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The adoption of chatbots in education is steadily increasing, offering a myriad of benefits to learners engaging in self-directed study. However, the reliability of information provided by chatbots poses certain obstacles, particularly in subjects with high academic content such as physics. This study proposes a five-step process for constructing chatbots, enabling educators to independently develop chatbots to support self-learning among students. This process focuses on enabling chatbots to autonomously respond to physics-related inquiries, a capability often lacking in prebuilt chatbots. A new chatbot for physics lessons on the conservation of energy law was developed by applying this methodology. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed chatbot, we conducted a pedagogical experimental study involving 100 tenth grade students divided into control and experimental groups. To ensure comparability between the groups, students were selected based on their physics grades and teacher feedback. Experimental data was collected through online feedback forms and a 45-minute physics test, processed using statistical techniques. The results indicate a high level of readiness among participants to utilize chatbots for self-learning and acknowledge their beneficial impact. Furthermore, students' knowledge quality improved with chatbot usage, affirming the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating chatbots into physics education. These findings also validate the proposed five-step chatbot development process as rational and applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the feasibility of the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics. This research is Research and Development (R & D) research with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. In this research, the researcher limited the stages in the ADDIE model to the development stage only, so that the development research stages were reduced from five steps to three steps, namely analysis, design and development. The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Piyungan with a sample of 25 students. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using validity and reliability tests with the help of the SPSS application. The results obtained show that the validity value obtained is 1.00 with a very high validity category and the reliability value shown through the Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.927 is in the very high criteria. In the small group trial, an rtable value of 0.396 was also obtained, and the rcount value was in the range of 0.425 – 0.760. From these results it shows that the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics is valid and feasible to use.

The objective of this study is to create augmented reality flashcards for teaching heat and thermodynamics to 11th grade students. These flashcards will be used in the classroom during learning sessions for 11th grade science students. The work was executed utilizing the Alessi and Trollip methodology, which encompasses the stages of planning, design, and development. The data were obtained by means of expert validation and a response questionnaire. The findings indicated that the material had a validity rate of 92% and fell into the category of being highly valid. Similarly, the media had a validity rate of 86.95% and also fell into the highly valid category. Therefore, the product gets a validity rating of 89.47% and falls into a very valid category. The practicality score during the first stage of the beta test was 89.2%, with a specific focus on the practical category and a sample size of 4 students. In the second stage of the beta test, the practicality score decreased to 86.27%, with the same focus on the practical category but with a larger sample size of 10 students. The teacher's answer to the practical category yielded a score of 87%. Therefore, the flashcard product utilizing augmented reality for the subject of heat and thermodynamics in the 11th grade of high school could be used for learning purposes.

The teaching of physical sciences primarily relies on the use of experimental activities to explain the phenomena and physical concepts taught theoretically in class. Nevertheless, this conventional approach faces various challenges and problems, which limit its ability to achieve the different pedagogical objectives set by teachers. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of virtual laboratories ("VLABs") as an alternative tool to traditional practices for teaching physics concepts in Moroccan secondary schools. The methodology followed in this study is quantitative and based on two questionnaires. The first is intended for teachers to evaluate the experimental activities on VLABs based on a socio-technical and pedagogical heuristic study and to verify their conformity with the expectations and characteristics of each type of learner according to the Felder-Silverman learning style preferences. The second was administered in the form of an evaluation to compare the performance of the control group with the experimental group that integrated the opportunities offered by the VLAB LABSTER. The results show that VLABs are not only comparable to conventional experimental activities in terms of applicability, ease of use, and effectiveness in achieving the learning objectives for which they were initially designated but surpass them in terms of performance, as evidenced by the significant improvement of the mean obtained by the group that integrated the experimental activities on the VLAB. Thus, VLABs can be used not only as an alternative to traditional experimental activities in distance learning but also as a viable option for potential adoption even in traditional face-to-face physics instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of simulations to better convey abstract scientific concepts or difficult-to-observe scientific occurrences through the manipulation of variables or virtual objects has the potential to improve student science learning. However, misconceptions or extraneous load may emerge if simulation support is insufficient. In this study, we used a self-explanation strategy via question-based prompts in an online scientific simulation learning environment to improve the comprehension of junior high school students in physics concepts, engagement and motivation toward science learning, and task load. Thirty-seven seventh grade students from two junior high school classrooms in northeastern China were allocated into experimental and control groups using a quasi-experimental approach. Students in the experimental group utilized a simulation-based learning environment that incorporated self-explanation, while students in the control group used the same environment but without self-explanation integration. Additionally, sequential analytic approaches were used to examine the behavioral patterns of both groups of students throughout simulation operations and the learning process. The results showed that the students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly better learning achievement than those in the control group; furthermore, we discovered that the students in the experimental group displayed more inquiry behaviors regarding prediction, simulation operation, and explanation than did those in the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quasi-experimental study investigates the impact of using free-body diagrams on the critical thinking skills of students studying rotational dynamics at MAN 1 Sungai Penuh. The study involved 140 eleventh-grade students, divided into an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 70 students. The experimental group received instruction using free-body diagrams, while the control group followed traditional teaching methods. Critical thinking skills were assessed using a test comprising five essay questions, each representing different aspects of critical thinking: likelihood and uncertainty analysis, problem solving and decision making, reasoning, hypothesis testing, and argument analysis. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all aspects of critical thinking skills, with statistically significant differences and strong effect sizes. Specifically, the experimental group showed notable improvements in argument analysis, reasoning, and hypothesis testing. The findings suggest that the use of free-body diagrams significantly enhances students' critical thinking skills in the context of rotational dynamics. This study underscores the importance of incorporating visual learning aids in physics education to foster deeper understanding and improve analytical skills. The results have important implications for teaching practices, advocating for the integration of free-body diagrams to develop students' higher-order thinking skills effectively

