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Objective: Vehicles are increasingly being equipped with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and literature highlights the utility to fit a similar active safety system in Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs). This research attempts to analyze the efficacy of PTW Autonomous Emergency Braking (MAEB) when functioning solely, and in the case where both the PTW and Opponent Vehicle (OV) have AEB installed. Methods: 23 crashes involving motorcyclists that occurred in metropolitan areas of Italy between 2009 and 2017 were selected. The "In-depth Study of road Accidents in FlorencE (InSAFE)" provides data for the study. Each crash was reconstructed in PC-Crash 12.1 software. The obtained simulation of the crash dynamics was then used to create the dataset of cases fitted with AEB and MAEB systems. A custom MAEB system was implemented with specifications based on literature. Results: The majority of crashes occurred on urban roads, at intersections, on dry asphalt, with clear visibility, and in daylight. The passenger vehicle was the most frequent opponent vehicle (70%). Almost half the sample involved the PTW rider traveling beyond the speed limit permitted on urban roads. MAEB was found to be applicable in 19 out of 23 real-world crashes allowing the avoidance of two crashes with the progressive triggering criteria (Time to Collision (TTC) - 1.0 s) and one crash in the case where both the PTW and OV have AEB installed with more conservative setups. MAEB simulations show important trends in the reduction of the PTW impact speed (ISR) from the conservative (TTC-0.6s) to standard (TTC-0.8s) to progressive (TTC-1.0s) triggering criteria. The mean impact speed reduction (ISR) becomes 8.6 km/h, 13.8 km/h, 19.1 km/h, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggested that MAEB may be extremely effective in the PTW impact speed reduction and that an earlier MAEB intervention is beneficial in achieving higher reductions in the PTW impact speed. Further, the effect of opponent vehicles also possessing AEB was studied, and it was found that this increased the likelihood of crash avoidance and greater reduction in crash severity in unavoidable circumstances.

Objective: Motorcycle helmets are the most common and effective protective device to reduce head injuries and mortality in crashes among powered two-wheeler riders. Even if they are globally recognized as effective, there are still concerns regarding their correct use, which is necessary to achieve maximum head protection. The goal of this systematic review is to assess which characteristics of helmet design and use showed a positive influence on rider safety, in order to provide insights to improve end-user helmet usage., Methods: A literature search was carried out combining two sets of keywords, one related with either motorcycle or rider and the other referring to either protective equipment or injuries. After the exclusion of duplicates, 977 papers were screened by reviewers, thus identifying 32 papers that were analyzed in group discussions., Results: Among the papers included in this study, no strong conflicting conclusions emerged in their results. The studies focusing on the use of different types of helmets highlighted that full-face helmets, compared with other standard helmets, have a positive influence on head injuries and facial injuries. Correct fastening was clearly beneficial for head and facial injuries, induced injuries, and helmet ejection., Conclusions: This systematic review provides important insights to improve the usage of helmets by end-users. Correct fastening is a crucial factor to avoid helmet roll-off during a crash. Most studies agreed that full-face helmets provide higher protection in comparison with other standard helmets, especially for facial injuries, and no negative influence with respect to neck and spinal injuries.

The development of selective tumor targeting agents to deliver multiple units of chemotherapy drugs to cancer tissue would improve treatment efficacy and greatly advance progress in cancer therapy. Here we report a new drug delivery system based on a tetrabranched peptide known as NT4, which is a promising cancer theranostic by virtue of its high cancer selectivity. We developed NT4 directly conjugated with one, two, or three units of paclitaxel and an NT4-based nanosystem, using NIR-emitting quantum dots, loaded with the NT4 tumor-targeting agent and conjugated with paclitaxel, to obtain a NT4-QD-PTX nanodevice designed to simultaneously detect and kill tumor cells. The selective binding and in vitro cytotoxicity of NT4-QD-PTX were higher than for unlabeled QD-PTX when tested on the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. NT4-QD-PTX tumor-targeted nanoparticles can be considered promising for early tumor detection and for the development of effective treatments combining simultaneous therapy and diagnosis.

