teacher acceptance was positively correlated with student analytic behavior, while teachers' talk negatively correlated with students initiating discussions.

Distance learning (DL) provides equal access to higher education for individuals who might not otherwise be able to pursue college degrees. This paper defines DL and distance learners, discusses the quality and status of DL programs, examines emerging teacher and student roles in DL, and presents two DL success stories in higher physical education. (SM)

Abstract The purpose of the study was to identify American and English secondary students' determinants of enjoyment in physical education using Scanlan and Lewthwaite's (1986) Sport Enjoyment Model as a [...]

The social setting of animal subjects in the research environment has known effects on a variety of dependent measures used in biomedical research. Proper evaluation of the robustness of published research is dependent upon transparent, detailed, and accurate reporting of research methods, including the animals' social housing conditions. However, to date, most research articles utilizing nonhuman primates (NHPs) provide only partial data on this topic, hampering transparency, and reproducibility. Therefore, we call for the inclusion of information pertaining to the social aspects of the animals' housing conditions in publications involving NHPs to improve transparency. We argue that including this information in scientific publications is crucial for the interpretation of research findings in the appropriate context and for understanding unexplained variability in study findings. Finally, the inclusion of this information in publications will additionally familiarize scientists with how other researchers conducting similar studies are housing their animals and will encourage them to consider the implications of various housing conditions on their research outcomes Highlights: Transparency of study findings is a key principle of the scientific method.Enabling transparency requires detailed and accurate reporting of all study‐related elements.Social aspects of the housing of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research are known to influence biological functioning.Incorporating a requirement to include specific information pertaining to the social aspects of NHP housing will increase transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larger reinforcement magnitude was found to increase efficiency of progressive-ratio lever-press responding as well as resistance to effort, but did not affect resistance to prefeeding in three experiments with rats. Extinction was more rapid in the group with larger magnitude of reinforcement. In addition, acquisition of the lever-press response was not affected by reinforcement magnitude. The reinforcement magnitudes tested were one versus three sucrose pellets.

Focuses on the scheme of distance learning in the physical education in the higher education. Historical details on the development of distance learning; Features of the technologies and courses offered in the distance education; Advantages on the application of technologies on the distance learning programs.