Metacognition refers to the capacity to comprehend and regulate one's own cognitive processes. By cultivating students' metacognitive skills in physics education, they will acquire the ability to understand and govern their own thinking. This, in turn, will enhance the effectiveness of physics instruction by fostering student engagement and enabling them to rectify their own errors. However, previous studies have revealed a scarcity of physics teachers who integrate metacognitive training into their teaching practices. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which high school physics teachers in the Riau Islands Province engage in metacognitive training for their students. Employing a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method, data was collected through interviews conducted with physics teachers from local high schools. This study's participants are physics teachers in the Kepulauan Riau Province. There are a total of 25 physics teachers participating in the study. The sampling technique employed in this research is purposive sampling. During these interviews, the researchers posed open-ended questions to elicit insights into physics teachers' experiences with the cultivation of metacognitive skills in their students during physics lessons. According to the study's findings, physics teachers in the Riau Islands Province are indeed training their students in indicators of metacognitive abilities. However, we observed that some teachers remain unaware that the exercises they assign inherently serve as indicators of metacognitive skills. This lack of awareness is attributed to a deficient understanding among teachers regarding the nature of metacognition.

In this modern era of education, understanding EPL research trends plays an important role in the development of innovative physics education. The general aim of this research is to comprehensively explore the landscape of Ethnoscience in Physics Learning (EPL). This study used bibliometric analysis to evaluate publications. Data was collected from Scopus and analyzed using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny-Bibliometrix software. The publication trend of EPL research varies annually, with significant growth since 2000 and the highest peak in 2021. Articles are the dominant document type in EPL research, with the average total citations per article varying significantly from year to year. Journal of Physics: Conference Series is the top source for EPL research. The main affiliations and countries contributing significantly are Semarang State University and Indonesia, while physics and astronomy dominate as the main subjects. The authors who contributed and had the most citations in EPL-related research were Beggs J. M. & Plenz D. The keywords that dominated and became a new trend were Physics, Cell Culture, Article, Human, and Student. The novelty of this study lies in its bibliometric approach and network analysis that provides deep insights into research trends and relationships within the field of ethnoscience in physics learning, contributing to a better understanding of the development of physics education.

Students who live in dominant customs and culture in their daily lives sometimes experience obstacles when studying physics at school. This research aims to integrate local wisdom and local potential that exist in the Jayapura community in physics lessons and see its impact on students' science process skills and conceptual mastery. The research method used in this research is quantitative with a Quasi-Experimental research type with a Non-equivalent Control Group Design. Data collection techniques used test instruments and learning observations. The instrument used in data collection was test. Data analysis used N-gain analysis and Manova test using SPSS program. The subjects in this research were class XI students from three public high schools in Jayapura City who were selected using purposive sampling technique. The research results showed that the integration of local wisdom and local potential of the Jayapura Community had a positive impact on the experimental class and there was a significant increase in N-gain. Furthermore, the Manova test results showed that there were differences in science process skills and concept mastery between the experimental class and the control class. Furthermore, educators can develop E-LKPD based on the local wisdom of the Jayapura community to accommodate the use of technology in learning and preserve the local culture of the community.

This study aims to develop a novel entitled "The Miracle of Hallwachs" as a medium for enhancing scientific literacy, particularly focusing on the physics concept of the photoelectric effect for third-grade high school students. The research employs the Research and Development (R&D) approach, utilizing the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) development model. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires, and both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted. Product testing involved assessments by material experts, media experts, and 31 students. The study's outcomes resulted in the creation of learning media in the form of audiobooks accessible through various devices. The media's feasibility was evaluated by experts in the field, including material experts, media experts, and Indonesian language teachers, as well as through a field trial with 31 students. Expert validation indicated a high level of appropriateness, with a 97% approval rate for material validation and a 94.29% approval rate for learning media validation. Based on this comprehensive assessment, it can be concluded that the novel under development is well-suited as a medium for enhancing media literacy in science, specifically in teaching physics with a focus on the photoelectric effect.

This article provides an extensive bibliometric literature review on dynamic fluid in learning. This study aims to analyze research trends related to dynamic fluid in learning topics in 2019-2023 through bibliometric analysis with the Scopus database. Based on the criteria obtained, 327 articles were obtained from 1598 documents. The articles have already been analyzed from the journal and conference proceedings indexed in Scopus. Dynamic fluid research trends in learning are also reviewed based on the number of articles published each year, sources of publication (both journals and proceedings), the most productive countries, the most productive authors based on the number of documents, and co-occurrences using VOSviewer. The results show that the dynamics of learning are increasing every year. JPCS has published the most dynamic fluid articles in learning. The United States, as the most productive country, researches this topic. In addition, most of the prolific authors come from the US. A visualization of dynamic fluid research trends in learning using VOSviewer software obtained five clusters. The results of this study provide direction for further research on fluid dynamics in learning.

