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6. Coutaportla helgae (Rubiaceae), una especie nueva de Sinaloa, México

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Torres Montúfar, Alejandro, Ávila González, Heriberto, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Torres Montúfar, Alejandro, and Ávila González, Heriberto

Abstract

Background and Aims: During explorations in the outer limits of the Natural Protected Area Sierra de Tacuichamona, an endemic-rich area of Sinaloa, Mexico, a new species of Coutaportla (Rubiaceae) was discovered. This paper describes and illustrates Coutaportla helgae, provides an identification key, a distribution map, and discusses the morphological and geographic relationships with the rest of the species of the genus.Methods: Botanical collections were made during 2021 and 2022, and 15 herbariums and digital databases were reviewed to compare with other species of the genus and to locate possible additional localities. A distribution map was prepared using the polygon of the Sierra Madre Occidental as a base.Key results: Coutaportla helgae stands out from the rest of the species of the genus by having the smallest flowers of the group. It is morphologically related to C. lorenceana as they are the only species of the genus with subapical placentation and calyx lobes less than half the length of the fruit, but it differs in having smaller flowers, a shrubby habit and distribution in tropical deciduous forest.Conclusions: With the present discovery, Coutaportla reaches four endemic species to Mexico and five overall, considering C. guatemalensis. Coutaportla helgae contributes new characteristics to the genus by having smaller flowers and growing at lower altitudes than the rest. Additionally, elements are provided to support the conservation of sites with high biodiversity and endemism such as the Sierra Tacuichamona.., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Durante exploraciones en los límites exteriores del Área Natural Protegida Sierra de Tacuichamona, zona rica en ende-mismos de Sinaloa, México, se descubrió una especie nueva de Coutaportla (Rubiaceae). El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir e ilustrar a Coutaportla helgae, proveer una clave de identificación y un mapa de distribución, y discutir las relaciones morfológicas y geográficas con el resto de las especies del género.Métodos: Se realizaron colectas botánicas durante 2021 y 2022, y se revisaron 15 herbarios y bases digitales para comparar con otras especies del género y localizar posibles localidades adicionales. Empleando el polígono de la Sierra Madre Occidental se elaboró un mapa de distribución.Resultados clave: Coutaportla helgae se destaca del resto de especies del género al poseer las flores más pequeñas del grupo. Se relaciona morfoló-gicamente con C. lorenceana al ser las únicas especies del género con placentación subapical y lóbulos del cáliz menor a la mitad del largo del fruto, pero se diferencia de esta por tener flores de menor tamaño, corolas blanco-púrpuras, hábito arbustivo y distribución en selva baja caducifolia.Conclusiones: Con el presente descubrimiento, el género Coutaportla llega a cuatro especies endémicas de México y cinco en total, considerando a C. guatemalensis. Coutaportla helgae aporta nuevas características al género, pues posee las flores más pequeñas y crece a menores altitudes que el resto. Adicionalmente, se aportan elementos para apoyar la conservación de sitios altos en biodiversidad y endemismos como la Sierra Tacuicha-mona.

Published
2023

7. Una especie nueva, Castela juyyaania (Simaroubaceae), y tres registros nuevos para la flora semiárida de Sinaloa, México

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Carrillo García, Jesús A., Salomón Montijo, Bladimir, Márquez Salazar, Gilberto, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Carrillo García, Jesús A., Salomón Montijo, Bladimir, and Márquez Salazar, Gilberto

