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Aaron T. Beck's cognitive model of depression became the basis for the analysis of cognitive factors as significant correlates and predictors of depression. Psychological mechanisms of depression related to the depressive cognitive triad, the specificity of cognitive schemas and errors in cognitive processing determined the directions of further research on depression. The presented analysis of selected studies confirms and extends Beck's assumptions about the role of cognitive factors in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. The analysis of psychological, neuroimaging and biochemical studies provides a broader perspective of understanding both the etiology and mechanisms that sustain the symptoms of depression. The development of neuroimaging research has broadened the knowledge about the brain mechanisms of depression - the presented research combine the theoretical constructs of the cognitive concept of depression with the characteristics of the activity of brain structures and their functional connections. The following conclusions seem to be particularly important for clinical practice: (1) impairment of the cognitive inhibition function in depression reduces the control of negative automatic thoughts - strengthening working memory is important; (2) different brain mechanisms for processing rewards and punishments in people suffering from depression and in healthy people explain the formation of self-esteem - this knowledge can be an important element of psychoeducation in therapeutic work; (3) neuroimaging studies indicate neuronal correlates of cognitive distortions observed in depression - for further research on depression, it would be particularly important to monitor changes in brain activity in the course of its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the subjective impression of trunk deformity in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and to compare the results of the Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS) with the Cobb angle, extra--school physical activity, and scoliosis occurrence in the family. Methods. overall, 26 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (mean age, 13.5 ± 2.3 years; 100% women) and no prior surgical treatment were included. Each patient completed TAPS and underwent a complete radiographic study of the spine (Cobb angle). Additionally, questions were asked on participation in extracurricular physical activity (yes/no) and scoliosis in the family (parents, siblings -- yes/no). A correlation analysis between all variables was performed with chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results. The average TAPS score was 3.4. The patients most often assessed their body deformity between 3 and 4. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between TAPS and the Cobb angle (r = --0.7). Nonsignificant correlation was found between TAPS and extra-school physical activity and scoliosis occurrence in the family. Conclusions. Bigger angles of spinal curvature were accompanied by lower values of subjective impression of body posture, determined by TAPS. Patients noticed the distorted posture caused by scoliosis and were aware of changes in their silhouette. We did not find the impact of participation in extra-school physical activity or the occurrence of scoliosis in the family on own body image perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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