COME MIGLIORARE IL PENSIERO CRITICO NELL’APPRENDIMENTO DELLA FISICA? UNA REVISIONE SISTEMATICA DELLA LETTERATURA Abstract Critical thinking skills are essential skills needed in the 21st century. Critical thinking skills can be trained in students through student-centered learning. Through a literature review, this research aims to determine learning models that can improve critical thinking skills in physics. Data collection was based on Scopus and Google Scholar database sources. This type of document comes from journal articles with the keywords «critical thinking», «learning models», and «physics learning» from the years (2011-2021). The literature review used procedures adapted from PRISMA. Documents published are based on predetermined content analysis criteria, including year of publication, author, article source, learning model, physics material topic, research subject, education level, and assessment. Inquiry learning and the higher-order thinking laboratory (HOT Lab) dominate the learning models used to improve critical thinking skills. The critical skills indicators used vary. Indicators of critical thinking skills. Self-regulated learning is rarely used in research instruments compared to other indicators of critical thinking skills. The instruments used are multiple-choice, essays, worksheets, and observation sheets. Research respondents at the university level are often used in studies of critical thinking skills. Fluid mechanics is a topic that is often used in research. This research contributes to improving students’ critical thinking skills through various recommended learning models. Research findings show that student-centered learning models can improve critical thinking skills.

Low physics learning in the Philippines is a prevailing concern the education sector must resolve, so initiating technological interventions in teaching the subject, including flipped classrooms, and introducing a chatbot such as ManyChat Delivering Online-Offline learning could be helpful to improve scientific literacy in learning Electromagnetic (EM) waves. This study aimed to determine the significant learning differences between conventional teaching (CT), Flipped Classroom (FC), and ManyChat Delivering Online-Offline (MCDOO) Learning in teaching EM waves. Previous research showed that flipped classrooms are effective in Physics lessons. At the same time, only a few studies have been found using MCDOO learning effectively in other subjects, yet to be in Physics lessons. The researcher used the randomized posttest-only control group experimental research design with four groups; Conventional Teaching (CT) as the control group while the experimental groups are: Flipped Classroom (FC), ManyChat Delivering Online-Offline (MCDOO) Learning, and lastly, the combined FC+MCDOO learning who underwent different learning sessions (traditional teaching, FC session via google classroom, MCDOO session and FC+ MCDOO via Messenger App respectively). One-Way ANOVA was performed to determine whether there were any significant learning differences. The results showed in the first and second competencies; the null hypotheses are accepted, so all the differences in all four groups are not significant there is not much of a difference between the scores of CT and FC, CT and MCDOO, and FC and MCDOO learning; however, in the third learning competency, the null hypothesis is rejected so then the Tukey Post Hoc test was conducted to point out where is/are the significant difference/s. The Tukey Post Hoc test revealed that CT and FC+MCDOO learning differs significantly. It means that FC+MCDOO learning boosts higher learning achievement than conventional teaching, FC alone, or MCDOO alone. This study concludes that using just one technological intervention in Physics teaching simply cannot produce a significant impact on the physics literacy of the students in EM learning. Utilizing a combination of technological approaches can make a meaningful difference to the literacy rate in Physics lessons, specifically electromagnetic waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to develop a dHOTLearn model based on the physics learning web (PLW), which is intended to improve the critical thinking skills (CTS) of physics education students as well as to optimize the MBKM program at the university level. The research results that the quality dHOTLearn model based on PLW by expert judgments can be used for improving the CTS of physics education program undergraduate. To increase CTS, lecturers prepare structured and rigorous teaching and learning activities utilizing the dHOTLearn paradigm based on PLW. Creating an effective learning environment and learning media to support each action done by lecturers and students at every point in the syntax of the dHOTLearn model based on PLW evaluates the effectiveness of using this learning model. More study can be done to test the feasibility and usefulness of the dHOTLearn model based on PLW for improving the CTS of undergraduate physics education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores physics concepts in depth in pletokan to be integrated into physics learning in the Merdeka Belajar curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and data triangulation techniques (observation, interviews, and literature study), this research identified pletokan as a superior contextual media for learning physics. Effectively achieve the learning objectives of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum while providing an enjoyable educational experience. The exploration results obtained specifically show that the traditional game of pletokan involves various physics principles such as gravitational potential energy, friction force, work and energy, ideal gas compression, bulk modulus, sound waves, motion dynamics, parabolic motion, and partially elastic collisions. These findings highlight the potential of Pletokan as a promising ethnoscience-based medium for physics learning, which is beneficial in improving student motivation and academic outcomes. Further research is needed to validate advanced applications and their effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes. Embracing ethnoscience in this way enriches students' understanding by including context and preserving the nation's cultural heritage.

ABSTRAK Studi literatur dari berbagai sumber terkait pengaruh model pembelajaran fisika SMA menemukan bahwa Project Based Learning banyak digunakan terutama dalam peningkatan kemampuan siswa. Penggunaan model Project Based Learning dalam pembelajaran terkhusus pada SMA saat ini jarang di terapkan sekolah padahal penggunaan model ini sangat berguna dalam pembelajaran, oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkomparasi kelebihan dan kekurangan dari Project Based Learning dalam pembelajaran fisika agar sekolah banyak dalam menerapkannya. Studi ini dirancang dan dilakukan dalam tinjauan jurnal nasional yang akurat dan terindeks Sinta dalam jangkauan 5 tahun terakhir. Kriteria jurnal yang digunakan ialah mencakup hasil singnifikan yang tinggi, professional, dan terakreditasi. Berdasarkan hasil kajian pustaka, kelebihan pengaruh Project Based Learning pada pembelajaran fisika terdapat peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa dan kekurangan Project Based Learning pada pembelajaran fisika yaitu alokasi waktu yang terlalu lama ketika diterapkan. Diharapkan dengan adanya penelitian ini membuat banyak peneliti menggunakan model Project Based Learning dalam pembelajaran dengan meninjau kelebihan dan kekurangan yang ada sehingga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dengan model Project Based Learning yang diterapkan. Kata kunci: pengaruh; model pembelajaran; project based learning; pembelajaran fisika ABSTRACT Literature studies from various sources related to the influence of the high school physics learning model found that Project-Based Learning is widely used, especially in improving students' abilities. The use of the Project Based Learning model in learning, especially in high school, is currently rarely applied to schools even though the use of this model is very useful in learning, therefore this study aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of Project Based Learning in spectacle learning so that many schools apply it. This study was designed and carried out in reflection of the accurate and indexed national journal Sinta within the last 5 years. The journal criteria used include high significant results, professionalism, and accreditation. Based on the literature review, the excess influence of Project-Based Learning on physics learning increased students' creative thinking abilities and the disadvantages of Project-Based Learning on physics learning were the time allocation that was too long when applied. It is hoped that this research will make many researchers use the Project Based Learning model in learning by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses that exist so that they can improve students' abilities with the Project Based Learning model applied. Keywords: influence; learning model; project based learning; physics learning