Abstract

Background and Aims: During biological explorations in the thorn forest near the coast of Sinaloa, specimens of four taxa not previously reported for this state were collected, including the first record of the genus Castela, being also a species new to science. The objective of this work was to describe and illustrate Castela juyyaania, as well as to report three additional new records for the flora of Sinaloa that share habitat with the new species.Methods: Botanical collections in northern Sinaloa during 2022 and 2023 were carried out. For the description of the new species the available lit-erature of the genus Castela was reviewed, and specimens from local herbaria and electronic databases were consulted. An identification key to the species of the section Castela in Mexico, distribution map, a table comparing the most similar species and vulnerability assessment (according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)) were prepared. Photos and updated distribution maps are presented for the new records.Key results:Castela juyyaania is microendemic to the Peninsula El Guachapori in the north of Sinaloa. It grows in thorn forest near the coast, in an area of approximately 25 km2, highly threatened by agricultural expansion. According to the IUCN criteria, it is considered Critically Endangered. It is morphologically similar to the C. erecta complex, but differs in having petiolate leaves, not conspicuously revolute margins, styles present and non-reticulate seeds. The distribution area presents some elements of the Sonoran Desert, including the new records Ebenopsis confinis, Gossypium davidsonii and Malpighia diversifolia.Conclusions: With the new addition, the genus Castela reaches seven species in Mexico with four endemics, consolidating it as its main center of diversity. The new records and the new species provide valuable elements for the conservation of the highly threatened dry forests in Mexico and Sinaloa, Antecedentes y Objetivos: Durante exploraciones biológicas en el bosque espinoso cercano a las costas de Sinaloa, se colectaron especímenes de cuatro taxones no reportadas previamente para este estado, incluyendo el primer registro del género Castela, el cual se trató de una especie nueva para la ciencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir e ilustrar a Castela juyyaania, así como reportar los tres nuevos registros adicionales para la flora de Sinaloa que comparten hábitat con la especie nueva.Métodos: Se realizaron colectas botánicas en el norte de Sinaloa durante 2022 y 2023. Para la descripción de la especie nueva se consultó la literatura disponible del género, ejemplares de herbarios y bases de datos electrónicas. Se elaboró una clave de identificación para la sección Castela en México, mapa de distribución, lámina comparativa con las especies más relacionadas y evaluación de vulnerabilidad de acuerdo con la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). Para los nuevos registros se presentan fotos y mapas de distribución actualizada.Resultados clave: Castela juyyaania es microendémica de la Península El Guachapori, en el norte de Sinaloa. Crece en bosque espinoso cercano a la costa, en un área de aproximadamente 25 km2, altamente amenazada por la expansión agropecuaria. De acuerdo con los criterios de la UICN, se propone en la categoría de Peligro Crítico. Se relaciona morfológicamente con el complejo C. erecta, de las que se diferencia por presentar hojas pecioladas, margen no conspicuamente revoluto, estilos presentes y semillas no reticuladas. El área de distribución presenta algunos elementos del desierto sonorense, incluyendo los nuevos registros Ebenopsis confinis, Gossypium davidsonii y Malpighia diversifolia.Conclusiones: Con la nueva adición, el género Castela llega a siete especies en México con cuatro endémicas, consolidándolo como su principal centro de diversidad. Los nuevos registros y la especie nueva aportan elementos v

Published
2023

8. Gonolobus gonzaleziarum (Apocynaceae), especie nueva de la ecorregión Madrense Tropical de la Sierra Madre Occidental, México

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Castro Castro, Arturo, Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Castro Castro, Arturo, and Alvarado Cárdenas, Leonardo

Abstract

Background and Aims: Gonolobuscomprises around 150 species in the world, with just over 40 of them distributed in Mexico. In the last two years, at least five new species have been described for this country. This paper describes a new species within the subgenus Pseudolachnostoma.Methods: Thirteen herbaria, three digital databases, and specialized literature were revised. Based on this, similar species were compared, and an identifica-tion key was generated. Field expeditions were made from 2019 to 2022 to gather botanical collections and monitor the phenology of the species of interest. The cohesive species concept was proposed as an explanatory hypothesis for the recognition of the taxa discussed here. Key results: The new species, Gonolobus gonzaleriarum,is described and located in two forests ofPinus-Quercusbetween the southeastern and southwest-ern limits of the states of Sinaloa and Durango, respectively. It differs from the species of the subgenusPseudolachnostomaby having a gynostegium with a reduced stipe, lobes of the corolla and sepals of shorter length than the tube, citrus aroma, and a dense inflorescence. We included photographic plates, and an illustration with the distinctive characters, as well as a dichotomous key for the species of the subgenus Pseudolachnostoma. Based on its reduced range and impacted habitat, it is considered a threatened species, according to IUCN criteria.Conclusions: With the present discovery, the genus Gonolobusreaches 45 species in Mexico with 24 endemics. Gonolobus gonzaleriarum has great ornamen-tal potential considering its conspicuous inflorescences and pleasant citrus aroma, which could encourage strategies for its conservation, since it is found in a restricted distribution and threatened habitat., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Gonolobus comprende alrededor de 150 especies en el mundo, con poco más de 40 de ellas  distribuidas en México. En los últimos dos años se han descrito  al menos cinco nuevas especies de este país. En el presente  trabajo se describe una nueva especie dentro del subgénero  Pseudolachnostoma. Métodos: Se revisaron 13 herbarios, tres bases de datos digitales y literatura especializada. Con base en esto se  compararon las especies similares y se generó una clave de  identificación. Se realizaron expediciones a campo de 2019 a  2022 y se colectó y monitoreó la fenología de la especie de  interés. Se planteó como hipótesis explicativa el concepto  cohesivo de especie para el reconocimiento de los taxones aquí  tratados. Resultados clave: Se describe la especie nueva Gonolobus gonzaleriarum, conocida de dos localidades de bosques de Pinus-Quercus entre los límites sureste y suroeste de los estados de Sinaloa y Durango, respectivamente. Se diferencia de las especies del subgénero Pseudolachnostoma por poseer ginostegio con un estípite reducido, lóbulos de la corola y sépalos de menor longitud que el tubo, aroma cítrico e inflorescencia densa. Se incluyen láminas fotográficas y una ilustración con los caracteres distintivos de la nueva especie, así como una clave dicotómica con las especies del subgénero Pseudolachnostoma. Con base en su área de distribución reducida y hábitat impactado, se considera una especie amenazada de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN.Conclusiones: Con el presente descubrimiento, el género Gonolobus llega a 45 especies en México con 24 endémicas. Gonolobus gonzaleriarum se considera con gran potencial ornamental por sus inflorescencias conspicuas y agradable aroma cítrico, lo que motiva en fomentar estrategias para su conservación, ya que se encuentra en una distribución restringida y hábitat amenazado.