Objective: Various definitions and uses of the term body region can be found in the literature. A definition of body regions using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) codes not strictly aligned with AIS chapters was developed for use in the European Commission-funded PIONEERS project (Protective Innovations of New Equipment for Enhanced Rider Safety). This work aims to examine the consequences of differently defined body regions on injury priority ranking using the percentage of patients showing at least moderate injury severity (AIS 2+) per regarded body region. Methods: Three different crash investigation data sets of injured riders and/or pillion riders of powered 2-wheelers (PTWs) were used for this analysis. The first contained data for 143 fatalities, the second contained data for 58 severely injured, and the last for contained data for 982 patients from a sample that was close to national representativeness. Frequency of injury was examined using body regions based on the AIS chapters (and first digit of the AIS Unique Identifier) and based on the PIONEERS definition. Results: Though different body region definitions did not result in different top-ranked body regions in terms of injury frequency, different definitions did provide different levels of information that impact priority within AIS chapter-defined regions. For PTW riders, cervical injuries are the highest priority spinal injuries. Thoracic and lumbar spinal injuries seem to occur together with other injuries in the thorax and abdominal region. Severe lower extremity injuries frequently involve the pelvis and the leg. Conclusions: Body regions need to be defined carefully to avoid misinterpretations. Publications that use body regions for their analysis to present injury frequencies should clearly define what they include in each region.

Advanced driver assistance systems, ADAS, have shown the possibility to anticipate crash accidents and effectively assist road users in critical traffic situations. This is not the case for motorcyclists, in fact ADAS for motorcycles are still barely developed. Our aim was to study a camera-based sensor for the application of preventive safety in tilting vehicles. We identified two road conflict situations for which automotive remote sensors installed in a tilting vehicle are likely to fail in the identification of critical obstacles. Accordingly, we set two experiments conducted in real traffic conditions to test our stereo vision sensor. Our promising results support the application of this type of sensors for advanced motorcycle safety applications.

Objective: Motorcycle riders are involved in significantly more crashes per kilometer driven than passenger car drivers. Nonetheless, the development and implementation of motorcycle safety systems lags far behind that of passenger cars. This research addresses the identification of the most effective motorcycle safety solutions in the context of different countries., Methods: A knowledge-based system of motorcycle safety (KBMS) was developed to assess the potential for various safety solutions to mitigate or avoid motorcycle crashes. First, a set of 26 common crash scenarios was identified from the analysis of multiple crash databases. Second, the relative effectiveness of 10 safety solutions was assessed for the 26 crash scenarios by a panel of experts. Third, relevant information about crashes was used to weigh the importance of each crash scenario in the region studied. The KBMS method was applied with an Italian database, with a total of more than 1 million motorcycle crashes in the period 2000-2012., Results: When applied to the Italian context, the KBMS suggested that automatic systems designed to compensate for riders' or drivers' errors of commission or omission are the potentially most effective safety solution. The KBMS method showed an effective way to compare the potential of various safety solutions, through a scored list with the expected effectiveness of each safety solution for the region to which the crash data belong. A comparison of our results with a previous study that attempted a systematic prioritization of safety systems for motorcycles (PISa project) showed an encouraging agreement., Conclusions: Current results revealed that automatic systems have the greatest potential to improve motorcycle safety. Accumulating and encoding expertise in crash analysis from a range of disciplines into a scalable and reusable analytical tool, as proposed with the use of KBMS, has the potential to guide research and development of effective safety systems. As the expert assessment of the crash scenarios is decoupled from the regional crash database, the expert assessment may be reutilized, thereby allowing rapid reanalysis when new crash data become available. In addition, the KBMS methodology has potential application to injury forecasting, driver/rider training strategies, and redesign of existing road infrastructure.

