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Isoflavones genistein and daidzein are nonsteroidal phytoestrogens occurring mainly in soybean foods. These phytoestrogens possess estrogenic properties and show a variety of health benefits as anti-inflammatory agents. However, the mechanism of their action has not been identified in detail. The aim of this study is to characterize the antioxidant powers of genistein, daidzein and daidzein metabolite-equol through their activities to scavenge superoxide anion radical (O(•) 2 (-) ), hydroxyl radical (HO(•) ), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(•) ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometry techniques. Potassium superoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and 18-crown-6 ether were used as a source of O(•) 2 (-) . Hydroxyl radicals were produced using the Fenton reaction. In free radical assays, genistein had the IC50 values (an amount of antioxidant concentration required to decrease the initial radical concentration by 50%) 0.391 ± 0.012 mM for O(•) 2 (-) , 0.621 ± 0.028 mM for HO(•) and 1.89 ± 0.16 mM for DPPH(•) . The IC50 values for daidzein for these free radicals were 1.924 ± 0.011 mM, 0.702 ± 0.012 mM and 2.81 ± 0.03 mM, respectively. Equol was the most active the free radical scavenger with IC50  = 0.451 ± 0.018 mM for HO(•) and IC50  = 1.36 ± 0.11 mM for DPPH(•) . All tested compounds exerted a significant effect on the H2 O2 : IC50  = 18.1 ± 1.1 μM for genistein, IC50  = 2.1 ± 0.5 μM for daidzein, and IC50  = 1.06 ± 0.2 μM for equol. These findings show that genistein, daidzein and equol are effective free radical scavengers and possess high antioxidant power in vitro. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Pyruvic acid and its derivatives occurring in most biological systems are known to exhibit several pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective or anticancer, many of which are suggested to originate from their antioxidant and free radical scavenger activity. The therapeutic potential of these compounds is a matter of particular interest, due to their mechanisms of action, particularly their possible antioxidant behaviour. Here, we report the results of a study of the effect of pyruvic acid (PA), ethyl pyruvate (EP) and sodium pyruvate (SP) on reactions generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, and their total antioxidant capacity. Chemiluminescence (CL) and spectrophotometry techniques were employed. The pyruvate analogues studied were found to inhibit the CL signal arising from superoxide anion radicals in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 = 0.0197 ± 0.002 mM for EP and IC50 = 69.2 ± 5.2 mM for PA. These compounds exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in the CL signal of the luminol + H2O2 system over the range 0.5-10 mM with IC50 values of 1.71 ± 0.12 mM for PA, 3.85 ± 0.21 mM for EP and 22.91 ± 1.21 mM for SP. Furthermore, these compounds also inhibited hydroxyl radical-dependent deoxyribose degradation in a dose-dependent manner over the range 0.5-200 mM, with IC50 values of 33.2 ± 0.3 mM for SP, 116.1 ± 6.2 mM for EP and 168.2 ± 6.2 mM for PA. All the examined compounds also showed antioxidant capacity when estimated using the ferric-ferrozine assay. The results suggest that the antioxidant activities of pyruvate derivatives may reflect a direct effect on scavenging ROS and, in part, be responsible for their pharmacological actions., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Fifteen chromonylrhodamine derivatives (CRs) were synthesized and the antioxidant activity levels were evaluated for the first time. The antioxidant activity potencies of these chromone derivatives were evaluated towards superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. Also, the total antioxidant capacity of the tested compounds was measured using the ferric-ferrozine assay. The antioxidant activities were investigated using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay, spectrophotometry measurements, direct electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and the EPR spin-trapping technique. The 5,5-dimethyl- 1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) was applied as spin trap. Eleven of the 15 chromone compounds exhibited a decrease in the CL accompanying the superoxide anion radical produced in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ranging from 71-94% at concentration of 1 mmol /L; four of these compounds enhanced light emission in the range 231-672%. Similarly, these compounds caused 28-58% inhibition in the intensity of the DMPO-OOH radical EPR signal and the DMPO-OH radical (from 12-48%). Furthermore, three of these compounds showed very good antioxidant response towards the DPPH radical (EC50 : 0.51-0.56 µmol/L) and the high reduction potentials. These findings demonstrate that the chromone compounds tested may be considered as effective free radicals scavengers, a finding that is of great pharmacological importance., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

