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104 results on '"Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)"'

1. Ultraviolet Radiation modelling using output from the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative

Author: Slimane Bekki, Daniele Visioni, Hassan Bencherif, Laura E. Revell, Kohei Yoshida, Martyn P. Chipperfield, John A. Pyle, Andrea Stenke, Kengo Sudo, N. Butchart, Béatrice Josse, Thierry Portafaix, Alexander T. Archibald, Colette Brogniez, Patrick Jöckel, Eugene Rozanov, Makoto Deushi, Giovanni Pitari, Martine Michou, Luke D. Oman, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Michaela I. Hegglin, Glauco Di Genova, Taichu Tanaka, Fiona M. O'Connor, Oliver Kirner, Olaf Morgenstern, David Saint-Martin, Guang Zeng, Rong-Ming Hu, Douglas E. Kinnison, Kévin Lamy, David A. Plummer, N. Luke Abraham, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Virginie Marécal, Sandip Dhomse, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones ( LACy ), Météo France-Université de la Réunion ( UR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques ( CNRM ), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 ( LOA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Chemistry and Physics [Durban], University of KwaZulu-Natal ( UKZN ), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), Bodeker Scientific, School of Physical Chemical Sciences [Christchurch], University of Canterbury [Christchurch], National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading ( UOR ), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre ( IPA ), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] ( DLR ), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] ( SCC ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] ( NIWA ), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( NCAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), University of Leeds, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] ( DSFC ), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila [L'Aquila] ( UNIVAQ.IT ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] ( MRI ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis ( CCCma ), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Northern Hemisphere, Noon, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, Aerosol, Latitude, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Ultraviolet index, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Southern Hemisphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We have derived values of the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) at solar noon using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model (TUV) driven by ozone, temperature and aerosol fields from climate simulations of the first phase of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). Since clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections, we simulated only the clear-sky UVI. We compared the modelled UVI climatologies against present-day climatological values of UVI derived from both satellite data (the OMI-Aura OMUVBd product) and ground-based measurements (from the NDACC network). Depending on the region, relative differences between the UVI obtained from CCMI/TUV calculations and the ground-based measurements ranged between −5.9% and 10.6%. We then calculated the UVI evolution throughout the 21st century for the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Compared to 1960s values, we found an average increase in the UVI in 2100 (of 2–4%) in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). For the mid-latitudes, we observed a 1.8 to 3.4 % increase in the Southern Hemisphere for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0, and found a 2.3% decrease in RCP 8.5. Higher increases in UVI are projected in the Northern Hemisphere except for RCP 8.5. At high latitudes, ozone recovery is well identified and induces a complete return of mean UVI levels to 1960 values for RCP 8.5 in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI levels in 2100 are higher by 0.5 to 5.5% for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and they are lower by 7.9% for RCP 8.5. We analysed the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) on UVI from 1960 by comparing CCMI sensitivity simulations (1960–2100) with fixed GHGs or ODSs at their respective 1960 levels. As expected with ODS fixed at their 1960 levels, there is no large decrease in ozone levels and consequently no sudden increase in UVI levels. With fixed GHG, we observed a delayed return of ozone to 1960 values, with a corresponding pattern of change observed on UVI, and looking at the UVI difference between 2090s values and 1960s values, we found an 8 % increase in the tropical belt during the summer of each hemisphere. Finally we show that, while in the Southern Hemisphere the UVI is mainly driven by total ozone column, in the Northern Hemisphere both total ozone column and aerosol optical depth drive UVI levels, with aerosol optical depth having twice as much influence on the UVI as total ozone column does.
Published: 2018

2. Multi-model comparison of the volcanic sulfate deposition from the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora

Author: Lauren Marshall, Anja Schmidt, Matthew Toohey, Ken S. Carslaw, Graham W. Mann, Michael Sigl, Myriam Khodri, Claudia Timmreck, Davide Zanchettin, William Ball, Slimane Bekki, James S. A. Brooke, Sandip Dhomse, Colin Johnson, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Allegra LeGrande, Michael J. Mills, Ulrike Niemeier, Virginie Poulain, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Timofei Sukhodolov, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Fiona Tummon, Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Leeds], University of Leeds, Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( ICAS ), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften ( IFM-GEOMAR ), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie ( MPI-M ), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( NCAS ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] ( LUC ), Paul Scherrer Institute ( PSI ), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts ( PARVATI ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques ( LOCEAN ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology ( MPI-M ), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory ( ACOML ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] ( CCSR ), and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS )
Subjects: [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The eruption of Mt. Tambora in 1815 was the largest volcanic eruption of the past 500 years. The eruption had significant climatic impacts, leading to the 1816 “year without a summer”, and remains a valuable event from which to understand the climatic effects of large stratospheric volcanic sulfur dioxide injections. The eruption also resulted in one of the strongest and most easily identifiable volcanic sulfate signals in polar ice cores, which are widely used to reconstruct the timing and atmospheric sulfate loading of past eruptions. As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), five state-of-the-art global aerosol models simulated this eruption. We analyse both simulated background (no Tambora) and volcanic (with Tambora) sulfate deposition to polar regions and compare to ice core records. The models simulate overall similar patterns of background sulfate deposition, although there are differences in regional details and magnitude. However, the volcanic sulfate deposition varies considerably between the models with differences in timing, spatial pattern and magnitude. Mean simulated deposited sulfate on Antarctica ranges from 19 to 264 kg km−2 and on Greenland from 31 to 194 kg km−2, as compared to the mean ice-core-derived estimates of roughly 50 kg km−2 for both Greenland and Antarctica. The ratio of the hemispheric atmospheric sulfate aerosol burden after the eruption to the average ice sheet deposited sulfate varies between models by up to a factor of 15. Sources of this inter-model variability include differences in both the formation and the transport of sulfate aerosol. Our results suggest that deriving relationships between sulfate deposited on ice sheets and atmospheric sulfate burdens from model simulations may be associated with greater uncertainties than previously thought. ISSN:1680-7375 ISSN:1680-7367
Published: 2017

3. Multimodel climate and variability of the stratosphere

Author: Darryn W. Waugh, Steven Pawson, Paul J. Kushner, N. Butchart, Judith Perlwitz, Hella Garny, Eugene Rozanov, A. J. G. Baumgaertner, Rolando R. Garcia, Kiyotaka Shibata, Lei Wang, John A. Pyle, Veronika Eyring, Kirstin Krüger, Marion Marchand, Scott Osprey, Steven C. Hardiman, Jean-Francois Lamarque, John Austin, Ch. Brühl, Martine Michou, H. Teyssèdre, Paul A. Newman, David A. Plummer, Tetsu Nakamura, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Peter H. Haynes, Sandip Dhomse, Dan Smale, Olaf Morgenstern, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, P. Braesicke, Theodore G. Shepherd, W. Tian, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Yousuke Yamashita, Irene Cionni, Michael Sigmond, John F. Scinocca, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Met Office Hadley Centre ( MOHC ), University of Reading ( UOR ), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre ( IPA ), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] ( DLR ), University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ) -University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften ( IFM-GEOMAR ), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences ( CIRES ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), National Institute for Environmental Studies ( NIES ), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research ( UCAR ), SHTI - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry ( MPIC ), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] ( NIWA ), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis ( CCCma ), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] ( MRI ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), Johns Hopkins University ( JHU ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: quasi-biennial oscillation, Atmospheric Science, polar night jet, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Sudden stratospheric warming, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, Polar vortex, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), General circulation model, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Polar night, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Forestry, Jet stream, stratospheric warmings, Geophysics, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Environmental science, Polar, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Stratospheric climate
Abstract: The stratospheric climate and variability from simulations of sixteen chemistry-climate models is evaluated. On average the polar night jet is well reproduced though its variability is less well reproduced with a large spread between models. Polar temperature biases are less than 5 K except in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) lower stratosphere in spring. The accumulated area of low temperatures responsible for polar stratospheric cloud formation is accurately reproduced for the Antarctic but underestimated for the Arctic. The shape and position of the polar vortex is well simulated, as is the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. There is a wide model spread in the frequency of major sudden stratospheric warnings (SSWs), late biases in the breakup of the SH vortex, and a weak annual cycle in the zonal wind in the tropical upper stratosphere. Quantitatively, "metrics" indicate a wide spread in model performance for most diagnostics with systematic biases in many, and poorer performance in the SH than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Correlations were found in the SH between errors in the final warming, polar temperatures, the leading mode of variability, and jet strength, and in the NH between errors in polar temperatures, frequency of major SSWs, and jet strength. Models with a stronger QBO have stronger tropical upwelling and a colder NH vortex. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis indicate a number of common and long-standing model problems, particularly related to the simulation of the SH and stratospheric variability. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.
Published: 2016

4. Recent variability of the solar spectral irradiance and its impact on climate modelling

Author: I. Ermolli, K. Matthes, T. Dudok de Wit, N. A. Krivova, K. Tourpali, M. Weber, Y. C. Unruh, L. Gray, U. Langematz, P. Pilewskie, E. Rozanov, W. Schmutz, A. Shapiro, S. K. Solanki, G. Thuillier, T. N. Woods, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma ( OAR ), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica ( INAF ), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] ( GEOMAR ), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung ( MPS ), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessalonikis], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] ( IUP ), Universität Bremen, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin [Berlin], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center ( PMOD/WRC ), European Project : 284461,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,EHEROES ( 2012 ), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University (KHU), European Project: 284461,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2011-1,EHEROES(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], University of Oxford, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] ( IAC ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), and Kyung Hee University
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Irradiance, Climate change, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, lcsh:Chemistry, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Range (statistics), Stratosphere, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QC1-999, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, lcsh:QD1-999, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), Satellite, [ SDU.STU.CL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Shortwave, lcsh:Physics, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: The lack of long and reliable time series of solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements makes an accurate quantification of solar contributions to recent climate change difficult. Whereas earlier SSI observations and models provided a qualitatively consistent picture of the SSI variability, recent measurements by the SORCE satellite suggest a significantly stronger variability in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range and changes in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands in anti-phase with the solar cycle. A number of recent chemistry-climate model (CCM) simulations have shown that this might have significant implications on the Earth's atmosphere. Motivated by these results, we summarize here our current knowledge of SSI variability and its impact on Earth's climate. We present a detailed overview of existing SSI measurements and provide thorough comparison of models available to date. SSI changes influence the Earth's atmosphere, both directly, through changes in shortwave (SW) heating and therefore, temperature and ozone distributions in the stratosphere, and indirectly, through dynamical feedbacks. We investigate these direct and indirect effects using several state-of-the art CCM simulations forced with measured and modeled SSI changes. A unique asset of this study is the use of a common comprehensive approach for an issue that is usually addressed separately by different communities. Omissis. Finally, we discuss the reliability of the available data and we propose additional coordinated work, first to build composite SSI datasets out of scattered observations and to refine current SSI models, and second, to run coordinated CCM experiments., 34 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ACP
Published: 2013

5. HiRISE - High-Resolution Imaging and Spectroscopy Explorer - ultrahigh resolution, interferometric and external occulting coronagraphic science

Author: Erdélyi, Robertus, Damé, Luc, Fludra, Andrzej, Mathioudakis, Mihalis, Amari, T., Belucz, B., Berrilli, F., Bogachev, S., Bolsée, D., Bothmer, V., Brun, S., Dewitte, S., de Wit, T. Dudok, Faurobert, M., Gizon, L., Gyenge, N., Korsós, M. B., Labrosse, Nicolas, Matthews, S., Meftah, M., Morgan, H., Pallé, P., Rochus, P., Rozanov, E., Schmieder, B., Tsinganos, K., Verwichte, E., Zharkov, S., Zuccarello, F., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., Solar Physics and Space Plasma Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] (SoMaS), University of Sheffield [Sheffield]-University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Hungarian Solar Physics Foundation (HSPF), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (LPI RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Département d'astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie (AGO), Université de Liège, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice (LUAN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Aberystwyth University, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), STRATO - LATMOS, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), University of Warwick [Coventry], University of Hull [United Kingdom], Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia [Catania], Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: Solar atmosphere, Astronomy & Astrophysics, CORONA, Solar physics mission, LIMITS, LEAKAGE, Photosphere, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Ultra-high resolution, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Interferometry, Coronagraph, Chromosphere, Corona, QC, QB, Science & Technology, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, MAGNETIC-FIELD, SUN, Astronomy and Astrophysics, IRRADIANCE, VARIABILITY, Space and Planetary Science, OUTFLOWS, Physics::Space Physics, Physical Sciences, ALFVEN WAVES, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Settore FIS/06 - Fisica per il Sistema Terra e Il Mezzo Circumterrestre, SOLAR DIAMETER
Abstract: Recent solar physics missions have shown the definite role of waves and magnetic fields deep in the inner corona, at the chromosphere-corona interface, where dramatic and physically dominant changes occur. HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging and Spectroscopy Explorer), the ambitious new generation ultra-high resolution, interferometric, and coronagraphic, solar physics mission, proposed in response to the ESA Voyage 2050 Call, would address these issues and provide the best-ever and most complete solar observatory, capable of ultra-high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution observations of the solar atmosphere, from the photosphere to the corona, and of new insights of the solar interior from the core to the photosphere. HiRISE, at the L1 Lagrangian point, would provide meter class FUV imaging and spectro-imaging, EUV and XUV imaging and spectroscopy, magnetic fields measurements, and ambitious and comprehensive coronagraphy by a remote external occulter (two satellites formation flying 375 m apart, with a coronagraph on a chaser satellite). This major and state-of-the-art payload would allow us to characterize temperatures, densities, and velocities in the solar upper chromosphere, transition zone, and inner corona with, in particular, 2D very high resolution multi-spectral imaging-spectroscopy, and, direct coronal magnetic field measurement, thus providing a unique set of tools to understand the structure and onset of coronal heating. HiRISE’s objectives are natural complements to the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter-type missions. We present the science case for HiRISE which will address: i) the fine structure of the chromosphere-corona interface by 2D spectroscopy in FUV at very high resolution; ii) coronal heating roots in the inner corona by ambitious externally-occulted coronagraphy; iii) resolved and global helioseismology thanks to continuity and stability of observing at the L1 Lagrange point; and iv) solar variability and space climate with, in addition, a global comprehensive view of UV variability.
Published: 2022

6. The Pyramid of Complexity Interpreted as an Energy Lattice With the Energy Operators

Author: Jean-Philippe Montillet, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Montillet, Jean-philippe
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], [MATH] Mathematics [math], [MATH]Mathematics [math], [PHYS] Physics [physics]
Abstract: The Pyramid of Complexity (PoC) is a multi-levels structure classifying our knowledge of the matter from particles to more complex organisms [1]. We are here introducing the PoC using the family of energy operators defined in our previous works [3, 5, 6]. To do so, we formulate three postulates to define the application of the energy operator theory to the PoC. We also associate a PoC with a specific space-time metric which is the basis to define the energy operators in a specific referential. The theory is then applied using two examples related to the electromagnetic and gravitational coupling defined in [3]. The first example is related to an electromagnetic cavity, whereas the second one is based on the human heart.
Published: 2021