Abstract The pretrained large language models have been widely tested for their performance on some challenging tasks including arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic reasoning. Recently how to combine LLMs with prompting techniques has attracted lots of researchers to propose their models to automatically solve math word problems. However, most research works focus on solving math problems at the elementary school level and few works aim to solve problems in science disciplines, e.g., Physics. In this exploratory study, we discussed the potential pedagogical benefits of using ChatGPT in physics and demonstrated how to prompt ChatGPT in solving physics problems. The results suggest that ChatGPT is able to solve some physics calculation problems, explain solutions, and generate new exercises at a human level.

This study aims to describe the development needs of physics learning models based on Synectic in improving problem-solving abilities. Formulation of the problem. The design of physics learning models based on Synectic directs students in getting used to processing creative thinking to achieve higher-order thinking skills, one of which is problem-solving ability. The Synectic learning model implementations are identical to analogy and metaphoric thinking. Analogies and metaphor thinking will help students understand abstract concepts to become more contextual, making it easier for students to solve the problem. Materials and methods. This research type is research and development with the ADDIE design. The learning model needs an analysis description performed during the analysis stage by determining the gap between the real conditions and the desired ideal conditions in learning physics, especially in college. The needs analysis research was carried out at the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar with two lecturers and twelve students as research respondents for three months in the even semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. The needs analysis data collection using interview guidelines, literature reviews, and questionnaires. The data collection results will be analyzed with a qualitative descriptive analysis. Results. The reality and ideal conditions description obtained from the results of curriculum analysis, student characteristics, and lecturer abilities in implementing physics learning in college. The needs analysis results show a gap between reality and the desired ideal conditions in learning physics. Conclusions. Even though the ability to solve problems is one of the expected learning outcomes based on curriculum achievement indicators and skills needed at this time based on a person's cognitive stage at the age of college students. Therefore, a physics learning model based on Synectic development is very needed and indicated by the student’s tendency ability to solve physics problems to be low. It means synergizing between teachers and students for creative thinking is needed in learning physics as an important basis for improving problem-solving skills.

Ideally education should prepare students to be able to face challenges in the future. The physics learning process implemented by teachers in the classroom should be able to encourage the growth of 21st century skills in students. In reality, the learning process still uses conventional methods and teacher-centered, so that the ability of students is low. For this reason, PjBL is implemented to improve students’ abilities in physics subjects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of similar research that use PjBL. The type of research used is meta-analysis research with a quantitative approach. The results of this research are the first, namely the impact of similar research from PjBL which indicates that PjBL has a positive impact on physics learning. Second, based on grade level, similar study effects of PjBL showed that grade X had a more significant effect. Thirdly, based on the learning materials, the impact of similar studies of PjBL shows that the topic of simple harmonic motion has a significant impact. Fourth, based on the learning media that has a more significant effect on similar research, namely LKS media. Fifth, based on the aspects reviewed, the impact of similar studies of PjBL indicated that the aspect of problem-solving ability has a more significant impact. This research can be used as a reference to develop PjBL at school levels, different materials, various interactive media, and aspects reviewed.

