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Genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 Diagnosis. Orthobula includes small, dark, reddish-brown spiders easily recognized by the pits present on the carapace, the ovoid abdomen, fovea absent and sternum pitted; legs I and II have paired spines on the tibiae and metatarsi (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). Male palpi with the tegulum subtriangular and strongly swollen basally towards the prolateral side. Embolus is usually straight, narrow, finely coiled and directed distally (Haddad et al. 2021). The epigyne has circular copulatory openings anteriorly and exhibits transverse oval spermathecae positioned posteriorly, close to the midline of the epigyne and far from the copulatory openings (Danýþman et al. 2012; Haddad et al. 2021)., Published as part of Piñanez Espejo, Yolanda M. G., Munévar, Ana & Kochalka, John A., 2022, A new species of Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) from South America, pp. 75-80 in Zootaxa 5124 (1) on page 76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6404797, {"references":["Simon, E. (1897 a) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Tome second, Premier fascicule. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1 - 192.","Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest Spiders of South East Asia: With a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanteriidae). Brill, Leiden. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475588","Haddad, C. R., Jin, C., Platnick, N. I. & Booysen, R. (2021) Capobula gen. nov., a new Afrotropical dark sac spider genus related to Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae). Zootaxa, 4942 (1), 41 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4942.1.2","Danytman, T., Erdek, M., Sancak, Z. & Cotar, Y. (2012) A new genus record for the corinnid sac spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae: Corinnidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (2), 1097 - 1100."]}

Orthobula sudamericana Piñanez & Munévar, sp. nov. Figs 1–2 Type material. Holotype ♂: ARGENTINA: Misiones: Puerto Iguazú, Alto Paraná (25°48’09.8”S, 54°30’37.9”W), Pine trees (Pinus taeda), mature plantations, 20.II.2017, leg. A. Munévar (IBSI _ ARA0070). Paratype: 1♀, same data as the holotype (IBSI _ ARA0070 a). Etymology. The specific name is Spanish and refers to the discovery of a species of Orthobula in South America. Diagnosis. Females of the new species are most similar to O. chayuensis Yang, Song & Zhu, 2003, but can be distinguished from the latter by the dark abdomen with pale yellow pattern, and by the straight and parallel insemination ducts. The male resembles O. charitonovi Mikhailov, 1986 but can be distinguished by the U-shaped sperm duct located centrally and the serrated retrolateral femoral margin. Description. Carapace reddish-brown, abdomen pale yellow with dark pattern; centrally with four large invaginate sigilla, less sclerotized in males (Fig. 1a; Fig. 2a). Strongly sclerotized yellow sternum covered with pits. Eyes in two rows (4:4), anterior row straight, posterior row recurved in dorsal view; eye diameters variable. ALE and AME rounded, PLE and PME ovoid. Legs I and II with 2 rows of strong spines ventrally on the tibia, metatarsus and tarsus; legs III and IV without spines. Leg spination: tibia I v5-5, tibia II v4-4; metatarsus I v3-3, metatarsus II v4- 4 in females and v3- 3 in males; tarsus I and II v3- 3 in females and v2- 2 in males. Leg formula: ♀ 4123, ♂ 1423. Holotype ♂: tegulum pear-shaped, apically narrow and wider at base (Fig. 1c). Embolus short, slightly thorn-like (Fig. 1c). Palpal tibia with small apophysis on retrolateral margin (Fig. 1d). Palpal femur with serrated retrolateral margin and with very small ventral distal apophysis (Fig. 1c —dva). Carapace 0.950 long, 0.530 wide in cephalic area, 0.780 wide in thoracic area. Abdomen 0.880 long, 0.760 wide. Palpal femur 0.187, tibia 0.127, patella 0.148, cymbium 0.363. Abdomen covered by dorsal scutum, ventral sclerite subtriangular, broader than long (Fig. 1a, b). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.047, ALE 0.048, PME 0.080, PLE 0.068; AME–AME 0.043, AME–ALE 0.038, ALE–PLE 0.043, PME–PME 0.055, PME–PLE 0.042. MOQ 0.180 wide. Paratype ♀: Same as male, except abdominal dorsal scutum and ventral sclerite absent; venter with two paired rows of small oval sclerites. Carapace 0.930 long, 0.485 wide in cephalic area, 0.771 wide in thoracic area. Abdomen 1.160 long, 1.040 wide. Epigyne with primary receptacles 0.081 long, 0.075 wide; secondary receptacles 0.158 long, 0.191 wide. Distance between copulatory openings 0.023; span between lateral edges of copulatory openings 0.106; span between lateral edges of primary receptacles 0.180. Copulatory openings close together (no space between them) (Fig. 2d —co). Vulva with two pairs of receptacles, primary receptacles transverse, ovoid and strongly sclerotized; secondary receptacles (bursae) massive, egg-shaped, weakly sclerotized (Fig. 2e–f). Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.037, ALE 0.048, PME 0.072, PLE 0.062. AME–AME 0.030, AME–ALE 0.021, ALE–PLE 0.039, PME–PME 0.051, PME–PLE 0.039. MOQ 0.180 wide. Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Puerto Iguazú: Reserva Privada Alto Paraná, 25°47’14.6”S 54°21’25.1”W, Pine trees (Pinus taeda), mature plantations, Winkler bag, leg. A. Munévar, 12– 16.I.2017, 1♂ (IBSI _ ARA0070 b). PARAGUAY: Alto Paraguay: Madrejón, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, 20°37’44.8”S 59°53’27.7”W, leg. J. Kochalka, 10.IX.1982, 8♂ 6♀ 7 imm. (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2799); Same collector and coordinates (4:00 pm), 11.IX.1982, 1♂ (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2800); Same data, 10.IX.1982, 2♂ 1♀ 2 imm. (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2802). Amambay: Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, 22°39’59.9”S 55°59’12.5”W, sifting leaf litter, leg. J. Kochalka, 29. V –3. VI.1982, 4♀ (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2801). Itapúa: Alto Verá, Parque Nacional San Rafael, 26°30’33.0”S 55°47’24.4”W, natural grassland, pitfall, leg. Y. Piñanez, 2–3.IX.2016, 2♀ (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2803); Same data, 8–10.XI.2016, 1♂ (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2804). Boquerón: Parque Nacional Tte. Enciso, 21°12’36.4”S 61°39’20.5”W, leg. B.B. Barrios & B. Garcete, 7.VIII.1994, 1♂ (IBNP-Invert.- JAK-CR 2805). San Pedro: San Estanislao (Santaní), 24°40’34.7”S 56°24’01.0”W, semi-natural riparian forest, leg. W. Jahn, 5–10.III.1991, 1♀ (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2806). Natural history. Orthobula sudamericana sp. nov. is found at elevations ranging from 162 to 300 meters in the tropical and subtropical region of South America. Examined specimens were collected in the Dry Chaco, Cerrado and Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregions in Argentina and Paraguay (Morrone 2014) (Fig. 3). Specimens from all three ecoregions were found in the soil and leaf litter layer. These strata vary in their characteristics relative to the vegetation structure of each habitat type. Sites from the Dry Chaco exhibit a mosaic of xeric forest and open vegetation where the soil is usually dry and bare. In contrast, the Alto Parana Atlantic Forest receives about four times as much precipitation annually (~ 1600-2000 mm) and exhibits several vegetation strata (3 to 5) (Morellato & Haddad 2000). We consider that O. sudamericana sp. nov. may be a non-native species that was possibly introduced from the Afrotropical, south Palaeartic or Oriental biogeographical realms., Published as part of Piñanez Espejo, Yolanda M. G., Munévar, Ana & Kochalka, John A., 2022, A new species of Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) from South America, pp. 75-80 in Zootaxa 5124 (1) on pages 76-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6404797, {"references":["Morrone, J. J. (2014) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782 (1), 1 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3782.1.1","Morellato, L. P. C. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2000) Introduction: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest 1. Biotropica, 32 (4 b), 786 - 792. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7429.2000. tb 00618. x"]}