7. Stereoscopic Measurements of Coronal Doppler Velocities

Author: Cristina Hemilse Mandrini, L. Dolla, Krzysztof Barczynski, F. Auchère, Susanna Parenti, Marilena Mierla, O. Podladchikova, Eric Buchlin, Louise K. Harra, Luciano Rodriguez, David Berghmans, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Solar Influences Data Analysis Center [Brussels] (SIDC), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, and Romanian Academy
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Imaging spectrometer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spectrometer, Spacecraft, business.industry, Ecliptic, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Coronal loop, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Spectral imaging, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Solar rotation, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: The Solar Orbiter mission, with an orbit outside the Sun Earth line and leaving the ecliptic plane, opens up opportunities for the combined analysis of measurements obtained by solar imagers and spectrometers. For the first time, different space spectrometers will be located at wide angles to each other, allowing three-dimensional (3D) spectroscopy of the solar atmosphere. The aim of this work is to prepare the methodology to facilitate the reconstruction of 3D vector velocities from two stereoscopic LOS Doppler velocity measurements using the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) onboard the Solar Orbiter and the near-Earth spectrometers, while widely separated in space. We develop the methodology using the libraries designed earlier for the STEREO mission but applied to spectroscopic data from the Hinode mission and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We use well-known methods of static and dynamic solar rotation stereoscopy and the methods of EUV stereoscopic triangulation for optically thin coronal EUV plasma emissions. We develop new algorithms using analytical geometry in space to determine the 3D velocity in coronal loops. We demonstrate our approach with the reconstruction of 3D velocity vectors in plasma flows along "open" and "closed" magnetic loops. This technique will be applied to an actual situation of two spacecraft at different separations with spectrometers onboard (SPICE versus the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and Hinode imaging spectrometer) during the Solar Orbiternominal phase. We summarise how these observations can be coordinated., Comment: accepted to be published in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2021
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8. Toward the creation of an ontology for the coupling of atmospheric electricity with biological systems

Author: Pablo Fdez-Arroyabe, Snezana Savoska, Lluis M. Mir, Snezana Dragovic, Michal Cifra, Keri Nicoll, Kostas Kourtidis, E. Rozanov, Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Pollution Control Engineering of Atmospheric Pollutants, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Vectorologie et transfert de gènes (VTG / UMR8121), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anti-cancéreuses [Villejuif] (UMR 8203), Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques (METSY), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Europe
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Exposome, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Emerging technologies, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Context (language use), Ontology (information science), 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0302 clinical medicine, Electromagnetic Fields, Electricity, Atmospheric electric fields (AEF), Humans, Satellite Internet access, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Reusability, Retrospective Studies, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Ecology, Biological systems, Information Dissemination, Ontology, Data science, Semantics, Data sharing, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Atmospheric electric fields (AEFs) are produced by both natural processes and electrical infrastructure and are increasingly recognized to influence and interfere with various organisms and biological processes, including human well-being. Atmospheric electric fields, in particular electromagnetic fields (EMFs), currently attract a lot of scientific attention due to emerging technologies such as 5G and satellite internet. However, a broader retrospective analysis of available data for both natural and artificial AEFs and EMFs is hampered due to a lack of a semantic approach, preventing data sharing and advancing our understanding of its intrinsic links. Therefore, here we create an ontology (ENET_Ont) for existing (big) data on AEFs within the context of biological systems that is derived from different disciplines that are distributed over many databases. Establishing an environment for data sharing provided by the proposed ontology approach will increase the value of existing data and facilitate reusability for other communities, especially those focusing on public health, ecology, environmental health, biology, climatology as well as bioinformatics.
Published: 2020

9. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

Author: J. Hansotte, R. Müller, M. Hailey, P. Schlatter, A. Lawrenson, M. Monecke, Hardi Peter, Julien Rosin, Koen Stegen, Jean-Claude Vial, S. Parenti, Ali BenMoussa, Etienne Renotte, N. Szwec, Marie-Laure Hellin, R. Enge, M. Haberreiter, A. Philippon, P. Coker, B. Giordanengo, L. Dolla, K. Heerlein, Werner Schmutz, Matthew J. West, K. Ruane, J.-F. Hochedez, M. Chaigneau, M. Kahle, Emmanuel Mazy, J. Scanlan, J. Tandy, J. Barbay, B. Chares, T. Appourchaux, Laurence Rossi, C. Dumesnil, E. Pylyser, R. Aznar Cuadrado, Louise K. Harra, S. Meyer, F. Cabé, Benoit Marquet, Evgueni Meltchakov, Andrei Zhukov, D. Westwood, Bogdan Nicula, G. Willis, M.-F. Ravet-Krill, B. Borgo, S. Hemsley, Isabelle Tychon, N. Guerreiro, D. Linder, R. Mercier, Sylvie Liébecq, Thomas Wiegelmann, Philip J. Smith, M. Gyo, L. Mountney, G. Davison, Frédéric Rabecki, Jean-Marie Gillis, P. Langer, P. Roth, Sami K. Solanki, Luciano Rodriguez, Jean-Philippe Halain, L. Cadiergues, P. Addison, V. Büchel, D. Markiewicz-Innes, X. Zhang, Daniel Pfiffner, M. Roulliay, Antoine Rousseau, Stéphane Roose, Udo Schühle, M. Spescha, Jean-Yves Plesseria, Lionel Jacques, J. C. Le Clec’h, Yvan Stockman, G. Del Zanna, T. Kennedy, C. Beurthe, B. Mampaey, Franck Delmotte, C. Theobald, C. Choque Cortez, S. Meining, S. François, David Long, M. Bergmann, F. Rouesnel, S. Koller, C. Tamiatto, M. Bouzit, David Berghmans, D. Bates, L. Bradley, E. Kotsialos, A. Hafiz, D. Davies, J. B. L. Jones, S. Smit, Véronique Delouille, Gilles Morinaud, Aline Hermans, S. Coumar, J. Rebellato, Yvette Houbrechts, Stephan Werner, Werner Curdt, J. Cutler, K. Bonte, Daniel B. Seaton, Jean-Marc Defise, F. Moron, M. Klaproth, Eric Buchlin, J.-J. Fourmond, I. Phillips, Jörg Büchner, Pierre Rochus, M. Kolleck, Christophe Hecquet, Sarah A. Matthews, L. van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lucie M. Green, Cis Verbeeck, S. Gissot, F. Dürig, M. Condamin, Cedric Lenaerts, F. Auchère, K. Ihsan, K. Silliman, A. Guilbaud, Luca Teriaca, E. Kraaikamp, F. Monfort, A. Jérôme, Andreas Zerr, E. Marsch, Berend Winter, D. N. Baker, Alexandra Mazzoli, A. Spencer, V. Hervier, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Optique XUV, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field of view, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Aerospace engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Chromosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Ecliptic, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Corona, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Heliosphere
Abstract: Context.The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) is part of the remote sensing instrument package of the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission that will explore the inner heliosphere and observe the Sun from vantage points close to the Sun and out of the ecliptic. Solar Orbiter will advance the “connection science” between solar activity and the heliosphere.Aims.With EUI we aim to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar atmosphere, globally as well as at high resolution, and from high solar latitude perspectives.Methods.The EUI consists of three telescopes, the Full Sun Imager and two High Resolution Imagers, which are optimised to image in Lyman-αand EUV (17.4 nm, 30.4 nm) to provide a coverage from chromosphere up to corona. The EUI is designed to cope with the strong constraints imposed by the Solar Orbiter mission characteristics. Limited telemetry availability is compensated by state-of-the-art image compression, onboard image processing, and event selection. The imposed power limitations and potentially harsh radiation environment necessitate the use of novel CMOS sensors. As the unobstructed field of view of the telescopes needs to protrude through the spacecraft’s heat shield, the apertures have been kept as small as possible, without compromising optical performance. This led to a systematic effort to optimise the throughput of every optical element and the reduction of noise levels in the sensor.Results.In this paper we review the design of the two elements of the EUI instrument: the Optical Bench System and the Common Electronic Box. Particular attention is also given to the onboard software, the intended operations, the ground software, and the foreseen data products.Conclusions.The EUI will bring unique science opportunities thanks to its specific design, its viewpoint, and to the planned synergies with the other Solar Orbiter instruments. In particular, we highlight science opportunities brought by the out-of-ecliptic vantage point of the solar poles, the high-resolution imaging of the high chromosphere and corona, and the connection to the outer corona as observed by coronagraphs.
Published: 2020

10. Coordination within the remote sensing payload on the Solar Orbiter mission

Author: O. C. St. Cyr, D. Orozco Suárez, Ester Antonucci, Sunil Sidher, Marina Battaglia, Phillip C. Chamberlin, V. Andretta, David Long, Johann Hirzberger, A. Giunta, Silvano Fineschi, N. Bach, Simon Plunkett, C. Watson, B. Mampaey, S. Fahmy, I. Tanco, S. Caminade, Andrei Zhukov, Andreas Lagg, David Berghmans, Joachim Woch, David R. Williams, G. J. Hurford, M. Haberreiter, T. Grundy, Shane A. Maloney, Donald M. Hassler, S. Parenti, J. J. Cerullo, Eric Buchlin, Sami K. Solanki, Federico Landini, A. Pacros, J. Carlyle, A. De Groof, Angelos Vourlidas, V. Martinez-Pillet, J. Lefort, Alexis P. Rouillard, Cis Verbeeck, S. Lodiot, Mats Carlsson, Gianalfredo Nicolini, T. Straus, M. Kolleck, L. Etesi, D. R. McMullin, L. Sanchez, R. A. Howard, J. C. del Toro Iniesta, Daniel Müller, Joseph M. Davila, F. Marliani, Robin C. Colaninno, F. Auchère, Lucia Kleint, A. Philippon, Andrzej Fludra, Luca Teriaca, Louise K. Harra, Udo Schühle, Marco Romoli, William T. Thompson, Holly Gilbert, Maurizio Pancrazzi, Alessandro Bemporad, P. Rochus, Säm Krucker, N. Rich, I. Zouganelis, Hardi Peter, Daniele Spadaro, Thomas Wiegelmann, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], GSFC Laboratory for Solar and Space Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Trinity College Dublin, Space Systems Research Corporation (SSRC), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Cantabria [Santander], INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), University of Kansas [Kansas City], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and European Space Agency (European Space Agency) (ESA)
Subjects: Sun: general, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Context (language use), Instrumentation: spectrographs, Instrumentation: polarimeters, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, instruments [Space vehicles], Orbiter, law, 0103 physical sciences, general [Sun], Space vehicles: instruments, spectrographs [Instrumentation], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Earth's orbit, Data processing, polarimeters [Instrumentation], Spacecraft, instruments, instrumentation: polarimeters, instrumentation: spectrographs, telescopes [space vehicles], business.industry, Payload, Suite, Bandwidth (signal processing), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Telescopes
Abstract: Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.-- Full list of authors: Auchère, F.; Andretta, V.; Antonucci, E.; Bach, N.; Battaglia, M.; Bemporad, A.; Berghmans, D.; Buchlin, E.; Caminade, S.; Carlsson, M.; Carlyle, J.; Cerullo, J. J.; Chamberlin, P. C.; Colaninno, R. C.; Davila, J. M.; De Groof, A.; Etesi, L.; Fahmy, S.; Fineschi, S.; Fludra, A.; Gilbert, H. R.; Giunta, A.; Grundy, T.; Haberreiter, M.; Harra, L. K.; Hassler, D. M.; Hirzberger, J.; Howard, R. A.; Hurford, G.; Kleint, L.; Kolleck, M.; Krucker, S.; Lagg, A.; Landini, F.; Long, D. M.; Lefort, J.; Lodiot, S.; Mampaey, B.; Maloney, S.; Marliani, F.; Martinez-Pillet, V.; McMullin, D. R.; Müller, D.; Nicolini, G.; Orozco Suarez, D.; Pacros, A.; Pancrazzi, M.; Parenti, S.; Peter, H.; Philippon, A.; Plunkett, S.; Rich, N.; Rochus, P.; Rouillard, A.; Romoli, M.; Sanchez, L.; Schühle, U.; Sidher, S.; Solanki, S. K.; Spadaro, D.; St Cyr, O. C.; Straus, T.; Tanco, I.; Teriaca, L.; Thompson, W. T.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Verbeeck, C.; Vourlidas, A.; Watson, C.; Wiegelmann, T.; Williams, D.; Woch, J.; Zhukov, A. N.; Zouganelis, I., Context. To meet the scientific objectives of the mission, the Solar Orbiter spacecraft carries a suite of in-situ (IS) and remote sensing (RS) instruments designed for joint operations with inter-instrument communication capabilities. Indeed, previous missions have shown that the Sun (imaged by the RS instruments) and the heliosphere (mainly sampled by the IS instruments) should be considered as an integrated system rather than separate entities. Many of the advances expected from Solar Orbiter rely on this synergistic approach between IS and RS measurements. Aims. Many aspects of hardware development, integration, testing, and operations are common to two or more RS instruments. In this paper, we describe the coordination effort initiated from the early mission phases by the Remote Sensing Working Group. We review the scientific goals and challenges, and give an overview of the technical solutions devised to successfully operate these instruments together. Methods. A major constraint for the RS instruments is the limited telemetry (TM) bandwidth of the Solar Orbiter deep-space mission compared to missions in Earth orbit. Hence, many of the strategies developed to maximise the scientific return from these instruments revolve around the optimisation of TM usage, relying for example on onboard autonomy for data processing, compression, and selection for downlink. The planning process itself has been optimised to alleviate the dynamic nature of the targets, and an inter-instrument communication scheme has been implemented which can be used to autonomously alter the observing modes. We also outline the plans for in-flight cross-calibration, which will be essential to the joint data reduction and analysis. Results. The RS instrument package on Solar Orbiter will carry out comprehensive measurements from the solar interior to the inner heliosphere. Thanks to the close coordination between the instrument teams and the European Space Agency, several challenges specific to the RS suite were identified and addressed in a timely manner. © 2020 F. Auchère et al., A. V. is supported by NRL grant N00173-16-1-G029. D. M. L. is grateful to the Science Technology and Facilities Council for the award of an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship (ST/R003246/1).
Published: 2020