The pretrained large language models have been widely tested for their performance on some challenging tasks including arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic reasoning. Recently how to combine LLMs with prompting techniques has attracted lots of researchers to propose their models to automatically solve math word problems. However, most research works focus on solving math problems at the elementary school level and few works aim to solve problems in science disciplines, e.g., Physics. In this exploratory study, we discussed the potential pedagogical benefits of using ChatGPT in physics and demonstrated how to prompt ChatGPT in solving physics problems. The results suggest that ChatGPT is able to solve some physics calculation problems, explain solutions, and generate new exercises at a human level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The merdeka curriculum is a curriculum whose learning structure is divided into two main activities, namely learning that refers to student learning outcomes in each subject and projects to strengthen the Pancasila student profile. A digital pocketbook is an electronic book that contains information in the form of text or images that can be displayed on a digital screen. This study aims to analyze the use of digital pocket books to support the implementation of the merdeka curriculum in physics learning. This study uses a literature study research method by reviewing 30 articles that can be accounted for on the use of digital pocket books to support the implementation of the merdeka curriculum in physics learning. The results of the study found that 1) The use of digital pocket books was declared effective in learning physics. 2) The advantage of using digital pocketbooks to support the merdeka curriculum in physics learning is that it can improve students' understanding of concepts, problem solving, and cognitive outcomes. 3) The weakness of using digital pocketbooks is that digital pocketbooks are enough to drain smartphone memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Misconceptions in physics learning are still common at the upper school level. Misconceptions lead to low ability to understand students' concepts in studying physics. Physics misconceptions experienced by students are difficult to detect. This study aimed to develop an Android-based assessment application with a four-tier diagnostics test instrument that can be used to detect student physics misconceptions early on. Product development is carried out by developing physics instruments for class X, XI, and XII levels and then developing an Android-based assessment application. The results showed that this application received a positive response from teachers and students. In addition, the application is able to detect physics misconceptions experienced by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Fenomena fisika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari belum banyak digali sehingga berpotensi untuk dikaji yakni proses pembangunan rumah. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara teoritis fisika yang ada dalam proses pembangunan rumah dan menganalisis kaitan materinya dengan pembelajaran fisika di SMP dan SMA. Data dikumpulkan melalui data sekunder dan data primer yang diperoleh dari observasi langsung di lapangan dan dokumentasi mengenai proses pembangunan rumah yang selanjutnya akan digunakan untuk dianalisis dalam penelitian dalam bentuk analisis data deskriptif yang mana hasil penjabarannya berupa kata-kata dan bukan angka. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan penerapan konsep fisika dengan kegiatan sehari-hari dalam proses pembangunan rumah yang berkaitan dengan pemmbelajaran fisika di kelas yakni konsep bejana berhubungan, gaya berat dan konsep pesawat sederhana penggunaan alat-alat yang digunakan oleh tukang bangunan selama proses pembangunan rumah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menerapkan pembelajaran berbasis kontesktual, dan memanfaatkan sumber belajar di lingkungan sekitar siswa seperti proses pembangunan rumah akan memberikan kesempatan kepada guru sebagai sumber belajar baru, pengintegrasian bahan ajar seperti lembar kerja siswa dan memperkaya soal HOTS dalam mengajar di kelas dan memberikan kesempatan siswa untuk belajar secara langsung di lingkungannya yang diharapkan dapat memberikan hasil belajar sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran fisika. Kata kunci: fisika; pembelajaran fisika; pembangunan rumah. ABSTRACT Physics phenomena in everyday life have not been explored much so that they have the potential to be studied, namely the process of building houses. This study aims to theoretically examine the physics that exist in the process of building houses and analyze the relationship between the material and physics learning in junior and senior high schools. Data is collected through secondary data and primary data obtained from direct observations in the field regarding the house construction process which will then be used to be analyzed in research in the form of descriptive data analysis where the results of the description are in the form of words and not numbers. The results of the study obtained the application of physics concepts with daily activities in the house building process related to learning physics in the classroom, namely the concept of related vessels, heavy forces and the concept of simple aircraft using tools used by builders during the house construction process. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that by applying contestual-based learning, and utilizing learning resources in the surrounding environment of students such as the house building process will provide opportunities for teachers as new learning resources, integrate teaching materials such as student worksheets and enrich HOTS questions in teaching in the classroom and provide opportunities for students to learn directly in their environment which is expected to provide learning outcomes according to the learning objectives of physics. Keywords: physics; physics learning; house construction.

Abstract The study examines students’ disciplinary learning in physics and interdisciplinary science learning opportunities that students encounter during a collaborative invention project. Thirteen student teams (aged 11 to 12, N = 46) designed and constructed a prototype of a technology invention meant to solve one of the challenges students face in daily life. The data was collected from a physics achievement test taken both before and after the invention project and artifacts (student essays and process portfolios) that students constructed during the project. Seven inventions were categorized as physics-intensive and six as non-physics in nature. The change in students’ achievement prior to and after the invention project was rather modest, and the increase was related to the level of physics-intensity of the inventions made during the project. However, the process portfolios revealed various interdisciplinary science learning opportunities and physics learning that could not be identified with the achievement test. Further, the co-occurrence analysis revealed several interdisciplinary learning opportunities that connected physics contents to the interdisciplinary themes. Working with varied materials and technologies and experimenting with them enabled the students to ponder different science topics and perhaps deepen their understanding through creative problem-solving. We conclude that such collaborative invention projects challenge teachers to take an active role in designing invention challenges so as to more explicitly interlink students’ invention processes with science learning. In order to foster students’ science learning opportunities, teachers should intensively evaluate each student-team’s learning throughout the project and use portfolios to reflect on and scaffold their science learning systematically.

This research aims to find out the trend of the author's topics and keywords that are widely used related to Virtual Lab Physics to find out future research opportunities. The research method used is descriptive analysis method research through the bibliometric approach. The results of a Google Scholar database search found 463,000 articles for 2016-2021 with the keywords "Virtual Lab Physics". Meanwhile, based on the Scopus database, Scopus-indexed articles were obtained for 2003-2021. Search results are stored in the form of RIS and CSV will then be analyzed using the VOSviewer application and Ms. Excel to obtain a visualization in the form of a bibliometric map. The results of data analysis show that the keywords often used and related to the Virtual Physics Lab during 2016-2021 are Physics, Engineering, Science, Physics Education Research, and Interest Laboratories. Indonesian researchers in contributing internationally are still lacking, this research topic is dominated in China and the United States of America with the document types being mostly conference papers. So far, research related to the topic of Virtual Lab Physics is still quiet so it has the potential to be developed. In addition, there are recommendations for Virtual Lab Physics research that can be collaborated with one of the related keywords, namely Engineering as an opportunity for research topics to be developed.