Published
2023

9. Salvia beltraniorum (Lamiaceae), a new species in savannoid vegetation from Cosalá, Sinaloa, Mexico

Author

González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe, Pío-León, Juan Fernando, and Castro, Arturo Castro

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Lamiaceae, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Plantae, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Lamiales
Abstract

An undescribed Salvia species was discovered in savannoid vegetation in the municipality of Cosalá, Sinaloa, during botanical explorations addressed to document the endemic species of this Mexican state. This plant is morphologically most similar to Salvia pringlei, sharing with this the peculiar character of connivent calyces during fructification enclosing the mericarps. However, the new species differs by having smaller floral bracts, deep blue corollas instead of magenta, shorter corollas, corolla lips subequal in length, and shorter connectives and styles. Consequently, we describe and diagnosed this taxon as Salvia beltraniorum. A distribution map, photographs and an identification key to Salvia species in Sinaloa are also provided.

Published
2021
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10. Las plantas vasculares endémicas del estado de Sinaloa, México

Author

Pío-León, Juan Fernando, primary, González-Elizondo, Martha, additional, Vega-Aviña, Rito, additional, González-Elizondo, M. Socorro, additional, González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe, additional, Salomón-Montijo, Bladimir, additional, Millán-Otero, Manuel Guillermo, additional, and Lim-Vega, Carlos A., additional

Published
2022
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13. Salvia undetermined

Author

González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe, Pío-León, Juan Fernando, and Castro, Arturo Castro

Subjects
Tracheophyta, Magnoliopsida, Lamiaceae, Biodiversity, Salvia, Plantae, Salvia undetermined, Taxonomy, Lamiales
Abstract