11. The Solar Orbiter SPICE instrument: An extreme UV imaging spectrometer

Author: P. Schlatter, Craig DeForest, A. H. Gabriel, M. Anderson, S. Meining, Richard A. Harrison, Eckart Marsch, C. Tamiatto, Udo Schühle, S. Guest, David R. Williams, C. Mercier, G. Del Zanna, Sami K. Solanki, Martin E. Caldwell, S. Tustain, R. Speight, Stein Vidar Hagfors Haugan, Gareth J. Marshall, J. Davenne, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Donald M. Hassler, Karine Bocchialini, D. Drummond, C. Dumesnil, B. Borgo, J. Dubau, D. Kouliche, M. Gyo, Luca Teriaca, Werner Curdt, F. Baudin, Eric Buchlin, J. Barbay, G. Burton, C. Howe, A. Philippon, Jean-Claude Vial, Miho Janvier, Roman Klein, S. Parenti, Daniel Pfiffner, Hardi Peter, Joseph M. Davila, Sarah A. Matthews, Ian Tosh, T. Grundy, K. Rogers, B. Walls, S. Woodward, N. Szwec, A. Marshall, Mats Carlsson, N. Waltham, Werner Schmutz, Paul Eccleston, R. Aznar Cuadrado, T. Fredvik, Andrzej Fludra, Douglas Griffin, C. Sawyer, S. Caminade, S. Koller, Peter R. Young, G. Dunn, S. Beardsley, Viggo Hansteen, C. Pastor-Santos, G. Munro, T. Morse, A. Richards, William T. Thompson, A. De Groof, M. Haberreiter, Therese A. Kucera, C. McQuirk, A. Giunta, Alexander Gottwald, M. Spescha, F. Auchere, A. Pacros, B. Shaughnessy, N. Morris, D. Bruzzi, Sunil Sidher, Daniel Müller, P. Phelan, V. Büchel, T. Appourchaux, Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of Oslo (UiO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Southwest Research Institute [Boulder] (SwRI), Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), ESR Technology Ltd (ESR), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University (KHU), ADNET Systems, Inc., Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Newcastle University [Newcastle], European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), European Space Agency (ESA), and European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spice, Imaging spectrometer, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Data acquisition, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Calibration, Electronics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spectral imaging, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Systems engineering, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. In this paper, we present the concept, design, and pre-launch performance of this facility instrument on the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission. The goal of this paper is to give prospective users a better understanding of the possible types of observations, the data acquisition, and the sources that contribute to the instrument's signal. The paper discusses the science objectives, with a focus on the SPICE-specific aspects, before presenting the instrument's design, including optical, mechanical, thermal, and electronics aspects. This is followed by a characterisation and calibration of the instrument's performance. The paper concludes with descriptions of the operations concept and data processing. The performance measurements of the various instrument parameters meet the requirements derived from the mission's science objectives. The SPICE instrument is ready to perform measurements that will provide vital contributions to the scientific success of the Solar Orbiter mission., Comment: A&A, accepted 19 August 2019; 26 pages, 25 figures
Published: 2020

12. Model physics and chemistry causing intermodel disagreement within the VolMIP-Tambora Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol ensemble

Author: M. Clyne, J.-F. Lamarque, M. J. Mills, M. Khodri, W. Ball, S. Bekki, S. S. Dhomse, N. Lebas, G. Mann, L. Marshall, U. Niemeier, V. Poulain, A. Robock, E. Rozanov, A. Schmidt, A. Stenke, T. Sukhodolov, C. Timmreck, M. Toohey, F. Tummon, D. Zanchettin, Y. Zhu, O. B. Toon, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies [Saskatoon] (ISAS), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S)-University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. PLR1643701 and AGS-1430051), the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (grant nos. 20F121_138017, 200021_169241, and 200020_182239), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant nos. TO 967/1-1 and FOR2820), the Seventh Framework Programme (grant no. STRATOCLIM (603557)), the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (grant no. SOLSPEC), and the Natural Environment Research Council (grant nos. NE/N006038/1, NE/S000887/1 and NE/N018001/1)., Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sulfate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Effective radius, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Vulcanian eruption, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemistry, Grid cell, Radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Climate model, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), several climate modeling centers performed a coordinated pre-study experiment with interactive stratospheric aerosol models simulating the volcanic aerosol cloud from an eruption resembling the 1815 Mt. Tambora eruption (VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble). The pre-study provided the ancillary ability to assess intermodel diversity in the radiative forcing for a large stratospheric-injecting equatorial eruption when the volcanic aerosol cloud is simulated interactively. An initial analysis of the VolMIP-Tambora ISA ensemble showed large disparities between models in the stratospheric global mean aerosol optical depth (AOD). In this study, we now show that stratospheric global mean AOD differences among the participating models are primarily due to differences in aerosol size, which we track here by effective radius. We identify specific physical and chemical processes that are missing in some models and/or parameterized differently between models, which are together causing the differences in effective radius. In particular, our analysis indicates that interactively tracking hydroxyl radical (OH) chemistry following a large volcanic injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important factor in allowing for the timescale for sulfate formation to be properly simulated. In addition, depending on the timescale of sulfate formation, there can be a large difference in effective radius and subsequently AOD that results from whether the SO2 is injected in a single model grid cell near the location of the volcanic eruption, or whether it is injected as a longitudinally averaged band around the Earth.
Published: 2020

13. No robust evidence of future changes in major stratospheric sudden warmings: a multi-model assessment from CCMI

Author: B. Ayarzagüena, L. M. Polvani, U. Langematz, H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. C. Hardiman, P. Jöckel, A. Klekociuk, M. Marchand, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. M. O'Connor, L. D. Oman, D. A. Plummer, L. Revell, E. Rozanov, D. Saint-Martin, J. Scinocca, A. Stenke, K. Stone, Y. Yamashita, K. Yoshida, G. Zeng, Departamento Fisica de la Tierra, Astronomía y Astrofísica [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Instituto de Geociencias [Madrid] (IGEO), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Columbia University [New York], Freie Universität Berlin, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), European Commission, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Deep South National Science Challenge (New Zealand), German Climate Computing Center, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Ministry of Environment (Japan), Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency (Japan), Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Jöckel, Patrick, Morgenstern, Olaf, Revell, Laura, Saint-Martin, David, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, Guang, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Ayarzagüena, Blanca [0000-0003-3959-5673], Polvani, Lorenzo M. [0000-0003-4775-8110], Akiyoshi, Hideharu [0000-0001-6463-9004], Bekki, Slimane [0000-0002-5538-0800], Jöckel, Patrick [0000-0002-8964-1394], Morgenstern, Olaf [0000-0002-9967-9740], Revell, Laura [0000-0002-8974-7703], Saint-Martin, David [0000-0002-8478-6914], Stenke, Andrea [0000-0002-5916-4013], Stone, Kane [0000-0002-2721-8785], Yamashita, Yousuke [0000-0002-6813-4668], Yoshida, Kohei [0000-0002-2422-5584], Zeng, Guang [0000-0002-9356-5021], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, MESSy, multi-model, Erdsystem-Modellierung, stratospheric dynamics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, Polar night, stratospheric warming, lcsh:QC1-999, The arctic, Arctic, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, CCMI, Climatology, stratosphere, Environmental science, ESCiMo, stratospheric sudden warming, Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Major mid-winter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are the largest instance of wintertime variability in the Arctic stratosphere. Because SSWs are able to cause significant surface weather anomalies on intra-seasonal timescales, several previous studies have focused on their potential future change, as might be induced by anthropogenic forcings. However, a wide range of results have been reported, from a future increase in the frequency of SSWs to an actual decrease. Several factors might explain these contradictory results, notably the use of different metrics for the identification of SSWs and the impact of large climatological biases in single-model studies. To bring some clarity, we here revisit the question of future SSW changes, using an identical set of metrics applied consistently across 12 different models participating in the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative. Our analysis reveals that no statistically significant change in the frequency of SSWs will occur over the 21st century, irrespective of the metric used for the identification of the event. Changes in other SSW characteristics – such as their duration, deceleration of the polar night jet, and the tropospheric forcing – are also assessed: again, we find no evidence of future changes over the 21st century., Blanca Ayarzagüena was funded by the European Project 603557-STRATOCLIM under the FP7-ENV.2013.6.1-2 programme and “Ayudas para la contratación de personal postdoctoral en formación en docencia e investigación en departamentos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid”. Blanca Ayarzagüena and Ulrike Langematz wish to acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the research programme SHARP under the grant LA 1025/15-1. Lorenzo M. Polvani is grateful for the continued support of the US National Science Foundation. The work of Neal Butchart, Steven C. Hardiman, and Fiona M. O'Connor was supported by the Joint BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). Neal Butchart and Steven C. Hardiman were supported by the European Community within the StratoClim project (grant 603557). Olaf Morgenstern and Guang Zeng acknowledge the UK Met Office for use of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). This research was supported by the New Zealand Government's Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) through the NIWA programme CACV. Olaf Morgenstern acknowledges funding by the New Zealand Royal Society Marsden Fund (grant 12-NIW-006) and by the Deep South National Science Challenge (http://www.deepsouthchallenge.co.nz, last access: 21 March 2018). The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of New Zealand eScience Infrastructure (NeSI) high-performance computing (HPC) facilities to the results of this research. New Zealand's national facilities are provided by NeSI and funded jointly by NeSI's collaborator institutions and through the Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment's Research Infrastructure programme (https://www.nesi.org.nz, last access: 21 March 2018). The EMAC simulations were performed at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ) through support from the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). DKRZ and its Scientific Steering Committee are gratefully acknowledged for providing the HPC and data archiving resources for the consortial project ESCiMo (Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling). CCSRNIES's research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Funds of the Ministry of the Environment (2-1303) and Environment Restoration and Conservation Agency (2-1709), Japan, and computations were performed on NEC-SX9/A(ECO) and NEC SX-ACE computers at the Center for Global Environmental Research, NIES. The authors wish to thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.
Published: 2018

14. Stereoscopy of extreme UV quiet Sun brightenings observed by Solar Orbiter/EUI

Author: A. N. Zhukov, M. Mierla, F. Auchère, S. Gissot, L. Rodriguez, E. Soubrié, W. T. Thompson, B. Inhester, B. Nicula, P. Antolin, S. Parenti, É. Buchlin, K. Barczynski, C. Verbeeck, E. Kraaikamp, P. J. Smith, K. Stegen, L. Dolla, L. Harra, D. M. Long, U. Schühle, O. Podladchikova, R. Aznar Cuadrado, L. Teriaca, M. Haberreiter, A. C. Katsiyannis, P. Rochus, J.-P. Halain, L. Jacques, D. Berghmans, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Northumbria at Newcastle [United Kingdom], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], F300, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Stereoscopy, F500, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, law, Extreme ultraviolet, QUIET, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Context. The three-dimensional fine structure of the solar atmosphere is still not fully understood as most of the available observations are taken from a single vantage point. Aims. The goal of the paper is to study the three-dimensional distribution of the small-scale brightening events (“campfires”) discovered in the extreme-UV quiet Sun by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) aboard Solar Orbiter. Methods. We used a first commissioning data set acquired by the EUI’s High Resolution EUV telescope on 30 May 2020 in the 174 Å passband and we combined it with simultaneous data taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory in a similar 171 Å passband. The two-pixel spatial resolution of the two telescopes is 400 km and 880 km, respectively, which is sufficient to identify the campfires in both data sets. The two spacecraft had an angular separation of around 31.5° (essentially in heliographic longitude), which allowed for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the campfire position. These observations represent the first time that stereoscopy was achieved for brightenings at such a small scale. Manual and automatic triangulation methods were used to characterize the campfire data. Results. The height of the campfires is located between 1000 km and 5000 km above the photosphere and we find a good agreement between the manual and automatic methods. The internal structure of campfires is mostly unresolved by AIA; however, for a particularly large campfire, we were able to triangulate a few pixels, which are all in a narrow range between 2500 and 4500 km. Conclusions. We conclude that the low height of EUI campfires suggests that they belong to the previously unresolved fine structure of the transition region and low corona of the quiet Sun. They are probably apexes of small-scale dynamic loops heated internally to coronal temperatures. This work demonstrates that high-resolution stereoscopy of structures in the solar atmosphere has become feasible.
Published: 2021

15. Distribution of Iron Atoms in Nonequivalent Crystallographic Sites of Fe7C3 Carbide in Core–Shell Nanostructures

Author: Valery A. Davydov, V. N. Agafonov, Yu. L. Ogarkova, A. O. Baskakov, I. Yu. Starchikova, Igor S. Lyubutin, L.F. Kulikova, Tolganay B. Egorova, S. S. Starchikov, Institute for High Pressure Physics of the RAS (HPPI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), GREMAN (matériaux, microélectronique, acoustique et nanotechnologies) (GREMAN - UMR 7347), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Cementite, Hexagonal phase, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Crystal structure, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Carbide, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, X-ray crystallography, Mössbauer spectroscopy, General Materials Science, Hexagonal lattice, 0210 nano-technology, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The structure and magnetic properties of iron carbide nanoparticles encapsulated into carbon shells, obtained as a result of ferrocene transformations at a pressure of 8 GPa and different temperatures, have been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. It is found that the main crystalline carbide states are hexagonal phase Fe7C3 and cementite Fe3C, whose relative contents are determined by the treatment temperature. Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to identify three nonequivalent states of iron atoms in the structural sites of Fe7C3 hexagonal lattice. It is established that the occupancies of these sites differ from the known values for the bulk material, which is related to the specific features of structure formation under conditions of high pressure and temperature.
Published: 2019

16. Large-scale tropospheric transport in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) simulations

Author: C. Orbe, H. Yang, D. W. Waugh, G. Zeng, O. Morgenstern, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Tilmes, D. A. Plummer, J. F. Scinocca, B. Josse, V. Marecal, P. Jöckel, L. D. Oman, S. E. Strahan, M. Deushi, T. Y. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, H. Akiyoshi, Y. Yamashita, A. Stenke, L. Revell, T. Sukhodolov, E. Rozanov, G. Pitari, D. Visioni, K. A. Stone, R. Schofield, A. Banerjee, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Convection, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Atmosphere, MESSy, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Southern Hemisphere, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, Northern Hemisphere, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, troposphere, CCMI, 13. Climate action, Middle latitudes, transport, ESCiMo, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Understanding and modeling the large-scale transport of trace gases and aerosols is important for interpreting past (and projecting future) changes in atmospheric composition. Here we show that there are large differences in the global-scale atmospheric transport properties among the models participating in the IGAC SPARC Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Specifically, we find up to 40 % differences in the transport timescales connecting the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude surface to the Arctic and to Southern Hemisphere high latitudes, where the mean age ranges between 1.7 and 2.6 years. We show that these differences are related to large differences in vertical transport among the simulations, in particular to differences in parameterized convection over the oceans. While stronger convection over NH midlatitudes is associated with slower transport to the Arctic, stronger convection in the tropics and subtropics is associated with faster interhemispheric transport. We also show that the differences among simulations constrained with fields derived from the same reanalysis products are as large as (and in some cases larger than) the differences among free-running simulations, most likely due to larger differences in parameterized convection. Our results indicate that care must be taken when using simulations constrained with analyzed winds to interpret the influence of meteorology on tropospheric composition.
Published: 2019