Experimental activities are widely recognized as an essential pedagogical tool in physics education that enables students to learn fundamental physical concepts. Experimentation sets physics apart from other disciplines by motivating learners to acquire knowledge, methods, scientific attitudes, and manipulative skills. Most current research focuses on the importance of conventional experimental work in the learning process or the contribution of new technologies to this process without pinpointing the experienced limitations hindering the two tools from achieving the pedagogical objectives for which they were originally designed. To gain a better understanding of what these issues are, we have performed the survey presented in this paper. First, the analysis investigated the challenges that impede the experimental approach from playing its vital role in the Moroccan education system and evaluated the efficiency of this approach in achieving its original pedagogical objectives. In doing so, the study indicates that the majority of Moroccan secondary physics teachers do not achieve the required rate of experimental activities due to several challenges, including the need for coaching and training, the lack of coordination between decision-makers and practitioners regarding the practical use of scientific laboratories, a shortage of necessary materials, and a lack of maintenance and repair of laboratory equipment. Thus, we conclude this paper by providing several solutions, implications, and limitations as potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics learning provides a context for future careers in fostering ability in high-end logic with the 21st learning goals. Applying computational thinking in schools is challenging and requires systemic transformation and teacher attention. This study aims to investigate the computational thinking of students in physics learning. This study used exploratory qualitative research. Data were gathered through observation, interviews, and portfolio documents. The data are analyzed through six stages: preparing and organizing, exploring, building descriptions, representing the findings, interpreting the results, and validating the accuracy. The result indicated four primary computational thinking skills: decomposition, abstraction, simulation, and evaluation. The computational thinking skills in physics learning can develop students’ understanding and implementation of physics concepts based on data, not just mathematical formulas. Computational thinking in physics learning gives students the opportunity and space to explore and develop their ideas and logical reasoning more deeply in problem-defining, solutions, and evaluation. Students use their logical reasoning to solve the problem precisely. This study is expected to be used as a basis and support for physics teachers to integrate computational thinking into their learning classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the implementation of procedures and principles in the TGT type cooperative learning model used by MAN 1 Jambi City teachers in learning Physics. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this research is the Physics teacher of MAN 1 Jambi City. The method used in collecting data is interview. The results showed that the implementation of the procedure was according to the syntax of the TGT type cooperative model in the Good category with an average value of 3 . The principles that the teacher most often uses in the TGT type cooperative learning model are group discussions in the Fairly Good category with a percentage score of 38.4%.

Learning physics for some high school level students is very dull, causing low student interest and resulting in low physics learning outcomes. The teacher must be able to create a fun and interesting physics learning atmosphere. Therefore, this study will provide an overview of how active learning management can improve the quality of physics learning at Madrasah Aliyah. In general, this study aims to describe active learning management to enhance the quality of physics learning at MAS Muallimin Univa Medan and to know the supporting and inhibiting factors for implementing active learning in physics subjects at MAS Muallimin Univa Medan. This study used qualitative research techniques, including observation, interviews, and documentation. Descriptions can be seen from the manifestations of symptoms in the field. Based on the results, active learning management to improve the quality of physics learning at MAS Muallimin Univa Medan was successful. Discussions, problem-solving, projects, demonstrations, and assessments are some activities in active learning strategies used in learning physics at MAS Muallimin Univa Medan. The high interest of students and adequate resources are two factors that help students succeed in physics lessons, while some students' reluctance to speak up and their varied life experiences are two things that hinder them. Abstrak Pembelajaran fisika bagi sebagian murid tingkat sekolah atas merupakan hal yang sangat membosankan, sehingga menyebabkan minat belajar siswa rendah dan berakibat kepada hasil belajar fisika yang rendah. Guru harus mampu menciptakan suasana pembelajaran fisika yang menyenangkan dan menarik. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan memberikan gambaran bagaimana manajemen pembelajaran aktif dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran fisika di Madrasah Aliyah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan manajemen pembelajaran aktif guna meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran fisika di MAS Muallimin Univa Medan dan juga mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat penerapan pembelajaran aktif pada mata pelajaran fisika di MAS Muallimin Univa Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik penelitian kualitatif, meliputi: observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sistem penulisan yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dan penjelasan deskripsi dapat dilihat dari manifestasi gejala di lapangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, manajemen pembelajaran aktif guna meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran fisika di MAS Muallimin Univa Medan berhasil dilakukan. Diskusi, pemecahan masalah, proyek, demonstrasi, dan penilaian adalah beberapa strategi pembelajaran aktif yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran fisika di MAS Muallimin Univa Medan. Minat siswa yang tinggi dan sumber daya yang memadai adalah dua faktor yang membantu siswa berhasil dalam pelajaran fisika, sementara keengganan beberapa siswa untuk berbicara, dan pengalaman hidup mereka yang bervariasi adalah dua hal yang menghambat mereka.

This research aims to analyze the application of discovery learning to physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research method is a study of literature and journals, as many as ten journals that can be accounted for related to the application of discovery learning research models to physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The study was analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis with paper review technique. It was concluded that: 1) The application of the discovery learning model to physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic can improve student understanding, students’ critical thinking ability, and mastery of student concepts. 2) The use of online learning tools and discovery learning-based e-modules can improve students’ mastery of concepts in physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3) The advantages of the discovery learning model in physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic are that it can improve cognitive abilities and form students’ disciplined and positive attitudes. 4) The flexibility of the discovery learning model in physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic is that students have difficulty understanding the material, and teachers find it difficult to present the material, so the application of the discovery learning model in physics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia is not all effective.

