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The ongoing study of factors that hinder physical activity (PA) supports the adaptation of intervention strategies to changing conditions and the creation of a more conducive environment for active lifestyles. The aim of the study was to analyze the barriers to Polish participation in sports and recreational activities (SRA) before and after the pandemic. Face-to-face interviews were conducted twice with a representative sample of Poles (in 2016 N=12183 household members, in 2021 N=8351). Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using frequency and relative frequency (%). A Chi-square test of independence was used to analyze relationships between perceived barriers of non-participation in sports or physical recreation in 2016 and 2021 and the gender and age of respondents. In 2021, 38.8% (36.7% of women and 41.0% of men) declared participation in SRA (regularly or occasionally), with a 7.6 % point decrease in the number of those active compared to 2016. 20.6% of respondents participated in sports and recreation regularly in 2021. Compared to 2016, (21.7%) the difference was not statistically significant. Men declared regular participation more often than women (23.1% vs. 18.1% – 2021). Four main barriers were identified: (1) lack of free time – especially among 30 to 39-year-olds, 40 to 49-year-olds and men; (2) lack of interest, willingness or preference for passive leisure activities – especially among 15 to 19-year-olds; (3) having a medical condition and doctor’s contraindications – among 50 to 59-year-olds and 60 and older; and (4) age – especially among 60-year-olds.

The role of branding the sports performance of Iranian professional football League players was investigated by adopting a survey-based research strategy. Players with a history of competing in the Iranian Football League made up the statistical population for the study. 200 players were selected from this population as the study sample. The questionnaire data obtained were analyzed using IBM® SPSS® Amos TM 23 software. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were acceptable and a good fit. The results showed that the structural equation model used is a strong theoretical model for studying the branding of Iranian League players, and that such branding has a significant positive effect on sports performance. Therefore, sports clubs need to understand the power of branding players to increase their athletic performance in sports expertise, competitive style and fair play. On the other hand, the most important aspect of branding is branding the whole club, rather than each product or player, since each individual product can benefit from the income belonging to the brand family of the club or organization. It is suggested that professional and strategic methods can help players and motivate them to acquire the necessary skills to grow branding.

This is the fifth article of the cycle of portraits of the members of the Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Board of the journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research. These members are social scientists who research the issue of sport. Among them, there are many world-class professors, rectors, and deans of excellent universities, founders, presidents, and secretaries-general of continental and international scientific societies and editors of high-scoring journals related to social sciences focusing on sport. The idea of presenting portraits of individual editors of our writings has already gained recognition in the Far East. Editor-in-Chief Young Lee of the International Journal of Eastern Sports & Physical Education has decided to introduce Corner of Editors, which will also present all members of the Editorial Board.

The main aim of the study is to verify how event involvement in the UEFA Euro 2012 influenced the recognition of both sponsors’ and ambushers’ brands. Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews were conducted on a representative sample of the Polish society (N = 1,000). On the basis of five groups of consumers regarding involvement in the event, authors examined brand recognition, using Top of Mind Awareness (TOMA) tests of official sponsors and ambushers.

The aim of the paper was to outline and evaluate the existing scientific achievements regarding the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport, mark the dominating problematic areas, and create a literature database for the purposes of further research. The systematic literature review was conducted in the following stages: planning and conducting the review, analysis, and description of the results. The preliminary analysis included a combined number of 21,176 studies published between 1984-2013 in journals, books, and other sources included in analyzed databases, chosen using a meta-keyword: ambush. Analysis of the subject literature on the phenomenon of ambush marketing in sport allows for the classification of the works into three dominating research areas: identification of ambush marketing phenomenon, identification of the influence of ambush marketing practices on consumers, and identification of counter-ambush strategies. This review indicates the need for secondary research in social sciences in a more systematic way and more rigorously than it was done until now.