17. Clear-sky ultraviolet radiation modelling using output from the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative

Author: Lamy, K., Portafaix, T., Josse, B., Brogniez, C., Godin-Beekmann, S., Bencherif, H., Revell, L., Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Hegglin, M. I., Jöckel, Patrick, Kirner, O., Liley, B., Marecal, V., Morgenstern, O., Stenke, A., Zeng, G., Abraham, N. L., Archibald, A. T., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M. P., Di Genova, G., Deushi, M., Dhomse, S. S., Hu, R.-M., Kinnison, D., Kotkamp, M., McKenzie, R., Michou, M., O'Connor, F. M., Oman, L. D., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Pyle, J. A., Rozanov, E., Saint-Martin, D., Sudo, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Visioni, D., Yoshida, K., Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Chemistry and Physics [Durban], University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Physical Chemical Sciences [Christchurch], University of Canterbury [Christchurch], Bodeker Scientific, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE), Cornell University [New York], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of KwaZulu-Natal [Durban, Afrique du Sud] (UKZN), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), and Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, ozone, Atmospheric physics and chemistry, MESSy, CCMI, Erdsystem-Modellierung, clear-sky, ultraviolot radiation, chemistry-climate modelling
Abstract: We have derived values of the ultraviolet index (UVI) at solar noon using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model (TUV) driven by ozone, temperature and aerosol fields from climate simulations of the first phase of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). Since clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections, we simulated only the clear-sky UVI. We compared the modelled UVI climatologies against present-day climatological values of UVI derived from both satellite data (the OMI-Aura OMUVBd product) and ground-based measurements (from the NDACC network). Depending on the region, relative differences between the UVI obtained from CCMI/TUV calculations and the ground-based measurements ranged between −5.9 % and 10.6 %. We then calculated the UVI evolution throughout the 21st century for the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Compared to 1960s values, we found an average increase in the UVI in 2100 (of 2 %–4 %) in the tropical belt (30∘ N–30∘ S). For the mid-latitudes, we observed a 1.8 % to 3.4 % increase in the Southern Hemisphere for RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and found a 2.3 % decrease in RCP 8.5. Higher increases in UVI are projected in the Northern Hemisphere except for RCP 8.5. At high latitudes, ozone recovery is well identified and induces a complete return of mean UVI levels to 1960 values for RCP 8.5 in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI levels in 2100 are higher by 0.5 % to 5.5 % for RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and they are lower by 7.9 % for RCP 8.5. We analysed the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) on UVI from 1960 by comparing CCMI sensitivity simulations (1960–2100) with fixed GHGs or ODSs at their respective 1960 levels. As expected with ODS fixed at their 1960 levels, there is no large decrease in ozone levels and consequently no sudden increase in UVI levels. With fixed GHG, we observed a delayed return of ozone to 1960 values, with a corresponding pattern of change observed on UVI, and looking at the UVI difference between 2090s values and 1960s values, we found an 8 % increase in the tropical belt during the summer of each hemisphere. Finally we show that, while in the Southern Hemisphere the UVI is mainly driven by total ozone column, in the Northern Hemisphere both total ozone column and aerosol optical depth drive UVI levels, with aerosol optical depth having twice as much influence on the UVI as total ozone column does. ISSN:1680-7375 ISSN:1680-7367
Published: 2019

18. The New 'Community-Consensus TSI Composite' for Solar and Climate Researchers

Author: Kopp, G., Dudok de Wit, Thierry, Ball, W. T., Finsterle, W., Frohlich, C., Kokkonen, K., Meftah, Mustapha, Schmutz, W. K., University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: Solar activity cycle, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Solar irradiance, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Solar variability
Abstract: International audience; We present a new total solar irradiance (TSI) composite based on the methodology of Dudok de Wit et al (2017). This new composite has been vetted by the TSI community as that recommended for use by solar and climate researchers. Compared to previously-available composites, which were created by individual principal investigators, this "community-consensus TSI composite" has the advantages of: using a statistically-determined weighting of all available instruments at any time rather than by binarily choosing which instrument data to use at which time; being unbiased in instrument selection by basing weightings on a frequency-dependent noise model from each; having smooth instrument-to-instrument transitions due to time-dependent and scale-wise weightings; and providing time-dependent uncertainties. The composite is scaled to the weighted mean of the contributing instruments with the weightings determined by each instrument's stated uncertainty in absolute value. The composite spans the time range from 1978 to the present and utilizes all but the shortest-duration space-borne TSI instruments during those times covering the spaceflight measurement era. We have computationally implemented this methodology in order to provide solar and climate researchers with regular updates as new data and new instruments become available, such as the recently-launched TSIS/TIM.
Published: 2018

19. The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6

Author: Ulrike Niemeier, Slimane Bekki, Graham Mann, Matthew Toohey, Sandip Dhomse, Lauren Marshall, Susanne E. Bauer, Allegra N. LeGrande, Marion Marchand, Myriam Khodri, Angelo Rubino, William T. Ball, Virginie Poulain, Kostas Tsigaridis, Claudia Timmreck, Andrea Stenke, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Edwin P. Gerber, Anja Schmidt, Davide Zanchettin, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Michael J. Mills, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Fiona Tummon, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences [New York] (CIMS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), European Union, ANR-10-LABX-0018,L-IPSL,LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes(2010), ANR-13-SENV-0002,MORDICUS,Oscillations et rétroactions climatiques aux échelles décennales : mécanismes, sensibilité et incertitudes(2013), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, Perturbation (astronomy), Forcing (mathematics), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (all), Modeling and Simulation, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Range (statistics), Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], geography, Coupled model intercomparison project, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Aerosol, lcsh:Geology, Volcano, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Climate model
Abstract: The enhancement of the stratospheric aerosol layer by volcanic eruptions induces a complex set of responses causing global and regional climate effects on a broad range of timescales. Uncertainties exist regarding the climatic response to strong volcanic forcing identified in coupled climate simulations that contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In order to better understand the sources of these model diversities, the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP) has defined a coordinated set of idealized volcanic perturbation experiments to be carried out in alignment with the CMIP6 protocol. VolMIP provides a common stratospheric aerosol data set for each experiment to minimize differences in the applied volcanic forcing. It defines a set of initial conditions to assess how internal climate variability contributes to determining the response. VolMIP will assess to what extent volcanically forced responses of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system are robustly simulated by state-of-the-art coupled climate models and identify the causes that limit robust simulated behavior, especially differences in the treatment of physical processes. This paper illustrates the design of the idealized volcanic perturbation experiments in the VolMIP protocol and describes the common aerosol forcing input data sets to be used.
Published: 2016

20. Where does the Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER) Program go?

Author: Jens Berdermann, Gaël Cessateur, Ch. Jacobi, L. Ciraolo, Gerhard Schmidtke, R. Hammer, W. K. Tobiska, Alexander Gottwald, Stanley C. Solomon, Robert Schäfer, Wolfgang Schmidt, S.V. Avakyan, Sandro M. Radicella, Norbert Jakowski, Volker Bothmer, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Gérard Thuillier, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Seth Wieman, Thomas N. Woods, Francis G. Eparvier, Leonid Didkovsky, Marcel Pfeifer, Jean Lilensten, M. Haberreiter, Publica, Fraunhofer-Institut für Physikalische Messtechnik (Fraunhofer IPM), S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation [Neustrelitz], German Aerospace Center (DLR), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), University of Southern California (USC), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), Kiepenheuer-Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), High Altitude Observatory (HAO), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Environment, Technologies, Pacific Palisades, European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques (Fraunhofer IPM), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Universität Leipzig, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Environment, Technologies [Pacific Palisades], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])
Subjects: UV/EUV solar spectral irradiance, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Committee on Space Research, Total electron content, Meteorology, Modeling, Irradiance, Aerospace Engineering, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space weather, Solar physics, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Extreme ultraviolet, Calibration, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, UV / EUV Solar Spectral Irradiance, Ionosphere, Instrumentation, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; At the 10th Thermospheric Ionospheric GEospheric Research (TIGER/COSPAR) symposium held in Moscow in 2014 the achievements from the start of TIGER in 1998 were summarized. During that period, great progress was made in measuring, understanding, and modeling the highly variable UV-Soft X-ray (XUV) solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and its effects on the upper atmosphere. However, after more than 50 years of work the radiometric accuracy of SSI observation is still an issue and requires further improvement. Based on the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data from the SOLAR/SolACES, and SDO/EVE instruments, we present a combined data set for the spectral range from 16.5 to 105.5 nm covering a period of 3.5 years from 2011 through mid of 2014. This data set is used in ionospheric modeling of the global total electron content (TEC), and in validating EUV SSI modeling. For further investigations the period of 3.5 years is being extended to about 12 years by including data from SOHO/SEM and TIMED/SEE instruments. Similarly, UV data are used in modeling activities. After summarizing the results, concepts are proposed for future real-time SSI measurements with in-flight calibration as experienced with the ISS SOLAR payload, for the development of a space weather camera for observing and investigating space weather phenomena in real-time, and for providing data sets for SSI and climate modeling. Other planned topics are the investigation of the relationship between solar EUV/UV and visible/near-infrared emissions, the impact of X-rays on the upper atmosphere, the development of solar EUV/UV indices for different applications, and establishing a shared TIGER data system for EUV/UV SSI data distribution and real-time streaming, also taking into account the achievements of the FP7 SOLID (First European SOLar Irradiance Data Exploitation) project. - For further progress it is imperative that coordinating activities in this special field of solar-terrestrial relations and solar physics is emphasized.
Published: 2015

21. Better Data for Modeling the Sun’s Influence on Climate

Author: Bernd Funke, M. Haberreiter, T. Dudok de Wit, Katja Matthes, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate response, 7. Clean energy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Solar variation
Abstract: International audience; Several international initiatives are working to stitch together data describing solar forcing of Earth’s climate. Their objective is to improve understanding of climate response to solar variability.
Published: 2018

22. Competition between dynamic and structural disorder in a doped triangular antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO4)2

Author: A. I. Smirnov, Oleg Petrenko, T. Kida, M. Hagiwara, M. E. Zhitomirsky, Atsushi Takata, A. Ya. Shapiro, T. A. Soldatov, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems [Moscow], Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow] (HSE), Department of Physics, University of Warwick, University of Warwick [Coventry], Osaka University [Osaka], Department of Energy Systems Eng., Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, affiliation inconnue, Laboratory of Quantum Theory (GT), PHotonique, ELectronique et Ingénierie QuantiqueS (PHELIQS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), and Vysšaja škola èkonomiki = National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow] (HSE)
Subjects: History, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Thermal fluctuations, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, Magnetization, Mean field theory, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Antiferromagnetism, Hexagonal lattice, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Strongly Correlated Electrons [cond-mat.str-el], 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Ground state, Néel temperature
Abstract: International audience; Magnetisation measurements and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of a doped quasi two dimensional (2D) antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice Rb1-xKxFe(MoO4)(2) reveal a crucial change of the ground state spin configuration and a disappearance of a characteristic 1/3-magnetisation plateau at x = 0.15. According to theory for triangular antiferromagnets with a weak random modulation of the exchange bonds, this is a result of the competition between the structural and dynamic disorders. The dynamic zero-point or thermal fluctuations are known to lift the degeneracy of the mean field ground state of a triangular antiferromagnet and cause the spin configuration to be the most collinear, while the static disorder provides another selection of the ground state, with the least collinear structure. Low-level doping (x
Published: 2018

23. Multi-model comparison of the volcanic sulfate deposition from the 1815 eruption of Mt. Tambora

Author: Marshall, L., Schmidt, A., Toohey, M., Carslaw, K. S., Mann, G. W., Sigl, M., Khodri, Myriam, Timmreck, C., Zanchettin, D., Ball, W. T., Bekki, S., Brooke, J. S. A., Dhomse, S., Johnson, C., Lamarque, J. F., LeGrande, A. N., Mills, M. J., Niemeier, U., Pope, J. O., Poulain, V., Robock, A., Rozanov, E., Stenke, A., Sukhodolov, T., Tilmes, S., Tsigaridis, K., Tummon, F., Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Leeds], University of Leeds, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Environmental Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Center for Climate Systems Research [New York] (CCSR), Columbia University [New York], The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), US National Science Foundation grant AGS-1430051, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), research program 'MiKliP' (FKZ: 01LP1517B, Swiss National Science Foundation grant 20F121_138017, NERC grant NEK/K012150/1, ANR-10-LABX-0018,L-IPSL,LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes(2010), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and The Arctic University of Norway (UiT)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera
Abstract: Source at https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2307-2018. The eruption of Mt. Tambora in 1815 was the largest volcanic eruption of the past 500 years. The eruption had significant climatic impacts, leading to the 1816 "year without a summer", and remains a valuable event from which to understand the climatic effects of large stratospheric volcanic sulfur dioxide injections. The eruption also resulted in one of the strongest and most easily identifiable volcanic sulfate signals in polar ice cores, which are widely used to reconstruct the timing and atmospheric sulfate loading of past eruptions. As part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP), five state-of-the-art global aerosol models simulated this eruption. We analyse both simulated background (no Tambora) and volcanic (with Tambora) sulfate deposition to polar regions and compare to ice core records. The models simulate overall similar patterns of background sulfate deposition, although there are differences in regional details and magnitude. However, the volcanic sulfate deposition varies considerably between the models with differences in timing, spatial pattern and magnitude. Mean simulated deposited sulfate on Antarctica ranges from 19 to 264 kg km−2 and on Greenland from 31 to 194 kg km−2, as compared to the mean ice-core-derived estimates of roughly 50 kg km−2 for both Greenland and Antarctica. The ratio of the hemispheric atmospheric sulfate aerosol burden after the eruption to the average ice sheet deposited sulfate varies between models by up to a factor of 15. Sources of this inter-model variability include differences in both the formation and the transport of sulfate aerosol. Our results suggest that deriving relationships between sulfate deposited on ice sheets and atmospheric sulfate burdens from model simulations may be associated with greater uncertainties than previously thought.
Published: 2018