Apopyllus kanguery new species (Figs 1–2, 6b) Type material. Female holotype from Estación Kanguery, Itapúa, Paraguay (26°30’43.5”S 55°47’34.0”W) 12–16.I.2017, Y. Piñanez coll., deposited in IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2944. Etymology. The specific name is taken from the type locality, Estación Kanguery, a biodiversity observation facility inside the Reserva para Parque Nacional San Rafael one of the last remnants of Interior Atlantic Forest in Paraguay. Diagnosis. Females can be distinguished by the wide, sinuous anterior ridge with the middle part having the anterior border straight and the posterior border sinuous, with a small sinuous curve laterally on each side (Fig. 1–2). It can be further distinguished by the TPD curved dorsally and by the secondary spermathecae about two thirds the diameter of the primary ones (Fig. 1c,1d). This species is similar to A. gandarela Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 and A. malleco Platnick & Shadab, 1984 but can be differentiated of them by the broader central portion of the anterior ridge (Fig.2). Description. Female (holotype): Total length 4.8. Carapace 1.95 long, 1.43 wide. Femur II 1.22 long. Carapace light brown, with light orange and dark reticulations (Fig. 1a). Legs and palps light brown, darker in leg femora. Femur I with a lighter area in the prolateral and the retrolateral proximal parts. Sternum and labium orange/brown. Endites light orangish brown with a lighter anterior border. Opisthosoma pale gray with the anterior part black. Due to its slightly deteriorated state of preservation it is not possible to distinguish the pattern of color on the dorsal surface of the opisthosoma. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.047, ALE 0.085, PME 0.056, PLE 0.066, AME–AME 0.066, AME–ALE 0.018, ALE–PLE 0.047, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.05. MOQ 0.2 wide. Leg spination: femora: I, II d1-1-1, p0-0-1; III, IV d1-1-1, r0- 1-1, p0-1-1; patellae: III, IV p1-1-0, r1- 1-0; tibiae: I v0-0-1p; II v2-1 p-0; III d0-2-0, p1-0-1, r0-1-1, v1 p-2-2; IV d1-1-0, p0-1-0, v1 p-2-2, r0-1-0; Metatarsi: I, II v2 -0-0; III d0-1-2, IV d0-2-2; III, IV r-1-1-1, p1-1-1, v1 p-2-2. Remarks. The specimen was captured with a pitfall trap in natural grassland with occasional cattle grazing during the summer. Throughout the collection period no precipitation occurred and the temperature ranged between 25.3°C and 37. 9°C. Male: Unknown. Material examined. holotype. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Estación Kanguery, Alto Verá, Itapúa, Paraguay (Fig. 6b). The type locality is an area of natural grassland surrounded by patches of Interior Atlantic Forest. This area belongs to the largest interconnected fragment (78.000 ha) of Interior Atlantic Forest in Paraguay (López et al. 2007; Cartes 2006; Cacciali 2013). with an average precipitation of 2.100 mm annually (Esquivel et al. 2007).

Apopyllus centralis Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 (Figs 4–5, 6a) Material examined. PARAGUAY: Alto Paraguay: Bahía Negra: Estancia Doña Julia, 20°11’12.8”S 58°09’27.1”W, 1♀, 24.IX–3.X.1984, J.A. Kochalka coll. (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2946), Central: San Lorenzo: Inventario Biológico Nacional, 25°20’20.3”S 57°31’27.2”W, 1♀, 2–12.V.1986, J.A. Kochalka coll., (IBNP-Invert.-JAK-CR 2947). Distribution. Central Brazil, northern Venezuela and Paraguay. Remarks. The habitus appearance is similar between the two specimens (4a–b, 5a–b) However, there seems to be variation in the epigynum overall structure (Figs 4 c–e, 5c–e), especially in the appearance of the epigynum in ventral view (Figs 4c, 5c). The specimen from Alto Paraguay was found under a log and the specimen from Departamento Central was found inside a building and both were collected more than thirty years ago by John A. Kochalka.