Identification key to Salvia species in Sinaloa, Mexico 1. Plants with branched hairs along the stems and/or the leaves............................................................................................................2 1. Plants with simple or glandular hairs or glabrous along the stems and leaves...................................................................................4 2. Calyx 8���10.8 mm long, densely lanose with red-ochre to yellowish or violet branched hairs......................................... S. lasiantha 2. Calyx 3.4���6.4 mm long, glabrous or covered with short whitish hairs..............................................................................................3 3. Leaves oblong-ovate, cuneate; anterior portion of corolla tube and lips covered with branched hairs; connective ornate with an anterior obtuse tooth (geniculate) near ventral midpoint; mericarps densely covered with branched hairs................... S. goldmanii 3. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, base rounded, truncate to short cuneate; anterior portion of corolla tube and lips pilose with simple hairs; connective ornate with a retrorse acute tooth near ventral midpoint; mericarps glabrous........................................ S. palmeri 4. Upper calyx lip 3-veined or with the veins obscure in the upper half portion of the calyx...............................................................5 4. Upper calyx lip 5 or 7-veined, the veins conspicuous......................................................................................................................21 5. Calyx truncate at apex; stamens long exserted from the upper corolla lip.........................................................................................6 5. Calyx with the lips acute or long caudate; stamens included under the upper corolla lip.................................................................7 6. Calyx 2.7���3.5(���4.8) mm long; corolla magenta to pink, tube 11���13(���18) mm long........................................................ S. iodantha 6. Calyx 1.8���2.3 mm long; corolla whitish, pale pink to pale violet, tube 5���6.2 mm long....................................... S. trichostephana * 7. Corolla pink to magenta.....................................................................................................................................................................8 7. Corolla light to dark blue or entirely white......................................................................................................................................10 8. Veins obscure in the anterior half portion of the calyx, lips connivent in fructification, mericarps covered with sessile glands..................................................................................................................................................................................................... S. pringlei 8. Veins conspicuous along the calyx, lips not connivent in fructification, mericarps smooth and glabrous........................................9 9. Calyx (3���)7.5���10.1(���20) �� (3.2���) 4.6���8.2 mm; corolla tube (3.1���) 5.4���8.7 mm wide, invaginate near the base, internally ornate with a couple bolds at the invagination near the base; connective 2.5���3 cm long; style (1.6���) 3.6���5 cm long........................ S. mexicana 9. Calyx (4���)5���6.2 �� 1.6���2.1 mm; corolla tube 3.6���4.6 mm wide, not invaginated near the base, internally ornate with a pair of papillae near the base; connective 11.9���15.8 mm long; style 2.4���3 cm long................................................................... S. purpurea 10. Inflorescence in cylindrical racemes, compact, the flowers and floral bracts hiding the axis; style with a swollen portion at the base as a stylopodium, persistent even in fruit......................................................................................................................... S. hispanica 10. Inflorescence in lax or moniliform racemes, or if cylindrical and compact in a portion, several basal verticillasters separate along the axis, the latter not totally hidden by the flowers and floral bracts; style without a swollen portion at the base........................11 11. Calyx 7.6���20 mm long; corolla tube 11.6���29.4 mm long................................................................................................................12 11. Calyx (2.3���)3���6.2(���9) mm long; corolla tube 3���8(���9.7) mm long..................................................................................................13 12. Inflorescence 17���30(���50) cm long; floral bracts 5.4���14(���20) �� 1.7���9.7 mm; calyx lips not connivent and occluding entrance to the mericarps, veins conspicuous in the upper half portion of the calyx; corolla without white nectar guides on the lower lip, tube (3.4���) 5.4���8.7 mm wide, base invaginated, upper lip (6.3���)14.3���22.9 long, lower lip (5.9���) 12.2���18 mm long; mericarps glabrous and smooth........................................................................................................................................................................ S. mexicana 12. Inflorescence 1.6���5(���7.4) cm long; floral bracts (1.7���)3���6 �� (0.5���) 0.7���1.5 mm; calyx lips connivent and occluding entrance to the mericarps, veins obscure in the upper calyx portion; corolla with white nectar guides on the lower lip, tube 2.4���3.6 mm wide, base not invaginated, upper lip 4.8���6.6 mm long, lower lip (4.6���) 7.7���8.2 mm long; mericarps covered by sessile glands............................................................................................................................................................................................................ S. beltraniorum 13. Upper corolla lip entirely reposing on the lower one and hence hiding the throat; lower stigmatic branch truncate and dorsoventrally incurved-concave....................................................................................................................................................... S. lavanduloides 13. Corolla lips divergent and exposing the throat; lower stigmatic branch acute and dorsoventrally flat...........................................14 14. Calyx lips truncate to subtruncate; corolla tube internally ornate with one or two pairs of papillae near the base; corolla lips subequal in length or the lower shorter than the upper one..............................................................................................................15 14. Calyx lips acute to long caudate; corolla tube internally epapillate near the base; upper corolla lip shorter than the lower one..................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 15. Calyx 1.6���3.3(���4.4) mm long; corolla white; mericarps 0.6���0.7 �� 0.3���0.4 mm.................................................................. S. decora 15. Calyx (2.3���)3���4.2(���6) mm long; corolla blue with white nectar guides on the lower lip; mericarps 1���1.1 �� 0.6���0.9 mm....................................................................................................................................................................................................... S. polystachya 16. Deciduous floral bracts.....................................................................................................................................................................17 16. Persistent floral bracts......................................................................................................................................................................19 17. Corolla tube inserted in the calyx, 3���3.5(���5) �� 1���1.7 mm, upper lip 1.2���1.6(���2.5) mm long, lower lip 2���3 �� 2���2.6 mm; connective 1.5���2.6 mm long; style 4���5 mm long.................................................................................................................................. S. tiliifolia 17. Corolla tube exerted from the calyx, (5���)5.2���7.3(���8) �� 2.4���3.2 mm, upper lip (3.3���) 4���5.8 mm long, lower lip (4���)5���7.3(���9.7) �� 2.5���3.2 mm; connective 4.4���7.2(���9) mm long; style (7���) 8���11.7 mm long.....................................................................................18 18. Leaf blade base cuneate to long attenuate; floral bract ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.6���9.5 �� 0.8���2.3(���3.7) mm, apex caudate; mericarps 0.8���1.2 mm long.......................................................................................................................................... S. longispicata 18. Leaf blade base rounded to short cuneate; floral bract triangular, ovate, narrow lanceolate to orbicular, 1.1���2.6(���4.3) �� 1���1.4(���2) mm, apex acuminate; mericarps 1.1���1.5 mm long............................................................................................................... S. roscida 19. Leaf margin finely serrate, usually at least with 20 teeth per side; corolla tube (5���)5.6���7(���8) mm long; connective 4.5���7.2 mm long; style (7���) 10���11.2 mm long......................................................................................................................................... S. roscida 19. Leaf margin coarsely serrate, less than 10 teeth per side; corolla tube 4.1���5.8 mm long; connective 4���5 mm long; style 6.9���8.6 mm long...................................................................................................................................................................................................20 20. Floral axis short pilose; floral bract 1.2���3.3(���6) mm long; calyx 2.7���3(���4) mm wide, upper lip 3-veined; lower corolla lip 6.2���7.4 mm long; growing mainly in tropical deciduous forests, tropical subdeciduous forests and savannoid vegetation.