24. Estimates of Ozone Return Dates from Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative Simulations

Author: S. S. Dhomse, D. Kinnison, M. P. Chipperfield, R. J. Salawitch, I. Cionni, M. I. Hegglin, N. L. Abraham, H. Akiyoshi, A. T. Archibald, E. M. Bednarz, S. Bekki, P. Braesicke, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. Frith, S. C. Hardiman, B. Hassler, L. W. Horowitz, R.-M. Hu, P. Jöckel, B. Josse, O. Kirner, S. Kremser, U. Langematz, J. Lewis, M. Marchand, M. Lin, E. Mancini, V. Marécal, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. M. O'Connor, L. Oman, G. Pitari, D. A. Plummer, J. A. Pyle, L. E. Revell, E. Rozanov, R. Schofield, A. Stenke, K. Stone, K. Sudo, S. Tilmes, D. Visioni, Y. Yamashita, G. Zeng, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), Earth Science System Interdisciplinary Center [College Park] (ESSIC), College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [College Park], DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Spurengase und Fernerkundung (IMK-ASF), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Bodeker Scientific, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-Australian Research Council [Canberra] (ARC), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cionni, I., École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Brewer-Dobson circulation, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, temporal Evolution, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Ozone layer, Erdsystemmodell -Evaluation und -Analyse, Tropospheric ozone, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Northern Hemisphere, prediction, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, stratosphere, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, ozone layer
Abstract: >We analyse simulations performed for the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) to estimate the return dates of the stratospheric ozone layer from depletion caused by anthropogenic stratospheric chlorine and bromine. We consider a total of 155 simulations from 20 models, including a range of sensitivity studies which examine the impact of climate change on ozone recovery. For the control simulations (unconstrained by nudging towards analysed meteorology) there is a large spread (±20 DU in the global average) in the predictions of the absolute ozone column. Therefore, the model results need to be adjusted for biases against historical data. Also, the interannual variability in the model results need to be smoothed in order to provide a reasonably narrow estimate of the range of ozone return dates. Consistent with previous studies, but here for a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) of 6.0, these new CCMI simulations project that global total column ozone will return to 1980 values in 2049 (with a 1σ uncertainty of 2043–2055). At Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes column ozone is projected to return to 1980 values in 2045 (2039–2050), and at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in 2032 (2020–2044). In the polar regions, the return dates are 2060 (2055–2066) in the Antarctic in October and 2034 (2025–2043) in the Arctic in March. The earlier return dates in the Northern Hemisphere reflect the larger sensitivity to dynamical changes. Our estimates of return dates are later than those presented in the 2014 Ozone Assessment by approximately 5–17 years, depending on the region, with the previous best estimates often falling outside of our uncertainty range. In the tropics only around half the models predict a return of ozone to 1980 values, around 2040, while the other half do not reach the 1980 value. All models show a negative trend in tropical total column ozone towards the end of the 21st century. The CCMI models generally agree in their simulation of the time evolution of stratospheric chlorine and bromine, which are the main drivers of ozone loss and recovery. However, there are a few outliers which show that the multi-model mean results for ozone recovery are not as tightly constrained as possible. Throughout the stratosphere the spread of ozone return dates to 1980 values between models tends to correlate with the spread of the return of inorganic chlorine to 1980 values. In the upper stratosphere, greenhouse gas-induced cooling speeds up the return by about 10–20 years. In the lower stratosphere, and for the column, there is a more direct link in the timing of the return dates of ozone and chlorine, especially for the large Antarctic depletion. Comparisons of total column ozone between the models is affected by different predictions of the evolution of tropospheric ozone within the same scenario, presumably due to differing treatment of tropospheric chemistry. Therefore, for many scenarios, clear conclusions can only be drawn for stratospheric ozone columns rather than the total column. As noted by previous studies, the timing of ozone recovery is affected by the evolution of N2O and CH4. However, quantifying the effect in the simulations analysed here is limited by the few realisations available for these experiments compared to internal model variability. The large increase in N2O given in RCP 6.0 extends the ozone return globally by ∼ 15 years relative to N2O fixed at 1960 abundances, mainly because it allows tropical column ozone to be depleted. The effect in extratropical latitudes is much smaller. The large increase in CH4 given in the RCP 8.5 scenario compared to RCP 6.0 also lengthens ozone return by ∼ 15 years, again mainly through its impact in the tropics. Overall, our estimates of ozone return dates are uncertain due to both uncertainties in future scenarios, in particular those of greenhouse gases, and uncertainties in models. The scenario uncertainty is small in the short term but increases with time, and becomes large by the end of the century. There are still some model–model differences related to well-known processes which affect ozone recovery. Efforts need to continue to ensure that models used for assessment purposes accurately represent stratospheric chemistry and the prescribed scenarios of ozone-depleting substances, and only those models are used to calculate return dates. For future assessments of single forcing or combined effects of CO2, CH4, and N2O on the stratospheric column ozone return dates, this work suggests that it is more important to have multi-member (at least three) ensembles for each scenario from every established participating model, rather than a large number of individual models.
Published: 2018

25. Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift

Author: Fei Xie, Martine Michou, Slimane Bekki, Yuanyuan Han, Martyn P. Chipperfield, N. Luke Abraham, Ole Kirner, Laura E. Revell, Sandip Dhomse, Jiankai Zhang, Patrick Jöckel, Daniele Visioni, Alexander T. Archibald, Eugene Rozanov, Wuke Wang, Douglas E. Kinnison, David A. Plummer, Seok-Woo Son, Guang Zeng, Fiona M. O'Connor, Wuhu Feng, Neal Butchart, Olaf Morgenstern, Giovanni Pitari, Wenshou Tian, Makoto Deushi, MOE Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Lanzhou University, College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Beijing Normal University (BNU), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research [Nanjing] (ICGCR), Nanjing University (NJU), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), polar vortex, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, stratospheric ozone, chemistry.chemical_compound, Physics and Astronomy (all), Dipole mode, ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemisrty Model, Polar vortex, Ozone layer, Montreal Protocol, Erdsystem-Modellierung, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, EMAC, Multidisciplinary, Anomaly (natural sciences), DATA processing & computer science, Chemistry (all), Northern Hemisphere, Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), General Chemistry, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Eurasian continent, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, ddc:004, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo), geographic locations
Abstract: The Montreal Protocol has succeeded in limiting major ozone-depleting substance emissions, and consequently stratospheric ozone concentrations are expected to recover this century. However, there is a large uncertainty in the rate of regional ozone recovery in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we identify a Eurasia-North America dipole mode in the total column ozone over the Northern Hemisphere, showing negative and positive total column ozone anomaly centres over Eurasia and North America, respectively. The positive trend of this mode explains an enhanced total column ozone decline over the Eurasian continent in the past three decades, which is closely related to the polar vortex shift towards Eurasia. Multiple chemistry-climate-model simulations indicate that the positive Eurasia-North America dipole trend in late winter is likely to continue in the near future. Our findings suggest that the anticipated ozone recovery in late winter will be sensitive not only to the ozone-depleting substance decline but also to the polar vortex changes, and could be substantially delayed in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics., Climate change can exert a significant effect on the ozone recovery. Here, the authors show that the Arctic polar vortex shift associated with Arctic sea-ice loss could slow down ozone recovery over the Eurasian continent.
Published: 2018

26. Benchmarking Chemistry–Climate Model Top-of-Atmosphere Flux in the 9.6-µm Infrared Ozone Absorption Band with Comparisons to Satellite Observations

Author: Worden, Helen, KuaI, Le, Bowman, Kevin W., Conley, Andrew, Lamarque, Jean-François, Shindell, Drew T., Faluvegi, Greg, Clerbaux, Cathy, Coheur, Pierre-François, Doniki, Stamatia, Kulawik, Susan S., Paulot, Fabien, Paynter, David, Oman, Luke, Strode, S., Rozanov, Eugene, Stenke, Andrea, Revell, Laura, Cardon, Catherine, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), Duke University [Durham], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The 9.6 micron infrared absorption band of ozone is the primary contributor to long wave radiative forcing by tropospheric ozone, the 3rd most important greenhouse gas. Biases of present day top-of-atmosphere (TOA) flux for the 9.6 micron ozone band, which is predicted by IPCC chemistry-climate models, have never been evaluated with measurements and these biases impact estimates of ozone radiative forcing (RF) from pre-industrial to present day. Satellite measurements of TOA spectral radiances and ozone profiles allow evaluation of the performance of chemistry-climate models for both TOA flux and Instantaneous Radiative Kernels (IRK), which give the sensitivity of TOA flux to changes in the vertical distribution of atmospheric state, e.g. tropospheric ozone, water or temperature. Changes in the atmospheric state can then have a feedback effect on ozone radiative forcing by altering the sensitivity of TOA flux to ozone.We compute the ozone band flux and the IRK, from Aura-TES and MetOP-IASI and SNPP-CrIS Fourier Transform spectrometer (FTS) measurements. The IRKs from spectrally resolved radiances explicitly account for more dominant radiative processes such as clouds and water vapor, due to the spectrally resolved absorption features, and allow attribution of changes in ozone RF to vertical changes in ozone and ozone precursor emissions. The continuation of the TES record of infrared ozone spectra and corresponding IRK with long-term IASI and CrIS data will allow accurate predictions of future ozone forcing and an assessment of the feedback from changes in the hydrological cycle on ozone RF. We use these IRK to evaluate the TOA flux bias in a suite of chemistry-climate models in terms of ozone, temperature, and water vapor. We show that the spatial pattern and the sign of these biases differs significantly between models. This evaluation suggests opportunities for model improvement in climate sensitive regions.
Published: 2018

27. The representation of solar cycle signals in stratospheric ozone - Part 2: Analysis of global models

Author: A. C. Maycock, K. Matthes, S. Tegtmeier, H. Schmidt, R. Thiéblemont, L. Hood, H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, M. Deushi, P. Jöckel, O. Kirner, M. Kunze, M. Marchand, D. R. Marsh, M. Michou, D. Plummer, L. E. Revell, E. Rozanov, A. Stenke, Y. Yamashita, K. Yoshida, Hess, P, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of Arizona, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Steinbuch Centre for Computing [Karlsruhe] (SCC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bodeker Scientific, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: ozone database, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, solar radiation, Atmospheric model, Solar irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, MESSy, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, solar cycle, Erdsystem-Modellierung, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], chemistry-climate model, Coupled model intercomparison project, EMAC, DATA processing & computer science, solar cycle ozone response, lcsh:QC1-999, Solar cycle, ozone, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, CCMI, Climatology, Atmospheric chemistry, ESCiMo, Climate model, ddc:004, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: The impact of changes in incoming solar irradiance on stratospheric ozone abundances should be included in climate simulations to aid in capturing the atmospheric response to solar cycle variability. This study presents the first systematic comparison of the representation of the 11-year solar cycle ozone response (SOR) in chemistry–climate models (CCMs) and in pre-calculated ozone databases specified in climate models that do not include chemistry, with a special focus on comparing the recommended protocols for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6). We analyse the SOR in eight CCMs from the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1) and compare these with results from three ozone databases for climate models: the Bodeker Scientific ozone database, the SPARC/Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AC&C) ozone database for CMIP5 and the SPARC/CCMI ozone database for CMIP6. The peak amplitude of the annual mean SOR in the tropical upper stratosphere (1–5 hPa) decreases by more than a factor of 2, from around 5 to 2 %, between the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ozone databases. This substantial decrease can be traced to the CMIP5 ozone database being constructed from a regression model fit to satellite and ozonesonde measurements, while the CMIP6 database is constructed from CCM simulations. The SOR in the CMIP6 ozone database therefore implicitly resembles the SOR in the CCMI-1 models. The structure in latitude of the SOR in the CMIP6 ozone database and CCMI-1 models is considerably smoother than in the CMIP5 database, which shows unrealistic sharp gradients in the SOR across the middle latitudes owing to the paucity of long-term ozone measurements in polar regions. The SORs in the CMIP6 ozone database and the CCMI-1 models show a seasonal dependence with enhanced meridional gradients at mid- to high latitudes in the winter hemisphere. The CMIP5 ozone database does not account for seasonal variations in the SOR, which is unrealistic. Sensitivity experiments with a global atmospheric model without chemistry (ECHAM6.3) are performed to assess the atmospheric impacts of changes in the representation of the SOR and solar spectral irradiance (SSI) forcing between CMIP5 and CMIP6. The larger amplitude of the SOR in the CMIP5 ozone database compared to CMIP6 causes a likely overestimation of the modelled tropical stratospheric temperature response between 11-year solar cycle minimum and maximum by up to 0.55 K, or around 80 % of the total amplitude. This effect is substantially larger than the change in temperature response due to differences in SSI forcing between CMIP5 and CMIP6. The results emphasize the importance of adequately representing the SOR in global models to capture the impact of the 11-year solar cycle on the atmosphere. Since a number of limitations in the representation of the SOR in the CMIP5 ozone database have been identified, we recommend that CMIP6 models without chemistry use the CMIP6 ozone database and the CMIP6 SSI dataset to better capture the climate impacts of solar variability. The SOR coefficients from the CMIP6 ozone database are published with this paper.
Published: 2018

28. A new photometric ozone reference in the Huggins bands: the absolute ozone absorption cross section at the 325 nm HeCd laser wavelength

Author: Julian Gröbner, Hadj Elandaloussi, Christof Janssen, Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Absorption spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, 010309 optics, Cross section (physics), chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:TA170-171, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [PHYS]Physics [physics], lcsh:TA715-787, Chemistry, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic and Molecular Clusters [physics.atm-clus], Absorption cross section, Laser, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: The room temperature (294.09 K) absorption cross section of ozone at the 325 nm HeCd wavelength has been determined under careful consideration of possible biases. At the vacuum wavelength of 325.126 nm, thus in a region used by a variety of ozone remote sensing techniques, an absorption cross-section value of σ = 16.470×10−21 cm2 was measured. The measurement provides the currently most accurate direct photometric absorption value of ozone in the UV with an expanded (coverage factor k = 2) standard uncertainty u(σ) = 31×10−24 cm2, corresponding to a relative level of 2 ‰. The measurements are most compatible with a relative temperature coefficient cT = σ−1 ∂ Tσ = 0.0031 K−1 at 294 K. The cross section and its uncertainty value were obtained using generalised linear regression with correlated uncertainties. It will serve as a reference for ozone absorption spectra required for the long-term remote sensing of atmospheric ozone in the Huggins bands. The comparison with commonly used absorption cross-section data sets for remote sensing reveals a possible bias of about 2 %. This could partly explain a 4 % discrepancy between UV and IR remote sensing data and indicates that further studies will be required to reach the accuracy goal of 1 % in atmospheric reference spectra.
Published: 2018

29. Determining the infrared radiative effects of Saharan dust: a radiative transfer modelling study based on vertically resolved measurements at Lampedusa