The paper aimed to analyse the level of depression, anxiety and stress of female teachers and determine its association with the subjects' psychosocial, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A survey based on Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaire was carried out. Among teachers, 27.3% reported moderate or higher overall levels of negative emotional symptoms. Teachers with low physical activity level (PAL) were likelier to report higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than those with moderate or high PAL. The study indicates the importance of PA interventions for maintaining mental health in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Regular voluntary engagement is a basic resource for sports clubs that may also promote social cohesion and active citizenship. The satisfaction of volunteers is an imperative factor in this engagement, and the purpose of this article is to explore individual and organizational determinants of volunteer satisfaction in sports clubs. Theoretically, our study builds on the actor-theory concepts where volunteer satisfaction depends on subjective evaluations of expectations and experiences in a sports club ('logic of situation'), so that positive evaluations lead to higher satisfaction and, hopefully, retention of volunteers. This research uses a sample of 8131 volunteers from 642 sports clubs in 10 European countries, and is the first analysis to combine determinants at the level of the club and the volunteer (multilevel). Results show that the most important determinants of satisfaction are the conditions of volunteering (recognition, support, leadership and material incentives) and the workload of volunteers. Surprisingly, club characteristics, size or having paid staff are not significant determinants of volunteer satisfaction. The results of this analysis can assist more effective volunteer management in sports clubs that are facing challenges of individualization and professionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Consumer satisfaction is of particular importance in the service sector in which retaining a customer is a way of achieving organization's success. Approach: We carried out a survey on members (N=474) of selected fitness clubs located in Poland. We used an originally designed questionnaire which allowed to analyse 7P marketing elements of fitness clubs. Structural equations modelling was applied. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to investigate the data structure in relation to the theoretical concept of 7P marketing mix. In order to examine the tool's structure Standardized Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) was used. Purpose: The objective of this paper is create a satisfaction assessment model for services and adapt it to the fitness clubs sector. We aimed to identify factors that may correlate with the customer satisfaction level in fitness clubs in Poland. Results: We created a satisfaction assessment tool for services adapted to the fitness clubs sector. We established that seven instruments of marketing mix for services correlate with the customer satisfaction level in selected fitness clubs in Poland. Confirmation model of the research construct provided a reasonably good fit with χ²/df = 1.94. The result of the χ² test proved statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The designed tool allows to evaluate all areas of functioning of a fitness club according to the 7P theory for services. The created model can help analyse, evaluate and shape customer behaviour in the contemporary market. We established that the evaluation of seven instruments of the marketing mix allows to assess the satisfaction with the services of a fitness club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper concerns participation of Poles aged 15+ years in leisure time and transport-related physical activity (PA) with a special focus on the life stages. The purpose of the paper was to analyze types of exercises, current and future behavior concerning PA, availability of sport and recreation facilities, and factors having the strongest relation with undertaking PA at a sufficient level according to pro-health recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO). Patients and methods: A survey was carried out on the representative sample (n=2,000). Respondents were classified in accordance to their life stages with a two-step cluster analysis. Relationships between meeting the dose of PA required for health recommendations and a membership in groups of life stages were evaluated using log-linear analysis. The strength of this relationship was expressed by the odds ratio. In order to capture relationships between meeting WHO recommendations and a set of explanatory variables, a predictive model was built. Results: Life stages and various related events have a significant relation with a decrease of PA. Among groups of a particular risk, there are professionally active and unemployed people aged 50–64 years without children as well as retirees aged 65+ years who do not meet WHO recommendations (45.3; 50.4% and 47.6%). The unemployed and retirees more frequently (p<0.0001) do not or cannot practice sport and do not think that a change of their situation is expected soon. However, 35% of professionally active people aged 50–64 years without children and 18.2% of unemployed people declare that they are currently not active but if they had the possibility, they would start practicing sport. Conclusion: Campaigns promoting PA should be targeted at groups of a particular risk. Any attempts of increasing PA or changing tendencies of its decrease should consider life conditions of these persons, as well as their needs, motivations, and barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch of fitness services in Poland experiences an intensive development currently. Annual branch analyses indicate an increase of revenues from this sector as well as the higher number of participants of sport and recreation activities at fitness clubs. Due to available data evidencing the development of the branch of private sport and recreation services, the authors decided to analyse and discuss the dynamics of the fitness market in Poland. The authors determined the size and potential of this market in Poland in relation to other fitness markets in Europe. The desk research technique was used. Sources of information about the fitness market were national publications of statistical data and branch reports. Analysis results show that the Polish market is one of leading in Europe. What is more, Polish market of fitness clubs is fragmented and there are active many small organisations. The authors state that it seems that it is necessary to introduce systematic deepened research on the fitness branch in Poland, which has a significant development potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ambush marketing in sport events has been widely commented among both scientists and practitioners. Nowadays, companies use more and more sophisticated ambush marketing methods in their promotional campaigns in order to gain recognition. Research aims. The aim of this paper is to create an innovative classification of ambush marketing methods, based on the case study of the 2012 UEFA European Championship and to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods based on the results of a brand recognition survey carried out on a representative sample of the Polish population. Methodology. In order to identify and provide an innovative classification of ambush marketing methods, monitoring of media coverage (press, Internet, broadcasts) was carried out between April and August 2012. Key findings. The authors developed a classification of ambush marketing methods based on associations used in promotional campaigns by companies. These associations were divided into two categories: ones that involve various communication means and others that involve various images. The study may contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon and to design more efficient methods to counter the occurrence of ambush marketing in mega sport events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Facing a growing diversity of needs, preferences and behaviors among sports events consumers, the segmentation of this market has become a key aspect in designing and implementing marketing programs. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to create a 2012 UEFA Euro Championship consumer typology that adopts a segmentation method based on socio-demographic and behavioral variables. Material/Methods Sample CAPI surveys were conducted among viewers of the 2012 UEFA European Championship (N = 1,000). Consumer profiles were analyzed by adopting basic criteria of marketing segmentation based on socio-economic, demographic and psychographic variables. Due to a hierarchical clustering, authors obtained five groups of consumers: heavy, moderate, light, very light and non-viewers. Results The study proved that an individually prepared therapeutic program including postisometric relaxation and combination therapy improves ROM in all planes of hip joins in osteoarthritis. It was also stated that after 2 pain assessment tests (the VAS and Laitinen scales) the therapy was confirmed to be a successful method in pain relief. The researchers also noticed that systematically conducted therapy led to reducing the incidence of pain which is manifested by limitation of pharmacotherapy. Conclusions Data analysis showed a relationship between consumer behaviors and the respondents' gender, age, place of residence. A new typology of segments of Euro 2012 fans was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]