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Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy) (Fig. 208) Material examined. MASSACHUSETTS: Nantucket Co., Nantucket, 2 Milk St., 10.vi.2016, em. 22���29.vi.2016, C.S. Eiseman, ex Tanacetum parthenium, #CSE2612, CNC634774���634776 (3♂); same location, 11.vi.2016, em. 23.vi.2016, C.S. Eiseman, ex Leucanthemum vulgare, #CSE2619, CNC635235, CNC635236 (2♀); Liberty St. (41.283729, -70.103993), 31.vii.2017, em. 2���4.viii.2017, C.S. Eiseman, ex Sonchus asper, #CSE4055, CNC939655���939659 (2♂ 3♀). Hosts. Apiaceae: Daucus carota L. (Smulyan 1914); Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Frick 1959), A. psilostachya DC. (Goeden and Ricker 1976), Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson (Frick 1959), Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. (Frick 1959), Artemisia vulgaris L. (Frick 1959), Bidens frondosa L. (Frick 1959), Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Frick 1959), Chrysanthemum L. (cultivated variety), C. ��morifolium Ramat. (Frick 1959), Crepis L., Cynara scolymus L., Dahlia Cav., Delairea odorata Lem. (Frick 1959), Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moulins (Frick 1959), ���eupatoriums��� (Falconer 1887), Gazania Gaertn. (Falconer 1887), Helianthus annuus L. (Smulyan 1914), H. californicus DC., H. ��multiflorus L. (Falconer 1887), Lactuca L., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Frick 1959; present study), Matricaria L. (cultivated variety), Packera indecora (Greene) ��. L��ve & D. L��ve (Griffiths 1974c), Parthenium argentatum A. Gray (Frick 1959), Pericallis hybrida B. Nord., Petasites Mill. (Frick 1959), Picris echioides L., Senecio jacobaea L. (Frick 1972), S. vulgaris L. (Griffiths 1974c), Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mack. ex Small (Spencer & Steyskal 1986), Solidago nemoralis Aiton (Smulyan 1914), Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L., Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Falconer 1887; present study), T. vulgare L. (Lintner 1888), Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (Frick 1959), Zinnia violacea Cav.; Fabaceae: Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Frick 1959), Pisum sativum L.; Lamiaceae: Mentha L. (Frick 1959), Stachys bullata Benth. (Frick 1959), Malvaceae: Malva nicaeensis All. (Frick 1959). Except where indicated, Griffiths (1967) verified the above records by examination of genitalia of reared males. Griffiths (1977) stated that Sehgal���s (1971) record from Crepis gracilis (D.C. Eat.) Rydb. (= C. atribarba A. Heller) probably involved a misidentified plant because the only species of Crepis confirmed from the Edmonton, Alberta area are C. runcinata (James) Torr. & A. Gray and C. tectorum L. The records of Frick (1959) all appear to represent reared specimens examined by him. Griffiths (1967) considered Frick���s list generally to be attributable to Phytomyza syngenesiae, but he noted that the series Frick reared from Pseudognaphalium leucocephalum (A. Gray) Anderb. (Asteraceae) in California ���does not represent a species of the syngenesiae group, but a species related to the European Phytomyza ciliata Hendel and P. farfarae Hendel. ��� Spencer (1981) made no reference to these flies, and the species apparently remains undescribed. Griffiths (1972b) also cautioned that the record of Petasites requires confirmation due to possible confusion with other species found on this host. Griffiths (1967) further stated that ���confirmation from the dissection of males bred from [the non-Asteraceae] hosts seems desirable before they can be finally accepted.��� He did verify a California specimen reared from Pisum sativum as well as one reared from Daucus carota in Denmark. The records of Falconer (1887), Lintner (1888), and Smulyan (1914) are from greenhouses in New York and Massachusetts. The origin of the Smallanthus uvedalius record is unclear, as Spencer & Steyskal (1986) do not mention having examined any specimens of P. syngenesiae, and the only distribution records they cite are those listed by Frick (1959), none of which are within the known range of this plant. Leaf mine. (Fig. 208) White, entirely linear, with frass mostly in discrete black grains along the margins; largely on the upper surface, but with the final stretch on the lower surface. Puparium. White to yellow; formed within