A series of flavonyl-2,4-thiazolidinedione, imidazolidinedione and rhodanine derivatives were tested for their antioxidant activity as scavengers of oxygen free radicals. Free radical scavenging activities, including superoxide anion radical O2•, hydroxyl radical (HO(•)) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical have been evaluated using chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide as a spin trap. Potassium superoxide in dimethylsulfoxide and 18-crown-6 ether were used for the production of O2•. Hydroxyl radical was generated using the Fenton reaction. Ten of the eleven examined compounds exhibited decrease in chemiluminescence, but there were large differences in the decrease, ranging from 16% to 89%; also, two of these compounds increased light emission by about 200%. On the contrary, all compounds tested exhibited 30-68% scavenging HO(•) and 25-96% scavenging the DPPH(•) radical respectively. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the results., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Recent reviews evidence that the naturally occurring compounds containing the chromone skeleton exhibit antiradical activities, providing protection against oxidative stress. The antioxidant activities of 13 new synthesized chromonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones, chromonyl-2,4-imidazolidinediones and chromonyl-2-thioxoimidzolidine-4-ones were evaluated using in vitro antioxidant assays, including superoxide anion radical (O2(-•)), hydroxyl radical (HO(•)), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH(•)) scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity ferric ion reducing activity. Superoxide anion radical was produced using potassium superoxide/18-crown-6-ether dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, and the Fenton-like reaction (Fe(II) + H2O2) was a generator of hydroxyl radicals. Chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as the spin trap were the measurement techniques. The results showed that the majority of the chromone derivatives tested showed a strong scavenging effect towards free radicals, similar to the chemiluminescence reaction with superoxide anion radical with a high activity, inhibition of the DMPO-OOH radical EPR signal (24-58%), the DMPO-OH radical EPR signal (4-75%) and DPPH radical EPR signal (6-100%) at 1 mmol/L. Several of the examined compounds exhibited the high reduction potentials. The results obtained show that the new synthesized chromone derivatives may directly scavenger reactive oxygen species and thus may play a protective role against oxidative damage., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The benefits of antioxidants on human health are usually ascribed to their potential ability to remove reactive oxygen species providing protection against oxidative stress. In this paper the free radicals scavenging activities of nine 6-methyl 3-chromonyl derivatives (CMs) were evaluated for the first time by the chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance, spin trapping and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) methods. The total antioxidant capacity was also measured using a ferric-ferrozine reagent. Compounds having a hydrogen atom at the N3-position of the β-ring were effective in quenching CL resulted from the KO2 /18-crown-6-ether system (a source of superoxide anion radical, O2•¯) in a dose-dependent manner over the range of 0.05-1 mmol/L [IC50 ranged from 0.353 (0.04) to 0.668 (0.05) mmol/L]. The examined compounds exhibited a significant scavenging effect towards hydroxyl radicals (HO(•) HO(•)), produced by the Fenton reaction, and this ranged from 24.0% to 61.0%, at the concentration of 2.5 mmol/L. Furthermore, the compounds examined were also found to inhibit DPPH(•) and this ranged from 51.9% to 97.4% at the same concentration. In addition, the use of the total antioxidant capacity assay confirmed that CM compounds are able to act as reductants. According to the present study, CM compounds showed effective in vitro free radical scavenging activity and may be considered as potential therapeutics to control diseases of oxidative stress-related etiology., (Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Free radical activity towards superoxide anion radical (O2•¯), hydroxyl radical (HO(•)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) of a series of novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (TSs) was examined using chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and EPR spin trapping techniques. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was applied as the spin trap. Superoxide radical was produced in the potassium superoxide/18-crown-6 ether dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Hydroxyl radical was generated in the Fenton reaction (Fe(II) + H2O2. It was found that TSs showed a slight scavenging effect (15-38% reduction at 2.5 mmol/L concentration) of the DPPH radical and a high scavenging effect of O2•¯ (41-88%). The tested compounds showed inhibition of HO(•)-dependent DMPO-OH spin adduct formation (the amplitude of EPR signal decrease ranged from 20 to 76% at 2.5 mmol/L concentration. Our findings present new group compounds of relatively high reactivity towards free radicals., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The antioxidant properties of 11 new synthesized chromonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones and chromonyl-2,4-imidazolidinediones (CBs) were investigated. The antioxidant activities and mechanisms of the CBs interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) were clarified using various in vitro antioxidant assay methods including superoxide anion radical (O2(•-)), hydroxyl radical (HO(•)), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH(•)) scavenging activity and the iron (II)-ferrozine complex formation. The potassium superoxide/18-crown-6 ether dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was applied as a source of superoxide anion radical. Hydroxyl radicals were produced in the Fenton-like reaction Fe(II)+H2O2. Chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO) as spin trap were applied as the measurement techniques. The CBs examined that exhibited good free radical scavenging activity also showed strong total antioxidant power capacity. Possible mechanisms of antioxidation are proposed to explain the differences in the experimental results between the chromone derivatives with imidazolidine-2,4-dione ring and those with thiazolidine-2,4-dione ring. In conclusion, some of the new CBs are promising to be applied as inhibitors of free radicals.