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... S. languidula 20. Floral axis glabrous except by the base of the verticillasters which is short pilose; floral bract (2.2���) 4.8���8.3 mm long; calyx 1.8���2.7 mm wide, upper lip 3 or 5-veined; lower corolla lip 4.6���5 mm long; growing mainly in oak and pine oak forests.................. S. sp. 21. Calyx and corolla yellow, lower corolla lip incurved-concave....................................................................................... S. madrensis 21. Calyx green, yellowish-green to bluish or purplish green, corolla white, blue, violet, purple, or red, lower corolla lip patent or reflexed.............................................................................................................................................................................................22 22. Persistent floral bract........................................................................................................................................................................23 22. Deciduous floral bract......................................................................................................................................................................28 23. Floral bract suborbicular, ovate to reniform, (3.5���)6���17(���25) mm wide.........................................................................................24 23. Floral bract ovate to lanceolate, 0.7���1.9(���4.1) mm wide.................................................................................................................26 24. Floral bract 10���25 �� 17���25 mm; pedicel 0���0.8 mm long; calyx 9.5���12 �� 3.6���4 mm, upper calyx lip cucullate; corolla tube violet to magenta, the lips dark blue to purple; connective 7���7.2 mm long, ornate ventrally with an oblong antrorse tooth; style 15.5���19 mm long; mericarp 2.7���2.9 �� 1.5���1.7 mm............................................................................................................... S. clinopodioides 24. Floral bract (3.5���)6���12(���15) mm; pedicel 1.4���3.6 mm long; calyx (1.6���)3.5���8.6 �� (1.6���) 3.5���4.6 mm, upper calyx lip not cucullate; corolla tube and lips light blue; connective 2���5.2 mm long, ornate ventrally with a retrorse acute or rounded tooth; style (3.6���) 5��� 9.1 mm long; mericarp 0.5���2.3 �� 0.5���1.4 mm.................................................................................................................................25 25. Annual herb, 0.2���0.7(���1) m tall; leaf blade (1.7���) 3���7 cm long, base rounded, truncate to oblique; pedicel 1.4���1.9 mm long; calyx (1.6���)3.5���4(���5.1) �� 1.5���1.9(���2.3) mm; corolla tube 2.5���3(���3.5) 1���2.4 mm, internally epapillate near the base, upper lip 1���1.5(���3) mm long, lower lip (2.6���)3���4(���5) �� 2.6���4(���5.8) mm; connective 2���2.4 mm long; style (3.6���) 5���5.5 mm long; mericarp lenticular, 0.5���0.7(���1) mm long, brightly black........................................................................................................................... S. lasiocephala 25. Shrub, 1���2.2(���3) m tall; leaf blade 6���17 cm long, cuneate to long attenuate; pedicel 2.9���3.6 mm long; calyx (7.2���)8���8.6 �� 4���4.6 mm; corolla tube 5.5���6.5 3.4���3.7 mm, internally ornate with a pair of papillae near the base, upper lip 3���4.5(���6) mm long, lower lip (6.5���)7.5���11 �� 7.2���11 mm; connective 4.5���5.2 mm long; style 8.3���9.1 mm long; mericarp ovoid, (1.7���) 2.2���2.3 mm long, light brown irregularly marbled with a darker tone.......................................................................................................... S. sanctae-luciae 26. Petiole 23���38 mm long; leaf blade 5.2���8.2 mm long; corolla tube invaginate at the base; connective 4.8���5 mm long, ventrally ornate with an acute retrorse tooth; lower stigmatic branch acute and dorsoventrally flat......................................................... S. sp. 26. Petiole (0.7���) 3.7���10 mm long; leaf blade 0.8���4.2(���9.8) cm long; corolla tube straight at the base; connective 1.5���4 mm long, ventrally ornate with an obtuse antrorse tooth; lower stigmatic branch truncate and dorsoventrally incurved-concave................27 27. Floral axis with glandular-capitate hairs; floral bract 1.2���6.2 �� 1���1.9 mm; pedicel 0.8���1.7 mm long; corolla tube 2.4���3.2 �� (0.9���) 1.1���1.7 mm, upper lip 1.5���2.1 mm long, lower lip 2.2���3.2 �� 1.4���1.8 mm; connective 1.5���2.3 mm long; style 2.4���4.3 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................................ S. misella 27. Floral axis hirsute with simple hairs; floral bract 6.3���8.7(���10) �� 2.2���4.1 mm; pedicel 2.1���4 mm long; corolla tube 5.3���5.6 �� 3���3.8 mm, upper lip 3.2���3.9 mm long, lower lip 9.1���11.3 �� 9.6���11 mm; connective 3.5���4 mm long; style 7���8 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................................................... S. monantha 28. Bracteoles present at the base of each pedicel; lower stigmatic branch sigmoid.............................................................................29 28. Bracteoles absent; lower stigmatic branch acute..............................................................................................................................30 29. Petiole (0.5���) 3���6.2 mm long; leaf blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; floral bract 1���1.2 mm wide; calyx 2���2.7 mm wide, upper lip 5-veined; mericarp 1���1.2 �� 0.8���1 mm.................................................................................................. S. alamosana 29. Petiole (2���) 9.2���23 mm long; leaf blade ovate to rhombic deltoid; floral bract 1.5���3 mm wide; calyx 2.7���3.9 mm wide, upper lip 7-veined; mericarp (1���)1.6���2 �� 1.4���1.6 mm.......................................................................................................................... S. crucis 30. Corolla red, pink or magenta, tube (15���)19���40(���44) mm long; connective ornate with a retrorse acute tooth..............................31 30. Corolla white, light to dark blue or purple, tube 4.6���10.2 mm long; connective ornate with an antrorse obtuse tooth..................34 31. Calyx 3.8���6.6 mm long, upper lip 3-dentate; corolla tube 3���5.5 mm wide.....................................................................................32 31. Calyx 8���25(���30) mm long, upper lip entire; corolla tube 5.9���10(���12) mm wide...........................................................................33 32. Upper calyx lip long caudate, the cauda twice as long as the spiny teeth of the lobes of the lower lip; stamens exserted more than 3 mm from the upper corolla lip................................................................................................................................... S. cinnabarina 32. Upper calyx lip spiny dentate, or if caudate, the cauda as long as the spiny teeth of the lower lip lobes; stamens inserted, or less than 2.5 mm exserted from the upper corolla lip................................................................................................................. S. elegans 33. Leaf blade (3���)5.3���10.3(���16) cm long; floral bract (0.6���)0.7���2(���2.4) cm long; pedicel 5���10 mm long; calyx (1.3���)1.7���2.5(���3) cm long; corolla tube 3.2���4(���4.4) cm long, upper lip 1.6���2.1(���2.5) cm long; connective (1.9���) 2���2.6 cm long; style 4.7���5.9(���6.6) cm long........................................................................, Published as part of Gonz��lez-Gallegos, Jes��s Guadalupe, P��o-Le��n, Juan Fernando & Castro, Arturo Castro-, 2021, Salvia beltraniorum (Lamiaceae), a new species in savannoid vegetation from Cosal��, Sinaloa, Mexico, pp. 160-170 in Phytotaxa 529 (1) on pages 166-168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/5814220