This study describes the development of an integrated ethno-physics module for critical thinking skills as supporting teaching materials during the Covid-19 pandemic. The development stages used were the 4D models. These stages included defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The subjects of this study were material experts, media experts, and 50 students in Melawi Regency. The instruments were expert validation questionnaires, student perception questionnaires, and critical thinking tests. The resulting data are in the form of qualitative and quantitative data. The expert feasibility test uses the average score to the maximum score, while the user practicality test uses the average eligibility percentage. The trial design used was a pre-test and post-test group design. The statistical test used is parametric statistics with the help of SPSS 26. The study results show that the e-module ethnophysics have validly improved students’ critical thinking skills. This is shown by the results of validity, practicality, and effectiveness of e-module ethnophysics towards critical thinking during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The study examines students' disciplinary learning in physics and interdisciplinary science learning opportunities that students encounter during a collaborative invention project. Thirteen student teams (aged 11 to 12, N = 46) designed and constructed a prototype of a technology invention meant to solve one of the challenges students face in daily life. The data was collected from a physics achievement test taken both before and after the invention project and artifacts (student essays and process portfolios) that students constructed during the project. Seven inventions were categorized as physics-intensive and six as non-physics in nature. The change in students' achievement prior to and after the invention project was rather modest, and the increase was related to the level of physics-intensity of the inventions made during the project. However, the process portfolios revealed various interdisciplinary science learning opportunities and physics learning that could not be identified with the achievement test. Further, the co-occurrence analysis revealed several interdisciplinary learning opportunities that connected physics contents to the interdisciplinary themes. Working with varied materials and technologies and experimenting with them enabled the students to ponder different science topics and perhaps deepen their understanding through creative problem-solving. We conclude that such collaborative invention projects challenge teachers to take an active role in designing invention challenges so as to more explicitly interlink students' invention processes with science learning. In order to foster students' science learning opportunities, teachers should intensively evaluate each student-team's learning throughout the project and use portfolios to reflect on and scaffold their science learning systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics instruction necessitates innovative strategies that can support students' achievement. Virtual simulations are digital tools that can offer students with meaningful learning experiences, albeit in an online distance learning setup. This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of virtual simulations in improving students' Physics achievement at the secondary level. A meta-analysis guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used. Fifteen (15) studies that met the inclusion criteria were included and analyzed. Effect size (Hedges g) was mainly used to determine the magnitude of the effectiveness of virtual simulations. The overall weighted effect size of g = 0.941 suggests that virtual simulations have a significantly large and positive effect on students' achievement in Physics. Moderator analyses revealed that the effectiveness of virtual simulations did not significantly differ based on the region, students' grade level, and duration of the implementation. However, a significant difference was found among the effect sizes of the individual studies when grouped according to the specific field of Physics. The majority of the virtual simulation tools used were PhET simulations and Crocodile Physics, which were found to be integrated with constructivist instructional strategies that facilitated substantial improvements in students' achievement. Hence, professional development programs are recommended to further strengthen Physics teachers' technological and pedagogical knowledge on the effective utilization of virtual simulations to enhance students' Physics learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development used in this research is 4-D model that consisted of defining, designing, development and dissimilating stage. In defining stage there were some process to be conducted, they were designing on learning device that covers syllabus, RPP, module, and LKS. On development stage the test of validity were done through validity sheet of learning device, practicality testing through observation sheet on the using RPP, questionnaire response of the teachers and the students, affectivity testing were obtained from the assessment of knowledge, attitude, characters, skills and the questionnaire of students response. Then, the disseminating of teaching device were done in disseminate stage. The result of the implementation of lesson plans, teacher's response the questionnaires, student's response questionnaires, it was found that the modules that had been developed were very valid with percentages 88,34%. The results of the implementation of RPP, teacher's response questionnaires, student's response questionnaires found that modules that have been developed are in the very practical category. Moreover, the cognitive assessment results 87,50%, psychomotor assessment 82,86 %, and affective assessment 80,17%. Thus, this research produces a physics learning model based on the map concept technique which can improve learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored and looked forward to the competencies and objectives of the feasibility of learning designs needed for the post-quarantine era of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, especially in Papua. The research method used in our study is qualitative which focuses on structural analysis to answer problems in the research found through preliminary studies. Our research sites are located in several educational institutions in Papua. The study population was all students at the elementary, junior high, high school and university levels in Papua, Indonesia. We used a sampling method in the form of a purposive sampling technique. The samples were three academic institutions; SMP N 5 Jayapura, SMA Pembangunan V Yappis, and Universitas Cenderawasih. Research instruments for collecting data were in the form of interview sheets, observation sheets, and questionnaires related to physics learning in the new normal era. The results of the study found that the physics learning design based on local potential in the new normal era can be an alternative for teaching physics concepts contextually. Students can observe the surrounding environment related to local customary culture which is indigenous science and educators represent the report in the form of a connection between the concept of science and local culture.

This study aims to identify research trends in online learning physics subjects from 2020 to 2021, as well as research recommendations to improve the quality of online learning physics. The method employed is quantitative and includes bibliometric analysis. It was obtained from the Google Scholar database using Harzing's publish or perish application, and data was analyzed using VOSviewer. Searches with online learning physics yielded 70 articles, which were then examined. According to the research findings, quantitative research is the most commonly employed method, followed by qualitative research. The collected study focuses mainly on learning, physics, online learning, and learning outcomes. Learning challenges, effectiveness, critical thinking, Google Classroom, learning media, interest in learning, and motivation to study are suggested research subjects for possible online physics learning.