Author: Daniela Meloni, Alcide di Sarra, Gérard Brogniez, Cyrielle Denjean, Lorenzo De Silvestri, Tatiana Di Iorio, Paola Formenti, José L. Gómez-Amo, Julian Gröbner, Natalia Kouremeti, Giuliano Liuzzi, Marc Mallet, Giandomenico Pace, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de València (UV), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: Detailed atmospheric and aerosol properties, and radiation measurements were carried out in summer 2013 during the Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact on the regional climate in the MEDiterranean region (ADRIMED) campaign in the framework of the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) experiment. This study focusses on the characterization of infrared (IR) optical properties and direct radiative effects of mineral dust, based on three vertical profiles of atmospheric and aerosol properties and IR broadband and narrowband radiation from airborne measurements, made in conjunction with radiosonde and ground-based observations at Lampedusa, in the central Mediterranean. Satellite IR spectra from IASI are also included in the analysis. The atmospheric and aerosol properties are used as input to a radiative transfer model, and various IR radiation parameters (upward and downward irradiance, nadir and zenith brightness temperature at different altitudes) are calculated and compared with observations. The model calculations are made for different sets of dust size distribution and refractive indices, derived from observations and from the literature. The main results of the analysis are that the IR dust radiative forcing is non negligible, and strongly depends on size distribution (SD) and refractive index (RI). When calculations are made using the in situ measured size distribution, it is possible to identify the refractive index that produces the best match with observed IR irradiances and brightness temperatures (BTs). The most appropriate refractive indices correspond to those determined from independent measurements of mineral dust aerosols from the source regions (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco) of dust transported over Lampedusa, suggesting that differences in the source properties should be taken into account. With the in situ size distribution and the most appropriate refractive index the estimated dust IR radiative forcing efficiency is +23.7 W m-2 at the surface, -7.9 W m-2 within the atmosphere, and +15.8 W m-2 at the top of the atmosphere. The use of column integrated dust SD from AERONET may also produce a good agreement with measured irradiances and BTs, but with significantly different values of the RI. This implies large differences, up to a factor of 2.5 at surface, in the estimated dust radiative forcing, and in the IR heating rate. This study shows that spectrally resolved measurements of brightness temperatures are important to better constrain the dust IR optical properties, and to obtain a reliable estimate of its radiative effects. Efforts should be directed at obtaining an improved description of the dust size distribution, its vertical distribution, and at including regionally-resolved optical properties.
Published: 2018

30. Order by quenched disorder in the model triangular antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO4)2

Author: Smirnov, A. I., Soldatov, T. A., Petrenko, O. A., Takata, A., Kida, T., Hagiwara, M., Shapiro, A. Ya., Zhitomirsky, M. E., Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems [Moscow], Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Vysšaja škola èkonomiki = National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow] (HSE), Department of Physics, University of Warwick, University of Warwick [Coventry], Osaka University [Osaka], Department of Energy Systems Eng., Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, affiliation inconnue, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratory of Quantum Theory (GT), PHotonique, ELectronique et Ingénierie QuantiqueS (PHELIQS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow] (HSE)
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el), [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Strongly Correlated Electrons [cond-mat.str-el], QC
Abstract: We observe a disappearance of the 1/3 magnetization plateau and a striking change of the magnetic configuration under a moderate doping of the model triangular antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO4)2. The reason is an effective lifting of degeneracy of mean-field ground states by a random potential of impurities, which compensates, in the low temperature limit, the fluctuation contribution to free energy. These results provide a direct experimental confirmation of the fluctuation origin of the ground state in a real frustrated system. The change of the ground state to a least collinear configuration reveals an effective positive biquadratic exchange provided by the structural disorder. On heating, doped samples regain the structure of a pure compound thus allowing for an investigation of the remarkable competition between thermal and structural disorder., Comment: Letter and Supplemental material, 10 pages, 14 figures, accepted for Phys.Rev.Letters, July 2017: https://journals.aps.org/prl/accepted/9907fY9bP6c12565988d7b717d5069faa7fb6863a
Published: 2017

31. Numerical simulations and infrared spectro-interferometry reveal the wind collision region in gamma2 Velorum

Author: Lamberts, A., Millour, F., Liermann, A., Dessart, L., Driebe, T., Duvert, G., Finsterle, W., Girault, V., Massi, F., Petrov, R. G., Schmutz, W., Weigelt, G., Chesneau, O., Petrov, G., Caltech Department of Astronomy [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), ITA, USA, FRA, DEU, and CHE
Subjects: Colliding-wind binary, Physics, Very Large Telescope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Collision, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Interferometry, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, O-type star
Abstract: Colliding stellar winds in massive binary systems have been studied through their radio, optical lines and strong X-ray emission for decades. More recently, near-infrared spectrointerferometric observations have become available in a few systems, but isolating the contribution from the individual stars and the wind collision region still remains a challenge. In this paper, we study the colliding wind binary gamma2 Velorum and aim at identifying the wind collision zone from infrared interferometric data, which provide unique spatial information to determine the wind properties. Our analysis is based on multi-epoch VLTI/AMBER data that allows us to separate the spectral components of both stars. First, we determine the astrometric solution of the binary and confirm previous distance measurements. We then analyse the spectra of the individual stars, showing that the O star spectrum is peculiar within its class. Then, we perform three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the system from which we extract model images, visibility curves and closure phases which can be directly compared with the observed data. The hydrodynamic simulations reveal the 3D spiral structure of the wind collision region, which results in phase-dependent emission maps. Our model visibility curves and closure phases provide a good match when the wind collision region accounts for 3 to 10 per cent of the total flux in the near infrared. The dialogue between hydrodynamic simulations, radiative transfer models and observations allows us to fully exploit the observations. Similar efforts will be crucial to study circumstellar environments with the new generation of VLTI instruments like GRAVITY and MATISSE., 17 pages, 14 figures, accepted to MNRAS March, 7, 2017
Published: 2017

32. Methodology to create a new total solar irradiance record: Making a composite out of multiple data records

Author: Greg Kopp, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Claus Fröhlich, Micha Schöll, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Professionnel sans affiliation, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), and Sans affiliation
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Maximum likelihood, Composite number, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Statistical physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Scaling, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Radiative forcing, Multiple data, Geophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Merge (linguistics)
Abstract: Many observational records critically rely on our ability to merge different (and not necessarily overlapping) observations into a single composite. We provide a novel and fully-traceable approach for doing so, which relies on a multi-scale maximum likelihood estimator. This approach overcomes the problem of data gaps in a natural way and uses data-driven estimates of the uncertainties. We apply it to the total solar irradiance (TSI) composite, which is currently being revised and is critical to our understanding of solar radiative forcing. While the final composite is pending decisions on what corrections to apply to the original observations, we find that the new composite is in closest agreement with the PMOD composite and the NRLTSI2 model. In addition, we evaluate long-term uncertainties in the TSI, which reveal a 1/f scaling, slightly expanded version of a manuscript to appear in Geophysical Research Letters (2017)
Published: 2017

33. Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)

Author: Matthes, K, Funke, B, Andersson, ME, Barnard, L, Beer, J, Charbonneau, P, Clilverd, MA, De Wit, T, Haberreiter, M, Hendry, A, Jackman, CH, Kretzschmar, M, Kruschke, T, Kunze, M, Langematz, U, Marsh, DR, Maycock, AC, Misios, S, Rodger, CJ, Scaife, AA, Seppälä, A, Shangguan, M, Sinnhuber, M, Tourpali, K, Usoskin, I, Van De Kamp, M, Verronen, PT, Versick, S, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucı'a-CSIC, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of Reading (UOR), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Université de Montréal (UdeM), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of Leeds, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics [Dunedin], Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], University of Oulu, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Earth sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ddc:550
Abstract: This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of solar protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The solar forcing datasets are provided at daily and monthly resolution separately for the CMIP6 preindustrial control, historical (1850–2014), and future (2015–2300) simulations. For the preindustrial control simulation, both constant and time-varying solar forcing components are provided, with the latter including variability on 11-year and shorter timescales but no long-term changes. For the future, we provide a realistic scenario of what solar behavior could be, as well as an additional extreme Maunder-minimum-like sensitivity scenario. This paper describes the forcing datasets and also provides detailed recommendations as to their implementation in current climate models.For the historical simulations, the TSI and SSI time series are defined as the average of two solar irradiance models that are adapted to CMIP6 needs: an empirical one (NRLTSI2–NRLSSI2) and a semi-empirical one (SATIRE). A new and lower TSI value is recommended: the contemporary solar-cycle average is now 1361.0 W m−2. The slight negative trend in TSI over the three most recent solar cycles in the CMIP6 dataset leads to only a small global radiative forcing of −0.04 W m−2. In the 200–400 nm wavelength range, which is important for ozone photochemistry, the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset shows a larger solar-cycle variability contribution to TSI than in CMIP5 (50 % compared to 35 %).We compare the climatic effects of the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset to its CMIP5 predecessor by using time-slice experiments of two chemistry–climate models and a reference radiative transfer model. The differences in the long-term mean SSI in the CMIP6 dataset, compared to CMIP5, impact on climatological stratospheric conditions (lower shortwave heating rates of −0.35 K day−1 at the stratopause), cooler stratospheric temperatures (−1.5 K in the upper stratosphere), lower ozone abundances in the lower stratosphere (−3 %), and higher ozone abundances (+1.5 % in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere). Between the maximum and minimum phases of the 11-year solar cycle, there is an increase in shortwave heating rates (+0.2 K day−1 at the stratopause), temperatures ( ∼ 1 K at the stratopause), and ozone (+2.5 % in the upper stratosphere) in the tropical upper stratosphere using the CMIP6 forcing dataset. This solar-cycle response is slightly larger, but not statistically significantly different from that for the CMIP5 forcing dataset.CMIP6 models with a well-resolved shortwave radiation scheme are encouraged to prescribe SSI changes and include solar-induced stratospheric ozone variations, in order to better represent solar climate variability compared to models that only prescribe TSI and/or exclude the solar-ozone response. We show that monthly-mean solar-induced ozone variations are implicitly included in the SPARC/CCMI CMIP6 Ozone Database for historical simulations, which is derived from transient chemistry–climate model simulations and has been developed for climate models that do not calculate ozone interactively. CMIP6 models without chemistry that perform a preindustrial control simulation with time-varying solar forcing will need to use a modified version of the SPARC/CCMI Ozone Database that includes solar variability. CMIP6 models with interactive chemistry are also encouraged to use the particle forcing datasets, which will allow the potential long-term effects of particles to be addressed for the first time. The consideration of particle forcing has been shown to significantly improve the representation of reactive nitrogen and ozone variability in the polar middle atmosphere, eventually resulting in further improvements in the representation of solar climate variability in global models.
Published: 2017

34. Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI)

Author: Simone Tilmes, Béatrice Josse, Slimane Bekki, Patrick Jöckel, David Saint-Martin, N. Luke Abraham, Makoto Deushi, Meiyun Lin, Yousuke Yamashita, Guang Zeng, Rolando R. Garcia, Andrea Stenke, Alexander T. Archibald, Martine Michou, Marion Marchand, Kengo Sudo, Michael Manyin, Sandip Dhomse, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Luke D. Oman, Kane A. Stone, Douglas E. Kinnison, David A. Plummer, Taichu Y. Tanaka, Olaf Morgenstern, Eva Mancini, Giovanni Pitari, Virginie Marécal, Larry W. Horowitz, Kohei Yoshida, Neal Butchart, Steven C. Hardiman, Laura E. Revell, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Robyn Schofield, Michaela I. Hegglin, Fiona M. O'Connor, Eugene Rozanov, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Princeton University, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Bodeker Scientific, School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Graduate School of Environmental Studies [Nagoya], Nagoya University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Archibald, Alexander [0000-0001-9302-4180], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical transport model, Meteorology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Chemistry climate model, MESSy, Multidisciplinary approach, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Chemistry Climate Modelling, Model development, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], EMAC, 13 Climate Action, Forcing (recursion theory), Global warming, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), global atmospheric model, 37 Earth Sciences, lcsh:Geology, Atmospheric Chemiestry, Modular Earth Submodel System, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, General Circulation Model, 3701 Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract: We present an overview of state-of-the-art chemistry–climate and chemistry transport models that are used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). The CCMI aims to conduct a detailed evaluation of participating models using process-oriented diagnostics derived from observations in order to gain confidence in the models' projections of the stratospheric ozone layer, tropospheric composition, air quality, where applicable global climate change, and the interactions between them. Interpretation of these diagnostics requires detailed knowledge of the radiative, chemical, dynamical, and physical processes incorporated in the models. Also an understanding of the degree to which CCMI-1 recommendations for simulations have been followed is necessary to understand model responses to anthropogenic and natural forcing and also to explain inter-model differences. This becomes even more important given the ongoing development and the ever-growing complexity of these models. This paper also provides an overview of the available CCMI-1 simulations with the aim of informing CCMI data users.
Published: 2017

35. The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium,scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations

Author: Jungclaus, J, Bard, E, Baroni, M, Braconnot, P, Cao, J, Chini, LP, Egorova, T, Evans, M, González-Rouco, JF, Goosse, H, Hurtt, GC, Joos, F, Kaplan, JO, Khodri, M, Goldewijk, KK, Krivova, N, LeGrande, AN, Lorenz, SJ, Luterbacher, J, Man, W, Maycock, AC, Meinshausen, M, Moberg, A, Muscheler, R, Nehrbass-Ahles, C, Otto-Bliesner, BI, Phipps, SJ, Pongratz, J, Rozanov, E, Schmidt, GA, Schmidt, H, Schmutz, W, Schurer, A, Shapiro, AI, Sigl, M, Smerdon, JE, Solanki, SK, Timmreck, C, Toohey, M, Usoskin, IG, Wagner, S, Wu, C-J, Yeo, KL, Zanchettin, D, Zhang, Q, Zorita, E, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Collège de France - Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Shanghai] (CSE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Maryland System, Instituto de Geociencias [Madrid] (IGEO), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Leeds, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Department of Geology [Lund], Lund University [Lund], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie] (DGE), Carnegie Institution for Science, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering [Georgia Tech] (ISyE), Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Laboratory of Radio- and Environmental Chemistry [Villigen], Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), University of Oulu, Eurecom [Sophia Antipolis], Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Department of Physical Geography [Stockholm], Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie Institution], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Environmental Sciences, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, and SGPL Stadsgeografie
Subjects: Paleoclimate, 530 Physics, Natural forcing, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, 610 Medicine & health, natural forcing, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, last millennium, 550 Earth sciences & geology, Climate and Earth system modelling, CMIP6, PMIP, Last millennium, CISM [CECI], MIP6, PMIP4
Abstract: The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data)., Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (11), ISSN:1991-9603, ISSN:1991-959X
Published: 2017

36. The LYRA Instrument Onboard PROBA2: Description and In-Flight Performance

Author: Ingolf Dammasch, Alexander Shapiro, Yvan Stockman, Andrei Zhukov, M. Dominique, Ali BenMoussa, Jean-François Hochedez, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Werner Schmutz, Didier Gillotay, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office through the ESA-PRODEX program, Belgian Federal Science Policy Offce (BELSPO), Swiss Bundesamt fur Bildung und Wissenschaft, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Eclipse observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Data products, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Space weather, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Instrumentation and data management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Radiometer, Flares, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Aeronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Solar physics, Earth atmosphere, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; The Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) is an XUV-EUV-MUV (soft X-ray to mid-ultraviolet) solar radiometer onboard the European Space Agency Project for On-Board Autonomy 2 (PROBA2) mission, which was launched in November 2009. LYRA acquires solar-irradiance measurements at a high cadence (nominally 20 Hz) in four broad spectral channels, from soft X-ray to MUV, which have been chosen for their relevance to solar physics, space weather, and aeronomy. We briefly review the design of the instrument, give an overview of the data products distributed through the instrument website, and describe how the data are calibrated. We also briefly present a summary of the main fields of research currently under investigation by the LYRA consortium.
Published: 2013