Published
2021
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15. Bourreria franciscoi(Ehretiaceae, Boraginales), a new species of arboreal Bourreriafrom Sinaloa, Mexico

Author

Vega-Aviña, Rito and Pío-León, Juan Fernando

Abstract

Bourreria franciscoiis proposed and illustrated as a new species belonging to the B. huanitaspecies group. It was collected in the municipality of Cosalá, Sinaloa, in an area highly endangered by mining. The new species resembles Bourreria longifloraand B. rekoi, especially by its hypocrateriform corolla, but can be distinguished by elliptical-lanceolate leaves, size and shape of calyces, size and arrangement of the corolla lobes and androecium, and by the disjunct geographic distribution of these three species. A comparative chart and illustrations of related species are presented, as is a key for the identification of the species in the B. huanita-group and all Bourreriaspecies from Sinaloa.

Published
2022
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17. Sociocultural and economic significance in the harvest of the pitaya sahuira (Stenocereus montanus) in Sinaloa, Mexico.

Author

Salomón-Montijo, Bladimir, Rivera-Aguirre, Paola Yazmel, Rodríguez-López, Yulisa, Flores-Almeida, Herendira, Cárcamo-Arechiga, Roberto Carlos, and Pío-León, Juan Fernando

Subjects
HARVESTING, FRUIT harvesting, PESO (Mexican currency), COMMUNITIES, VALUE (Economics)
Abstract

Pitayas (Stenocereus spp.) are one of the most important wild plants in Mexico; however, there are few studies that evaluate the harvest value and commercialization of local species. This research records the sociocultural and economic importance of the harvest of pitaya sahuira (Stenocereus montanus) in two localities of the state of Sinaloa, Mexico: 1) San José del Llano, Badiraguato, and 2) several small communities in the municipality of Choix. Semi-structured surveys and participatory evaluation were carried out with different people who harvest and market the pitaya fruits during the production season to document the harvest method, productivity, commercial value, fruit destination, cultural perceptions, and the differences between both regions. In both localities, daily harvests are made, and it constitutes the main economic activity during the production season, about 40 to 50 days between May and July. In San José, the harvest is carried out by men and women, while in Choix, it is practically exclusive by men. Higher productivity was recorded in San José, reflected by a greater amount of daily fruit harvested in a workday; however, in Choix, the fruit has a higher sales value, which balances the estimated annual earnings of around 1,940 dollars per harvester (~40,000.00 Mexican pesos). Given its great commercial value, it is necessary to implement cultivation and domestication strategies at the local level, as a regional economic alternative and to reduce the pressure on native populations. This work incorporates additional evidence on the great cultural and economic importance of the genus Stenocereus in Mexico and motivates the design of better strategies for sustainable use and the revaluation of this biocultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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18. Plantas silvestres consumidas como tés recreativos por grupos de rancheros en Baja California Sur, México

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Nieto Garibay, Alejandra, León de la Luz, José Luis, Vega Aviña, Rito, Ortega Rubio, Alfredo, Delgado-Vargas, Francisco, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Nieto Garibay, Alejandra, León de la Luz, José Luis, Vega Aviña, Rito, Ortega Rubio, Alfredo, and Delgado-Vargas, Francisco