the mine, its anterior spiracles projecting ventrally through the lower (or sometimes the upper) epidermis. Distribution. USA: CA, MA, OR (Frick 1959), RI, WA; Canada: AB, BC (Frick 1959); Colombia? (Spencer 1984); Europe; Sri Lanka (Wijesekara 2002); Japan; Kenya (Čern�� & Tschirnhaus 2014); Australia; New Zealand. The preceding North American records were all verified by Griffiths (1967) except where indicated. See further notes on distribution below. Comments. This species is apparently native to Europe and introduced elsewhere with horticultural plants. The earliest North American records, as summarized by Smulyan (1914), are all from greenhouses in the northern USA: NY (1886, Glen Cove), PA (1887, Germantown), MA (1889, Boston area), CT (1890, Danbury), NH (1907), MT (1912, Helena), WI (1912, Milwaukee), and IL (1912, Chicago). The RI specimens cited by Griffiths (1967) were reared in 1910 and 1916. Studying an infestation near Boston, MA, Smulyan (1914) found no evidence of the flies spreading to outdoor plants beyond the immediate vicinity of the greenhouse. The only recent (post 1916) evidence of Phytomyza syngenesiae we have found in the northeastern USA are our own observations on Nantucket Island, MA. Mines are reliably found on Tanacetum and Leucanthemum in a garden next to the Maria Mitchell Natural Science Museum, which is a sheltered area in a heavily human-altered environment but there is no greenhouse nearby. We have surveyed the island extensively for leafminers, and the only other apparent mines of P. syngenesiae we have found are a few on Arctium L. and Sonchus asper, likewise near roads and human structures, along with a single example on Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC., collected 4 August 2012 at Almanac Pond, a natural area far from any human structures. Mines on all three hosts contained puparia, but adults were only reared from Sonchus. Phytomyza syngenesiae does appear to be established along the Pacific Coast. We have found mines on Sonchus oleraceus on a beach in Washington, and mines have been photographed on this host in an urban alley in San Francisco (Pearson 2011) and on a weedy plant resembling Sonchus on a beach in Los Angeles (Mallory 2011)., Published as part of Eiseman, Charles S. & Lonsdale, Owen, 2018, New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species, pp. 1-156 in Zootaxa 4479 (1) on pages 84-85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4479.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1452913, {"references":["Smulyan, M. T. (1914) The marguerite fly (Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz). Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 157, 21 - 52.","Frick, K. E. (1959) Synopsis of the species of agromyzid leaf miners described from North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 108, 347 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.108 - 3407.347","Goeden, R. D. & Ricker, D. W. (1976) The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environmental Entomology, 5 (6), 1169 - 1177. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 5.6.1169","Falconer, W. (1887) The marguerite fly (Phytomyza affinis). The American Florist, 2, 297.","Griffiths, G. C. D. (1974 c) Studies on boreal Agromyzidae (Diptera). VII. A new Chromatomyia miner on Faleriana. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 10, 217 - 222.","Frick, K. E. (1972) Biological notes and eggs of Phytomyza syngenesiae in north-central coastal California. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65 (5), 1310 - 1313.","Spencer, K. A. & Steyskal, G. C. (1986) Manual of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of the United States. USDA Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Handbook, 638, 1 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 119606","Lintner, J. A. (1888) Phytomyza lateralis Fallen, the marguerite fly. Fourth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1888, 73 - 80.","Griffiths, G. C. D. (1967) Revision of the Phytomyza syngenesiae group (Diptera, Agromyzidae), including species hitherto known as \" Phytomyza atricornis Meigen. \" Stuttgarter Beitr age zur Naturkunde, 177, 1 - 28.","Griffiths, G. C. D. (1977) Studies on boreal Agromyzidae (Diptera). XIII. Some Phytomyza and Chromatomyia miners on Cichorieae (Compositae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 13, 327 - 345.","Sehgal, V. K. (1971) A taxonomic survey of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Alberta, Canada, with observations on host-plant relationships. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 7, 291 - 405.","Spencer, K. A. (1981) A revisionary study of the leaf-mining flies (Agromyzidae) of California. University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences Special Publication, 3273, 1 - 489.","Griffiths, G. C. D. (1972 b) Studies on boreal Agromyzidae (Diptera). II. Phytomyza miners on Senecio, Petasites, and Tussilago (Compositae, Senecioneae). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 8, 377 - 405.","Spencer, K. A. (1984) The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Colombia, including a new species attacking potato in Bolivia. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 10 (1 - 2), 3 - 33.","Wijesekara, A. (2002) Synopsis of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences, 29, 41 - 62.","Cerny, M. & Tschirnhaus, M. von. (2014) New records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the Afrotropical Region, with a checklist. Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales, 63, 159 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / cszma- 2014 - 0017","Pearson, J. (2011) Leaf mine in sow-thistle. Available from: http: // bugguide. net / node / view / 504492 (accessed 29 April 2017)","Mallory, C. (2011) Pink mines on small weedy plant. Available from: http: // bugguide. net / node / view / 489753 (accessed 29 April 2017)"]}

Leaf miners are often found on chrysanthemums and related plants. Normally, these leaf miners are native insects, belonging to the species known as the chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy)), which is a common pest widely distributed throughout the British Isles. However, alien leaf miners are sometimes introduced with imported cuttings and these species are described on pages 271–273.

SUMMARY Pyrazophos was more effective than dioxanthion against chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae Hardy) when applied as a mist onto bed-grown plants irrespective of the stage of development of the pest. When pyrazophos was applied at the feeding mark stage no eggs developed but when it was applied at the young mine, mature mine or pupal stages 3–5%, 3-1% or 45-5% reached adulthood. Pyrazophos applied every 17-5 days kept damage levels acceptably low. The potential of pyrazophos within an integrated control programme for chrysanthemum is discussed.

Eighteen cultivars of indoor chrysanthemums were tested in the laboratory for susceptibility to adult female Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy). Host susceptibility was assessed by the density of feeding punctures, the density of eggs laid, and the amount of leaf damaged by the mining larvae. Eight of the cultivars were also tested in the field for their susceptibility to leaf damage. Cv. Mary Poppins, a ‘Mini-mum’, was the most susceptible, for it had most feeding punctures and most eggs per unit area, the largest percentage of mined leaves and a large percentage of damaged leaf area. Cv. Thumbelina, also a ‘Mini-mum’, was the least susceptible to leaf damage, for it had the smallest percentage of damaged leaf area, although a large number of the leaves were mined. Feeding puncture/egg ratios were not found to be a consistently reliable indicator of susceptibility.

A mixed population of Phytomyza syngenesiae (Hardy) (formerly P. atricomis Meigen) from material originally collected from tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L., at Fort Bragg and Albany, California (132 airline miles apart) increased remarkably on S. jacobaea plants in laboratory cages and in a greenhouse. The huge populations, which often appeared to arise from isolated individual insects, were not the result of parthenogenesis (44 mated females laid viable eggs; 40 virgin females laid only nonviable eggs). The parasitic Hymenoptera of this leaf miner do not reproduce in cages or greenhouses, and the life cycle of the leaf miner is short (about 28 days) with 12 hours of 24 and 12 hours of 12.75, and it can be completed and sustained in small cages. Virginity did not affect the fecundity of the females, but the preoviposition period of virgins was longer than for mated females (average 4±2 days vs. 2±0.5 days).