37. On-Orbit Degradation of Solar Instruments

Author: Vincenzo Andretta, Udo Schühle, D. Walton, C. Jeppesen, L. Bradley, Matthieu Kretzschmar, M. Dominique, Abdanour Irbah, Andrew R. Jones, Thomas N. Woods, B. Giordanengo, C. J. Eyles, Werner Schmutz, G. Del Zanna, Gregory J. Ucker, Frédéric Auchère, Francis G. Eparvier, Daniel B. Seaton, Daniel Stephen Brown, Leonid Didkovsky, Don Woodraska, Seth Wieman, Darrell L. Judge, Jean-Philippe Halain, David Berghmans, Mustapha Meftah, Thomas Foujols, S. Mekaoui, Gaël Cessateur, G. Thuillier, Steven Dewitte, I. E. Dammasch, Rachel Hock, D. Gillotay, B. Nicula, Phillip C. Chamberlin, Samuel Gissot, Ali BenMoussa, David Bolsee, Danielle Bewsher, D. R. McMullin, Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence [Brussels] (STCE), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Grupo de Astronomia y Ciencias del Espacio (GACE), Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagenes [Valencia] (LPI), Universitat de València (UV)-Universitat de València (UV), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (OAC), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy [Preston], University of Central Lancashire [Preston] (UCLAN), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), University of Southern California (USC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL), Université de Liège, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), United States Air Force (USAF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Space Systems Research Corporation (SSRC), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: solar instruments, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Solar mission, Space weather, Space (commercial competition), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Space exploration, Degradation, Contamination, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Aerospace engineering, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, con- tamination, calibration, space environment, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Orbit (dynamics), Environmental science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Space environment, Degradation (telecommunications)
Abstract: International audience; We present the lessons learned about the degradation observed in several space solar missions, based on contributions at the Workshop about On-Orbit Degradation of Solar and Space Weather Instruments that took place at the Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (Royal Observatory of Belgium) in Brussels on 3 May 2012. The aim of this workshop was to open discussions related to the degradation observed in Sun-observing instruments exposed to the effects of the space environment. This article summarizes the various lessons learned and offers recommendations to reduce or correct expected degradation with the goal of increasing the useful lifespan of future and ongoing space missions.
Published: 2013
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38. SpaceInn hare-and-hounds exercise:Estimation of stellar properties using space-based asteroseismic data

Author: Saskia Hekker, H. R. Coelho, Anwesh Mazumdar, Yveline Lebreton, Guy R. Davies, Kuldeep Verma, Andrea Miglio, William J. Chaplin, V. Silva Aguirre, G. Buldgen, Daniel R. Reese, Joergen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Günter Houdek, H. M. Antia, Dennis Stello, Travis S. Metcalfe, Sarbani Basu, Warrick H. Ball, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Stellar Astrophysics Centre [Aarhus] (SAC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], University of Exeter, Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Institut für Informatik (LRR-TUM), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: oscillations [stars], RED-GIANT STARS, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, ACOUSTIC GLITCHES, ELEMENT DIFFUSION, 0103 physical sciences, ASTROPHYSICS MESA, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, stars, oscillations, interiors, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], interiors [stars], SOLAR-TYPE STARS, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Oscillation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Surface gravity, GALACTIC ARCHAEOLOGY, Stars, OSCILLATION MODE LINEWIDTHS, EVOLUTION CODE, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Convection zone, FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Glitch (astronomy), MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS
Abstract: Context: Detailed oscillation spectra comprising individual frequencies for numerous solar-type stars and red giants are or will become available. These data can lead to a precise characterisation of stars. Aims: Our goal is to test and compare different methods for obtaining stellar properties from oscillation frequencies and spectroscopic constraints, in order to evaluate their accuracy and the reliability of the error bars. Methods: In the context of the SpaceInn network, we carried out a hare-and-hounds exercise in which one group produced "observed" oscillation spectra for 10 artificial solar-type stars, and various groups characterised these stars using either forward modelling or acoustic glitch signatures. Results: Results based on the forward modelling approach were accurate to 1.5 % (radius), 3.9 % (mass), 23 % (age), 1.5 % (surface gravity), and 1.8 % (mean density). For the two 1 Msun stellar targets, the accuracy on the age is better than 10 % thereby satisfying PLATO 2.0 requirements. The average accuracies for the acoustic radii of the base of the convection zone, the He II ionisation, and the Gamma_1 peak were 17 %, 2.4 %, and 1.9 %, respectively. Glitch fitting analysis seemed to be affected by aliasing problems for some of the targets. Conclusions: Forward modelling is the most accurate approach, but needs to be complemented by model-independent results from, e.g., glitch analysis. Furthermore, global optimisation algorithms provide more robust error bars., Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, 20 tables, accepted in A&A
Published: 2016

39. Evaluation of the inter-annual variability of stratospheric chemical composition in chemistry-climate models using ground-based multi species time series

Author: Eva Mancini, Slimane Bekki, G. E. Bodeker, J.-P. Pommereau, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Myriam Khodri, Andrea Pazmino, F. Lefevre, David A. Plummer, Virginie Poulain, M. De Mazière, Eugene Rozanov, John Austin, Marion Marchand, Hideharu Akiyoshi, F. Goutail, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip Dhomse, Ralf Toumi, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Bodeker Scientific, Imperial College London, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences [L'Aquila] (DSFC), Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Enigma Scientific Publications, European Union, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) (grant 'SOLSPEC'), UK Natural Environment Research Council (MAPLE project NE/J008621/1), European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: Geochemistry & Geophysics, Atmospheric Science, Multivariate statistics, QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NEW-ZEALAND, TOMS DATA, Forcing (mathematics), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, COLUMN OZONE, EXPERIMENT-II MEASUREMENTS, TOTAL OZONE, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Variability, HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY, Chemical composition, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Quasi-biennial oscillation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Science & Technology, TECHNICAL NOTE, Chemistry climate model, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, LMDZ-REPROBUS, NDACC observation, Greenhouse gas, Physical Sciences, SOLAR-CYCLE VARIATION, Polar, Climate model
Abstract: International audience; The variability of stratospheric chemical composition occurs on a broad spectrum of timescales, ranging from day to decades. A large part of the variability appears to be driven by external forcings such as volcanic aerosols, solar activity, halogen loading, levels of greenhouse gases (GHG), and modes of climate variability (quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)). We estimate the contributions of different external forcings to the interannual variability of stratospheric chemical composition and evaluate how well 3-D chemistry-climate models (CCMs) can reproduce the observed response-forcing relationships. We carry out multivariate regression analyses on long time series of observed and simulated time series of several traces gases in order to estimate the contributions of individual forcings and unforced variability to their internannual variability. The observations are typically decadal time series of ground-based data from the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the CCM simulations are taken from the CCMVal-2 REF-B1 simulations database. The chemical species considered are column O3, HCl, NO2, and N2O. We check the consistency between observations and model simulations in terms of the forced and internal components of the total interannual variability (externally forced variability and internal variability) and identify the driving factors in the interannual variations of stratospheric chemical composition over NDACC measurement sites. Overall, there is a reasonably good agreement between regression results from models and observations regarding the externally forced interannual variability. A much larger fraction of the observed and modelled interannual variability is explained by external forcings in the tropics than in the extratropics, notably in polar regions. CCMs are able to reproduce the amplitudes of responses in chemical composition to specific external forcings. However, CCMs tend to underestimate very substantially the internal variability and hence the total interannual variability for almost all species considered. This lack of internal variability in CCMs might partly originate from the surface forcing of these CCMs by analysed SSTs. The results illustrate the potential of NDACC ground-based observations for evaluating CCMs.
Published: 2016

40. Main results of the PICARD mission

Author: M. Meftah, T. Corbard, A. Hauchecorne, A. Irbah, P. Boumier, A. Chevalier, W. Schmutz, R. Ikhlef, F. Morand, C. Renaud, J.-F. Hochedez, G. Cessateur, S. Turck-Chièze, D. Salabert, M. Rouzé, M. van Ruymbeke, P. Zhu, S. Kholikov, S. Koller, C. Conscience, S. Dewitte, L. Damé, D. Djafer, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (CRAAG), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), HELIOS - LATMOS, Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), National Solar Observatory [Tucson] (NSO/Tucson), National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF)-Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables (URAER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Howard A. MacEwen, Giovanni G. Fazio, Makenzie Lystrup, Natalie Batalha, Nicholas Siegler, Edward C. Tong, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM)
Subjects: Physics, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Spacecraft, business.industry, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Irradiance, Solar radius, Solar irradiance, Solar physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Helioseismology, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Solar variation
Abstract: ISBN: 9781510601871; International audience; PICARD is a mission devoted to solar variability observation, through imagery and radiometric measurements, with the goal to provide data for scientific investigation first in the area of solar physics, and second in the assessment of the influence of the solar variability on the Earth climate variability. PICARD contains a double program with in-space and on-ground measurements. The PICARD spacecraft was launched on June 15, 2010, commissioned in-flight in October of the same year, and was retired in April 2014. PICARD ground-based is functional since May 2011, and is still operational today. We shall give an overview of the PICARD instrumentation. New estimates of the absolute values of the total solar irradiance, of the solar spectral irradiance at typical wavelengths, and of the solar oblateness will be given. We will also report about helioseismic studies. Finally, we will present our current results about solar radius variations after six years of solar observations.
Published: 2016

41. Satellite nadir NO2 validation based on zenith-sky, direct-sun and MAXDOAS network observations

Author: Pinardi, Gaia, Van Roozendael, Michel, Lambert, Jean-Christopher, Granville, José, Hendrick, François, Gielen, Clio, Cede, Alexander, Kanaya, Ygo, Irie, Hitoshi, Wittrock, Folkard, Richter, Andreas, Peters, Enno, Wagner, Thomas, Gu, Myojeong, Remmers, Julia, Lampel, Johannes, Friess, Udo, Vlemmix, Tim, Piters, Ankie, Hao, Nan, Tiefengraber, Martin, Herman, Jay, Abuhassan, Nader, Holla, Robert, Bais, Alkis, Balis, Dimitris, Drosoglou, Theano, Kouremeti, Natalia, Hovila, Jari, Chong, J., Postylyakov, Oleg, Ma, Jianzhong, Goutail, Florence, Pommereau, Jean-Pierre, Pazmino, Andrea, Navarro, Monica, Puentedura, Olga, Yu, Huan, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Center for Environmental Remote Sensing [Chiba] (CEReS), Chiba University, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics [Innsbruck], University of Innsbruck, Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology [Baltimore] (JCET), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Cardon, Catherine, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Since more than fifteen years, total and tropospheric NO2 columns have been retrieved from nadir space-borne sensors such as SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT, OMI on AURA and GOME-2 on MetOp platforms. The NO2 data products are generally retrieved in three main steps: (1) a DOAS spectral analysis yielding the total column amount of NO2 along the slant optical path, (2) an estimation of the stratospheric NO2 column, to be subtracted from the total column to derive the tropospheric contribution, and (3) a conversion of the total and tropospheric slant columns into vertical columns based on airmass factor calculations which require a-priori knowledge of the NO2 vertical distribution and surface albedo, as well as information on cloud cover and height.In this study we combine correlative measurements available from several ground-based remote sensing networks to address the validation of (1) the GOME-2 GDP 4.8 NO2 products generated within the EUMETSAT O3M-SAF project, and (2) the SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME-2 TEMIS product. Zenith-sky DOAS/SAOZ measurements from the NDACC network are used to assess the stratospheric NO2 columns retrieved from the satellite, while the consistency of the total and tropospheric NO2 columns in urban, sub-urban and back-ground conditions is investigated using direct-sun Pandora and multi-axis MAXDOAS data sets from about 40 stations. Where available, vertical profile information from MAXDOAS measurements is used to assess the reliability of the different satellite a-priori profile shapes.Results are discussed in terms of observed biases between satellite and ground-based data sets, their dependence on location, season and cloud conditions. For stratospheric columns, the uncertainty related to the correction applied for ensuring the photochemical matching between satellite and ground-based observations is also evaluated. The satellite pixels resolution effect is statistically explored in relation to the typical extent of the emission sources at urban site locations, using data from SCIAMACHY 60x30 km², GOME-2 40x80 km² and OMI 13x24 km².
Published: 2016

42. Lyman alpha solar spectral irradiance line profile observations and models

Author: Snow, Martin, Machol, Janet, Quémerais, Eric, Curdt, Werner, Kretschmar, Matthieu, Haberreiter, Margit, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR]
Abstract: International audience; Solar lyman alpha solar spectral irradiance measurements are available on a daily basis, but only the 1-nm integrated flux is typically published. The International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland has sponsored a team to make higher spectral resolution data available to the community. Using a combination of SORCE/SOLSTICE and SOHO/SUMER observations plus empirical and semi-empirical modeling, we will produce a dataset of the line profile. Our poster will describe progress towards this goal.
Published: 2016

43. Nominal values for selected solar and planetary quantities: IAU 2015 Resolution B3

Author: E. Depagne, Mercedes T. Richards, Greg Kopp, Margit Haberreiter, Jacques Laskar, James L. Hilton, Petr Harmanec, Andrej Prša, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Eric E. Mamajek, Saskia Hekker, Guillermo Torres, Werner Schmutz, Nicole Capitaine, Brian D. Mason, D. W. Kurtz, Jesper Schou, S. G. Stewart, Martin Asplund, Michele Montgomery, Eugene F. Milone, Veselin B. Kostov, Australian National University (ANU), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danish AsteroSeismology Centre (DASC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Stellar Astrophysics Centre [Aarhus] (SAC), CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: fundamental parameters [Sun], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ACCURACY, fundamental parameters [stars], Solar luminosity, FOS: Physical sciences, STELLAR ASTROPHYSICS MESA, Solar radius, F500, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, PARAMETERS, fundamental parameters [planets and satellites], BINARIES, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Solar mass, general [stars], CONSTANTS, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Effective temperature, Planetary science, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, standards, MODULES, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], SET, STARS, Main sequence, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: In this brief communication we provide the rationale for, and the outcome of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) resolution vote at the XXIX-th General Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2015, on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties. The problem addressed by the resolution is a lack of established conversion constants between solar and planetary values and SI units: a missing standard has caused a proliferation of solar values (e.g., solar radius, solar irradiance, solar luminosity, solar effective temperature and solar mass parameter) in the literature, with cited solar values typically based on best estimates at the time of paper writing. As precision of observations increases, a set of consistent values becomes increasingly important. To address this, an IAU Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar and Planetary Astronomy formed in 2011, uniting experts from the solar, stellar, planetary, exoplanetary and fundamental astronomy, as well as from general standards fields to converge on optimal values for nominal conversion constants. The effort resulted in the IAU 2015 Resolution B3, passed at the IAU General Assembly by a large majority. The resolution recommends the use of nominal solar and planetary values, which are by definition exact and are expressed in SI units. These nominal values should be understood as conversion factors only, not as the true solar/planetary properties or current best estimates. Authors and journal editors are urged to join in using the standard values set forth by this resolution in future work and publications to help minimize further confusion., Comment: 15 pages, 2 tables, accepted to AJ
Published: 2016
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44. Evaluation of the simulated photolysis rates and their response to solar irradiance variability