Abstract

Background and Aims: Recreational teas are herbal beverages prepared by infusion/boiling, consumed in a social or food context, generally considered healthy and with medicinal uses but without being the unique purpose of consumption. In Mexico, recreational teas are not commonly mentioned in ethnobotanical studies. This research describes the ethnobotanical uses, phenolics content and antioxidant activity of wild plants used to prepare recreational teas in two ranch communities in Baja California Sur, Mexico: the Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve and San Blas-Cacachilas. Methods: Ethnobotanical information was obtained through semi-structured surveys and stays with the ranchers of both communities. The percentage of citations, preferences and cultural value of each species was calculated; moreover, their medicinal uses were described. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity was determined by colorimetric methods, and they were correlated with ethnobotanical parameters. Key results: Twelve taxa of wild plants were recorded as recreational tea material, 11 in Sierra La Laguna and six in San Blas-Las Cacachilas. Damiana (Turnera diffusa) had the highest cultural value (71.2%), followed by margarita (Aloysia barbata) (41.1%) and wild anise (Tagetes filifolia / T. micrantha) (21.5%). The main medicinal uses of the recreational teas were as anti-flu/ antitussives and as general relaxants. The antioxidant content had a negative correlation with the percentage of citations and the preference. The medicinal uses for A. barbata and the peyote fern (Pellaea ternifolia) are described for the first time, and new uses for damiana and cherry (Prunus serotina) are documented. Conclusions: Ranchers from Baja California Sur have a high affinity for the consumption of recreational teas of wild plants, and those used to treat common ailments such as flu/cough or stress are preferred. This is the first ethnobotanical study about recreational teas in Mexico., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los tés recreativos son bebidas preparadas, por infusión/ebullición, de diferentes partes de plantas que se consumen en un entorno social/alimenticio. Se consideran generalmente saludables y con usos medicinales, aunque ese no es su único propósito de consumo. En México, los tés recreativos prácticamente no se mencionan en los estudios etnobotánicos. Este estudio describe la etnobotánica, contenido de fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de plantas silvestres empleadas como tés recreativos en dos rancherías de las zonas montañosas de la región de Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra La Laguna y comunidad San Blas-Cacachilas. Métodos: La información etnobotánica se obtuvo mediante encuestas semi-estructuradas y estancias con los rancheros de ambas comunidades. Se calculó el porcentaje de citas, preferencia y valor cultural de cada especie registrada, además de describir sus usos medicinales adicionales. El contenido de fenólicos y actividad antioxidante se determinó por métodos colorimétricos y fueron correlacionados con parámetros etnobotánicos. Resultados clave: Se registraron 12 taxa de plantas silvestres para elaborar tés recreativos, 11 en Sierra La Laguna y seis en San Blas-Las Cacachilas. La damiana (Turnera diffusa) obtuvo el mayor valor cultural (71.2%), seguido de margarita (Aloysia barbata) (41.1%) y anís silvestre (Tagetes filifolia/T. micrantha) (21.5%). Los tés recreativos tuvieron sus principales usos medicinales como antigripales/antitusivos y relajantes generales. El contenido de antioxidantes presentó correlación negativa con el porcentaje de citas y la preferencia. Los usos etnofarmacológicos de A. barbata y el helecho peyote (Pellaea ternifolia) son descritos por primera vez, y se documentaron nuevos usos para la damiana y el cerezo (Prunus serotina). Conclusiones: Los rancheros de Baja California Sur tienen gran afinidad por el consumo de tés recreativos de plantas silvestres, y aquellos us

Published
2018

21. Prioritizing Wild Edible Plants for potential new crops based on Deciduous Forest traditional knowledge by a Rancher community

Author

Pío León, Juan Fernando, Delgado Vargas, Francisco, León de la Luz, José Luis, Ortega Rubio, Alfredo, Pío León, Juan Fernando, Delgado Vargas, Francisco, León de la Luz, José Luis, and Ortega Rubio, Alfredo

Abstract

Antecedentes: Varios índices etnobotánicos evalúan la importancia de las plantas silvestres comestibles (PSCs); sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos consideran principalmente características antropológicas/culturales, por lo que es difícil emplearlos para seleccionar especies prioritarias para desarrollarse como nuevos cultivos. En México, existen pocos estudios etnobotánicos enfocados en la cultura del ranchero de grupos no indígenas y sobre cómo su conocimiento está distribuido. Hipótesis: La aplicación de un índice etnobotánico adecuado y tomando en cuenta la diversidad culinaria de las PSCs, permitirá la selección de las especies más apropiadas para la seguridad alimentaria de la región. El conocimiento sobre las PSCs se distribuye homogéneamente entre los rancheros. Sitio y año de estudio: Durante el 2015, se realizaron 53 entrevistas semi-estructuradas acerca del uso de plantas silvestres comestibles entre los rancheros de la Región del Cabo, Baja California Sur. Métodos: La importancia de las especies se estimó mediante el Índice de Importancia Alimentaria (IIA) y el Índice de Prominencia (IP). Las especies prioritarias se establecieron mediante el valor de los índices y sus usos culinarios. Resultados: Se registraron 51 taxa de plantas silvestres comestibles, principalmente frutos y vegetales. Entre las especies mejor evaluadas, el IIA agrupó una mayor diversidad de alimentos, comparado con el IP; sin embargo, ambos identificaron prácticamente las mismas especies prioritarias cuando la selección se realizó en base a las prioridades culinarias. El número de PSCs citadas por los hombres (26) fue mayor que el de las mujeres (19). Conclusiones: El empleo de los índices etnobotánicos (IIA/IP) junto con la información culinaria permite seleccionar a las PSCs prioritarias para la seguridad alimentaria, reduciendo el sesgo de los índices por algún tipo de alimento. Stenocereus thurberi, S. gumossus, Matelea cordifolia y Cnidoscolus maculatus fueron las especies priorita

Published
2017

24. Melanins of Vitex mollis fruit with differences in water‐solubility show high inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes and antioxidant activity.