Accident data have shown that in pedestrian accidents with high-fronted vehicles (SUVs and vans) the risk of pedestrian head injuries from the contact with the ground is higher than with low-fronted vehicles (passenger cars). However, the reasons for this remain poorly understood. This paper addresses this question using multibody modelling to investigate the influence of vehicle front height and shape in pedestrian accidents on the mechanism of impact with the ground and on head ground impact speed. To this end, a set of 648 pedestrian/vehicle crash simulations was carried out using the MADYMO multibody simulation software. Impacts were simulated with six vehicle types at three impact speeds (20, 30, 40km/h) and three pedestrian types (50th % male, 5th % female, and 6-year-old child) at six different initial stance configurations, stationary and walking at 1.4m/s. Six different ground impact mechanisms, distinguished from each other by the manner in which the pedestrian impacted the ground, were identified. These configurations have statistically distinct and considerably different distributions of head-ground impact speeds. Pedestrian initial stance configuration (gait and walking speed) introduced a high variability to the head-ground impact speed. Nonetheless, the head-ground impact speed varied significantly between the different ground impact mechanisms identified and the distribution of impact mechanisms was strongly associated with vehicle type. In general, impact mechanisms for adults resulting in a head-first contact with the ground were more severe with high fronted vehicles compared to low fronted vehicles, though there is a speed dependency to these findings. With high fronted vehicles (SUVs and vans) the pedestrian was mainly pushed forward and for children this resulted in high head ground contact speeds., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: In 2006, Motorcycle Autonomous Emergency Braking (MAEB) was developed by a European Consortium (Powered Two Wheeler Integrated Safety, PISa) as a crash severity countermeasure for riders. This system can detect an obstacle through sensors in the front of the motorcycle and brakes automatically to achieve a 0.3 g deceleration if the collision is inevitable and the rider does not react. However, if the rider does brake, full braking force is applied automatically. Previous research into the potential benefits of MAEB has shown encouraging results. However, this was based on MAEB triggering algorithms designed for motorcycle crashes involving impacts with fixed objects and rear-end crashes. To estimate the full potential benefit of MAEB, there is a need to understand the full spectrum of motorcycle crashes and further develop triggering algorithms that apply to a wider spectrum of crash scenarios., Methods: In-depth crash data from 3 different countries were used: 80 hospital admittance cases collected during 2012-2013 within a 3-h driving range of Sydney, Australia, 40 crashes with Injury Severity Score (ISS)>15 collected in the metropolitan area of Florence, Italy, during 2009-2012, and 92 fatal crashes that occurred in Sweden during 2008-2009. In the first step, the potential applicability of MAEB among the crashes was assessed using a decision tree method. To achieve this, a new triggering algorithm for MAEB was developed to address crossing scenarios as well as crashes involving stationary objects. In the second step, the potential benefit of MAEB across the applicable crashes was examined by using numerical computer simulations. Each crash was reconstructed twice-once with and once without MAEB deployed., Results: The principal finding is that using the new triggering algorithm, MAEB is seen to apply to a broad range of multivehicle motorcycle crashes. Crash mitigation was achieved through reductions in impact speed of up to approximately 10 percent, depending on the crash scenario and the initial vehicle pre-impact speeds., Conclusions: This research is the first attempt to evaluate MAEB with simulations on a broad range of crash scenarios using in-depth data. The results give further insights into the feasibility of MAEB in different speed ranges. It is clear then that MAEB is a promising technology that warrants further attention by researchers, manufacturers, and regulators.

A two-step one purification access to dichloronaphtho[1,2-b:8,7-b'] and [1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophenes using bis-alkylnaphthyl alkynes and phthalimidesulfenyl chloride as starting materials has been developed. The functionalization of the carbon-chlorine bonds allowed further modification of NDT core, broadening the potential of the methodology.

Background: In the metropolitan area of Florence, 62% of major traumas involve powered two wheeler rider and pillion passengers, 10% cyclists, and 7% pedestrians. The urban and extra-urban areas are the most dangerous for the vulnerable road user. In-depth investigations are needed for assessing detailed information on road accidents. This type of study has been very limited in time frame in Italy, and completely absent in the Tuscan region.Consequently a study called "In-depth Study of road Accident in FlorencE" (In-SAFE) has been initiated., Methods: A network between the Department of Mechanics and Industrial Technologies (University of Florence) and the Intensive Care Unit of the Emergency Department (Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence) was created with the aim of collecting information about the road accidents. The data collected includes: on-scene data, data coming from examination of the vehicles, kinematics and dynamic crash data, injuries, treatment, and injury mechanisms. Each injury is codified thorough the AIS score, localized by a three-dimensional human body model based on computer tomography slices, and the main scores are calculated. We then associate each injury with its cause and crash technical parameters. Finally, all the information is collected in the In-SAFE database., Results: Patient mean age at the time of the accident was 34.6 years, and 80% were males. The ISS mean is 24.2 (SD 8.7) and the NISS mean is 33.6 (SD 10.5). The main road accident configurations are the "car-to-PTW" (25%) and "pedestrian run over" (17,9%). For the former, the main collision configuration is "head-on crash" (57%). Cyclists and PTW riders-and-pillions-passengers suffer serious injuries (AIS3+) mainly to the head and the thorax. The head (56.4%) and the lower extremities (12.7%) are the most frequently injured pedestrian body regions., Conclusions: The aim of the project is to create an in-depth road accident study with special focus on the correlation between technical parameters and injuries. An in-depth investigation team was setup and is currently active in the metropolitan area of Florence.Twenty-eight serious road accidents involving twenty-nine ICU patients are studied. PTW users, cyclist and pedestrians are the most frequently involved in metropolitan accidents.