Author: Sukhodolov, Timofei, Rozanov, Eugene, Ball, William, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Tourpali, Kleareti, Shapiro, Alexander, Telford, Paul, Smyshlyaev, Sergey, Fomin, Boris, Sander, Rolf, Bossay, Sébastien, Bekki, Slimane, Marchand, Marion, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Dhomse, Sandip, Haigh, Joanna D., Peter, Thomas, Schmutz, Werner, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics [Thessaloniki], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NCAS-Climate [Cambridge], Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Russian State Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] (RSHU), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, European Union, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Swiss National Science Foundation, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, European Project: 603557,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage,STRATOCLIM(2013), European Project: 624817,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF,ASTRA(2014), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ozone, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Modeling, Temperature, Middle atmosphere, Solar variability, Photolysis rates
Abstract: International audience; The state of the stratospheric ozone layer and the temperature structure of the atmosphere are largely controlled by the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) through its influence on heating and photolysis rates. This study focuses on the uncertainties in the photolysis rate response to solar irradiance variability related to the choice of SSI data set and to the performance of the photolysis codes used in global chemistry-climate models. To estimate the impact of SSI uncertainties, we compared several photolysis rates calculated with the radiative transfer model libRadtran, using SSI calculated with two models and observed during the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite mission. The importance of the calculated differences in the photolysis rate response for ozone and temperature changes has been estimated using 1D radiative-convective-photochemical model. We demonstrate that the main photolysis reactions, responsible for the solar signal in the stratosphere, are highly sensitive to the spectral distribution of SSI variations. Accordingly, the ozone changes and related ozone-temperature feedback are shown to depend substantially on the SSI dataset being used, which highlights the necessity of obtaining accurate SSI variations. To evaluate the performance of photolysis codes, we compared the results of eight, widely used, photolysis codes against two reference schemes. We show that, in most cases, absolute values of the photolysis rates and their response to applied SSI changes agree within 30%. However, larger errors may appear in specific atmospheric regions because of differences, for instance, in the treatment of Rayleigh scattering, quantum yields or absorption cross-sections.
Published: 2016

45. Solar spectral irradiance model validation using Solar Spectral Irradiance and Solar Radius measurements

Author: Thuillier, Gérard, Zhu, Ping, Shapiro, Alexander, Sofia, Sabatino, Tagirov, Rinat, van Ruymbeke, Michel, Schmutz, Werner, Cardon, Catherine, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Astronomy [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract: International audience; The importance of the reliable solar spectral irradiance (SSI) data for solar and climate physics is now well acknowledged. In particular, the irradiance time series are necessary for most of the current studies concerning climate evolution. However, space instruments are vulnerable to the degradation due to the environment while ground based measurements are limited in wavelength range and need atmospheric effects corrections.This is why SSI modeling is necessary to understand the mechanism of the solar irradiance variability and to provide long and uninterrupted irradiance records to climate and Earth atmosphere scientists. Here we present COSI (COde for Solar Irradiance) model of the SSI variability. The COSI model is based on the Non local thermodynamic Equilibrium Spectral SYnthesis Code (NESSY). We validate NESSY by two independent datasets:- The SSI at solar minimum occurring in 2008,- The radius variation with wavelength and absolute values determined from PREMOS and BOS instruments onboard the PICARD spacecraft.Comparisons between modeling and measured SSI will be shown. However, since SSI measurements have an accuracy estimated between 2 to 3%, the comparison with the solar radius data provides a very important additional constrains on model. For that, 17 partial solar occultations by the Moon are used providing solar radii clearly showing the dependence of the solar radius with wavelength. These results are compared with the NESSY predictions. The agreement between NESSY and observations is within the model and measurements accuracy.
Published: 2016

46. Making of a solar spectral irradiance dataset I: observations, uncertainties, and methods

Author: Margit Haberreiter, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Micha Schöll, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), European Project: 313188,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2012-1,SOLID(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Irradiance, Data analysis, Time series analysis, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, lcsh:QC851-999, Solar irradiance, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Proxy (climate), 0103 physical sciences, Statistics and probability, Time series, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Missing data, Autoregressive model, Solar spectrum, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Outlier, Anomaly detection, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Algorithms
Abstract: Context. Changes in the spectral solar irradiance (SSI) are a key driver of the variability of the Earth’s environment, strongly affecting the upper atmosphere, but also impacting climate. However, its measurements have been sparse and of different quality. The “First European Comprehensive Solar Irradiance Data Exploitation project” (SOLID) aims at merging the complete set of European irradiance data, complemented by archive data that include data from non-European missions. Aims. As part of SOLID, we present all available space-based SSI measurements, reference spectra, and relevant proxies in a unified format with regular temporal re-gridding, interpolation, gap-filling as well as associated uncertainty estimations. Methods. We apply a coherent methodology to all available SSI datasets. Our pipeline approach consists of the pre-processing of the data, the interpolation of missing data by utilizing the spectral coherency of SSI, the temporal re-gridding of the data, an instrumental outlier detection routine, and a proxy-based interpolation for missing and flagged values. In particular, to detect instrumental outliers, we combine an autoregressive model with proxy data. We independently estimate the precision and stability of each individual dataset and flag all changes due to processing in an accompanying quality mask. Results. We present a unified database of solar activity records with accompanying meta-data and uncertainties. Conclusions. This dataset can be used for further investigations of the long-term trend of solar activity and the construction of a homogeneous SSI record.
Published: 2016

47. The Solar Spectral Irradiance as a Function of the Mg ii Index for Atmosphere and Climate Modelling

Author: Werner Schmutz, Gérard Thuillier, Alexander Shapiro, Matthew T. DeLand, Stella M. L. Melo, David Bolsée, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Irradiance, Solar irradiance, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Standard deviation, Spectral line, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, SOLSPEC, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Neutron monitor, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, ATLAS, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Wavelength, Solar spectrum reconstruction, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Mg ii index
Abstract: We present a new method to reconstruct the solar spectrum irradiance in the Ly α – 400 nm region, and its variability, based on the Mg ii index and neutron-monitor measurements. Measurements of the solar spectral irradiance available in the literature have been made with different instruments at different times and different spectral ranges. However, climate studies require harmonised data sets. This new approach has the advantage of being independent of the absolute calibration and aging of the instruments. First, the Mg ii index is derived using solar spectra from Ly α (121 nm) to 410 nm measured from 1978 to 2010 by several space missions. The variability of the spectra with respect to a chosen reference spectrum as a function of time and wavelength is scaled to the derived Mg ii index. The set of coefficients expressing the spectral variability can be applied to the chosen reference spectrum to reconstruct the solar spectra within a given time frame or Mg ii index values. The accuracy of this method is estimated using two approaches: direct comparison with particular cases where solar spectra are available from independent measurements, and calculating the standard deviation between the measured spectra and their reconstruction. From direct comparisons with measurements we obtain an accuracy of about 1 to 2%, which degrades towards Ly α. In a further step, we extend our solar spectral-irradiance reconstruction back to the Maunder Minimum introducing the relationship between the Mg ii index and the neutron-monitor data. Consistent measurements of the Mg ii index are not available prior to 1978. However, we remark that over the last three solar cycles, the Mg ii index shows strong correlation with the modulation potential determined from the neutron-monitor data. Assuming that this correlation can be applied to the past, we reconstruct the Mg ii index from the modulation potential back to the Maunder Minimum, and obtain the corresponding solar spectral-irradiance reconstruction back to that period. As there is no direct measurement of the spectral irradiance for this period we discuss this methodology in light of the other proposed approaches available in the literature. The use of the cosmogenic-isotope data provides a major advantage: it provides information about solar activity over several thousands years. Using technology of today, we can calibrate the solar irradiance against activity and thus reconstruct it for the times when cosmogenic-isotope data are available. This calibration can be re-assessed at any time, if necessary.
Published: 2012

48. SOLSPEC onboard the International Space Station: Absolute Solar Spectral Irradiance in the Infrared Domain and Comparison with Recent Solar Models

Author: Thuillier, Gérard, Harder, J. W., Shapiro, Alexander, Woods, T. N., Perrin, Jean-Marie, Snow, Marty, Sukhodolov, T., Schmutz, Werner, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Physics::Space Physics, [SDU.ASTR.SR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract: International audience; Onboard the SOLAR payload of the International Space Station (ISS), the SOLSPECspectrometer measures the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) from 170 to 2900 nm. This instrument uses lamps to monitor its behavior in orbit. In particular, it employs two tungsten ribbon lamps in the IR domain (1000-2900 nm). The infrared absolute irradiance scale was determined from preflight laboratory calibration measurements and the in-flight measurements gathered at first light in April 2008. We reported a systematic discrepancy between SOLAR-ISS measurements and the ATLAS 3 spectrum obtained from SOLSPEC observations onboard the shuttle-ATLAS missions with a discrepancy reaching 10 % at 1800 nm. If confirmed such a discrepancy would have strong implications for the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and the brightness temperature of the lower solar photosphere. However, the onboard lamp and solar data time series show that the IR spectrometer did not reach its permanent regime at first light but only after several months of operation. The solar data at first light and in permanent regime show a difference, which is wavelength dependent. Using that difference (or the data in permanent regime), we show that the SOLSPEC-ISS IR spectrum is consistent with the ATLAS 3 spectrum within their combined uncertainties. We present the properties of that corrected spectrum in terms of its contribution to TSI, the photospheric temperature, and comparisons with independently measured IR spectra from ground-based and on-orbit platforms.The absorption coefficient of the negative ion of hydrogen has its minimum around 1600 nm so that measurements at this wavelength provide a unique opportunity to probe the deepest layers of the solar photosphere. Thus the comparison between the IR measurements and model predictions is of particular interest for understanding the structure of the solar photosphere. We present a comparison of the corrected spectrum with theoretical spectra calculated with radiative transfer codes COSI and ATLAS9 and discuss different physical mechanisms which can affect the absolute level of the IR irradiance.
Published: 2015

49. Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects

Author: Andreas Kazantzidis, Kleareti Tourpali, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Eugene Rozanov, Tetsu Nakamura, Veronika Eyring, Slimane Bekki, Hella Garny, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Martine Michou, Anne Kubin, Olaf Morgenstern, Peter Braesicke, Emanuele Mancini, Kiyotaka Shibata, Theodore G. Shepherd, D. Iachetti, Giovanni Pitari, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Ulrike Langematz, Yousuke Yamashita, W. Tian, Patrick Jöckel, David A. Plummer, Paul A. Newman, Martin Dameris, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics [Patras], University of Patras [Greece], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Dipartimento di Fisica [L'Aquila], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), University of Patras, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Irradiance, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, Solar irradiance, chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Ozone layer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, CCM, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ozone depletion, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, radiation, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Middle latitudes, stratosphere, Climate model, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: Monthly averaged surface erythemal solar irradiance (UV-Ery) for local noon from 1960 to 2100 has been derived using radiative transfer calculations and projections of ozone, temperature and cloud change from 14 chemistry climate models (CCM), as part of the CCMVal-2 activity of SPARC. Our calculations show the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on erythemal irradiance. In addition, we investigate UV-Ery changes caused by climate change due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter include effects of both stratospheric ozone and cloud changes. The derived estimates provide a global picture of the likely changes in erythemal irradiance during the 21st century. Uncertainties arise from the assumed scenarios, different parameterizations – particularly of cloud effects on UV-Ery – and the spread in the CCM projections. The calculations suggest that relative to 1980, annually mean UV-Ery in the 2090s will be on average ~12 % lower at high latitudes in both hemispheres, ~3 % lower at mid latitudes, and marginally higher (~1 %) in the tropics. The largest reduction (~16 %) is projected for Antarctica in October. Cloud effects are responsible for 2–3 % of the reduction in UV-Ery at high latitudes, but they slightly moderate it at mid-latitudes (~1 %). The year of return of erythemal irradiance to values of certain milestones (1965 and 1980) depends largely on the return of column ozone to the corresponding levels and is associated with large uncertainties mainly due to the spread of the model projections. The inclusion of cloud effects in the calculations has only a small effect of the return years. At mid and high latitudes, changes in clouds and stratospheric ozone transport by global circulation changes due to greenhouse gases will sustain the erythemal irradiance at levels below those in 1965, despite the removal of ozone depleting substances. At northern high latitudes (60°–90°), the projected decreases in cloud transmittance towards the end of the 21st century will reduce the yearly average surface erythemal irradiance by ~5 % with respect to the 1960s.
Published: 2011

50. The Shape of the Solar Limb: Models and Observations

Author: Stella M. L. Melo, M. Haberreiter, C. I. Short, Djelloul Djafer, Sabatino Sofia, Gérard Thuillier, Jennyfer Claudel, Werner Schmutz, Alexander Shapiro, N. Mein, STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Tamanrasset (CRAAG), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (CRAAG), Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables (URAER), Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique [Algérie] (MESRS), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Saint Mary's University [Halifax], Department of Astronomy [New Haven], and Yale University [New Haven]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Opacity, Continuum (design consultancy), 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Sunspot, integumentary system, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], business.industry, Empirical modelling, Astronomy and Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Computational physics, Fraunhofer lines, Wavelength, Space and Planetary Science, Inflection point, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: International audience; In this paper we compare observed, empirical, and modelled solar limb profiles and discuss their potential use to derive physical properties of the solar atmosphere. The PHOENIX, SolMod3D, and COSI radiative transfer codes as well as VAL-C models are used to calculate the solar limb shape under different assumptions. The main properties of each model are shown. The predicted limb shape as a function of wavelength for different features on the solar disk, such as quiet Sun, sunspots, and faculae, is investigated. These models provide overall consistent limb shapes with some discrepancies that are discussed here in terms of differences in solar atmosphere models, opacities, and the algorithms used to derive the solar limb profile. Our analysis confirms that the most common property of all models is limb shapes that are much steeper than what is observed, or predicted by the available empirical models. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of the Fraunhofer lines within the spectral domain used for the solar limb measurements. Our results show that the presence of the Fraunhofer lines significantly displaces the limb inflection point from its position estimated assuming only the photospheric continuum. The PICARD satellite, launched on 15 June 2010, will provide measurements of the limb shape at several wavelengths. This work shows that the precision of these measurements allows for discrimination among the available models.
Published: 2010

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