Author

Pío‐León, Juan Fernando, Montes‐Avila, Julio, López‐Angulo, Gabriela, Díaz‐Camacho, Sylvia Páz, Vega‐Rios, Alejandro, López‐Valenzuela, José Ángel, and Delgado‐Vargas, Francisco

Subjects
*MELANINS, *VITEX, *SOLUBILITY, *ANTIOXIDANTS, *GLUCOSIDASES, *IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants
Abstract

Abstract: The fruit of Vitex mollis Kunth contains water‐soluble melanin (SM), whose properties have been poorly described. This study determined physicochemical characteristics, the inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes (amylase and α‐glucosidase), and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, ORAC, and β‐carotene bleaching) of SM (partially purified, aqueous extraction), water‐insoluble melanin (IM) (pure, alkali‐acid extraction), and organic (i.e., methanol, ethanol, and methanol : water 8:2 vol/vol) and aqueous extracts of V. mollis fruit. SM and IM were characterized by UV and IR spectroscopy, and their spectra showed signals characteristic of melanins. They also showed similar antioxidant (1,321–2,664 μmol TE/g), and α‐glucosidase inhibitory (IC50 1.48–0.022 mg/mL) activities, values that were better than those of the organic extracts (ABTS < 746 µmol TE/g and IC50 > 4.87 mg/mL, respectively). In addition, SMs showed higher extraction yields than IMs. Therefore, SM shares nutraceutical properties with IM and can be obtained by simple and environmentally friendly methods. Practical applications: Melanins show biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, immunostimulatory, UV‐, and radiation‐protective) and their consumption has been associated with health benefits. However, studies of plant melanins are scarce because their extraction involves harsh pH conditions and the yields are usually low. The results showed that melanin was the main pigment in Vitex mollis fruit and water‐soluble. Moreover, the extraction method was simple, ecological, and produced high yields. Both water‐soluble and water‐insoluble melanins showed similar biological activities (antioxidant and α glucosidase inhibition). Species of Vitex are commonly employed as food and in folk medicine (e.g., premenstrual and gynecological disorders, gastrointestinal problems and inflammation, bacterial infections). Soluble melanins of V. mollis could be used as food supplement or in pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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25. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of soluble melanins from the fruits of Vitex mollis Kunth, Randia echinocarpa Sessé et Mociño and Crescentia alata Kunth

Author

Cuevas-Juárez, Esmeralda, primary, Yuriar-Arredondo, Korinthia Yamileth, additional, Pío-León, Juan Fernando, additional, Montes-Avila, Julio, additional, López-Angulo, Gabriela, additional, Páz Díaz-Camacho, Sylvia, additional, and Delgado-Vargas, Francisco, additional

Published
2014
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28. Nuevo registro de Amoreuxia gonzalezii (Bixaceae) para la península de Baja California, México.

Author

Pío-León, Juan Fernando, León-De la Luz, José Luís, and Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo

Abstract

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2014
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29. Nutritional and nutraceutical characteristics of white and red Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth fruits.

Author

Pío-León, Juan Fernando, Díaz-Camacho, Sylvia, Montes-Avila, Julio, López-Angulo, Gabriela, and Delgado-Vargas, Francisco

Abstract

Introduction. Pithecellobium dulce is a legume native to tropical America that produces edible arils which can be white or red. The plant is also grown in Asia and, to date, predominantly fruits produced in Asia have been the subject of scientific studies. We studied white and red arils produced in America. Materials and methods. White aril and red aril fruits were evaluated in an array of reagent-based assays to determine nutritional and nutraceutical properties. Results and discussion. White arils and red arils showed similar physicochemical characteristics, with high content of vitamin C (79.7–82.6 mg·100 g–1 fresh weight) and dietary fiber (5.83–6.12% fw). The anthocyanin content of red arils (29.5 mg·100 g–1 fw, as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents) was similar to that of strawberry. Total phenolics (517 mg·100 g–1 fw, as gallic acid equivalents) and antioxidant activities (ABTS, 224 mg; DPPH, 223 mg, as vitamin C equivalents) of red arils were 1.3 times higher than those in white arils. The methanolic extract of red arils showed a higher α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 2.9 mg·mL–1) than acarbose (IC50 4.9 mg·mL–1). The methanolic extract [(50, 100 and 500) μg per tube] of red and white arils showed positive-strong antimutagenic activities (inhibition in the range 25–70%) in the assay (Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 strain, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen, 200 ng per tube). We are reporting for the first time remarkably high characteristics (i.e., antioxidant, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and content of dietary fiber) of P. dulce fruits, mainly of the red ones; properties which combined permit us to suggest that consumption of these fruits could have beneficial health effects in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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