The purpose of the current study is to propose and examine a comprehensive model that uses motivational and self-regulated variables to explain factors affecting environment management in technology-based physics learning among Chinese secondary school students. Data were collected from 726 grade-eight secondary school students in Southeast China, who were learning physics. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships among students’ goal orientations, environment management, and time management. Results suggest that students were more likely to manage their environment if they had learning-oriented goals and if they managed their time, but they were less likely to do so if they had social-oriented goals. Implications for teachers’ technology integration in physics class were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of misconception and poor conceptual understanding is a problem that often occurs in science learning, not least in physics learning. Learning models that specifically aim to improve conceptual understanding and remediate misconceptions are not widely available. This study aims to determine the effect of the CCBL model in improving conceptual understanding and remediating misconceptions of students. The method consisted of pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of 89 students from three groups in the physics department. The research instrument was a static fluid concept test, a type of two-level multiple-choice test, and an open reason answer. Percentage techniques and descriptive narrative were used to obtain the level of understanding of students' concepts. These results indicated that the CCBL model was effective in remediating student misconceptions. The implication of this research is that the CCBL model has the syntax that capable of remediating students' misconceptions, namely; (1) activation of preconceptions and misconceptions; (2) presentation of cognitive conflict; (3) discovery of concepts and equations; and (4) reflection. It is recommended to conduct further research to see the significance of the effectiveness of the CCBL model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Teori relativitas khusus merupakan teori yang dikembangkan Albert Einstein berkaitan kerelativitasan ruang dan waktu. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui respon siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas terhadap penyelesaian soal energi relativistik dengan metode phytagoras. Metode penelitian adalah metode penelitian survei dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas XI MIPA 1 SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember tahun ajaran 2021/2022 berjumlah 28 orang. Penelitian merupakan penelitian pengembangan dari peneliti sebelumnya. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan sampling jenuh menggunakan angket respon siswa. Angket yang digunakan menggunakan skala likert mengacu pada tiga respon siswa yakni kognitif, afektif dan konatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh pengaruh positif terhadap penyelesaian energi relativitik dengan metode phytagoras dengan presentase dimensi kognitif sebesar 71,11 %, afektif sebesar 69,03 % dan konatif sebesar 70,75 %. Secara keseluruhan siswa memberikan respon sebesar 70,29 % yang termasuk pada kategori kuat. Kata kunci: pembelajaran fisika; metode phytagoras; energi relativistik. ABSTRACT The special theory of relativity is a theory developed by albert einstein regarding the relativity of space and time. This study aims to determine the response of high school students to solving relativistic energy problems using the Pythagoras method. Phitagoras method is a survey research with 28 students in the class XI MIPA 1 SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember in the 2021/2022 academic year. This research is a development research from previous researchers. The sampling technique in this research is using saturated sampling using student response questionnaires. The questionnaire used using the Likert scale refers to three student responses, namely cognitive, affective and conative. Based on the results of the study obtained a positive influence on the completion of relativistic energy with the phytagoras method with the percentage of cognitive dimensions of 71.11%, affective of 69.03% and conative of 70.75%. Overall, students gave a response of 70.29% which is included in the strong category. Keywords: physics learning; the Pythagoras method; relativistic energy.

A simple experiment has been conducted to study Newton's law of cooling and heating by observing the nature of the increasing and decreasing water temperature by utilizing a data logger, a thermocouple, a pan, a hot plate, and water. The uncovered pan contained water which was subsequently heated on a hot plate. The water was heated at ambient temperature and normal atmospheric pressure to see that the temperature rose exponentially. Conversely, the temperature of hot water decreased exponentially when the heat source was switched off. The model for increasing and decreasing water temperature is following the Newton's law of cooling and heating. It was proven that the experimental data highly fit theoretical models. The temperature increment constant (ka) and the temperature decrement constant (kd) determined the rate of temperature changes. Low values of ka and kd led to the slow change in the temperature, either the increase or the decrease in the water temperature and vice versa. The ka > kd was observed for all given conditions so that the increasing rate in the water temperature was faster than its decrease. The result of this study can be applied as an example of contextual learning of physics for university students.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS LEARNING RESEARCH WITH STEM APPROACH IN INDONESIA: A CONTENT ANALYSIS Abstract This study aims to provide an overview of physics learning research with the STEM approach in Indonesia. This study used a thematic content analysis method which aims to determine the depth of the study using a certain matrix so that a conclusion can be presented based on similarities and differences. This study analyzed SINTA indexed scientific articles published from 2016-2020. The results of the search were obtained as many as 51 scientific articles according to the scope of the research. Research that is mostly done is experiments. The most widely used number of samples was 11-30 and the type of sample that was most studied was students in class XI in Senior High School. The most widely used data collection instrument is the test instrument. The most popular physics material is temperature and heat material, while the most measured research variable is students' understanding of concepts. The product that is mostly developed in learning with the STEM approach is students’ worksheets, while the learning model that is most often integrated with the STEM approach is Project-Based Learning (PjBL). In the future, research should examine the effects of learning physics using the STEM approach on variables that are still rarely studied, such as students' representational abilities. In addition, it is necessary to apply a STEM learning approach to other materials that are still rarely used. Thus, it can be concluded that this study has provided preliminary information for further research and policy determination on the STEM approach in physics learning. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan tinjauan umum terkait penelitian pembelajaran fisika dengan pendekatan STEM di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode thematic content analysis yang bertujuan untuk menentukan kedalaman penelitian dengan menggunakan matriks tertentu sehingga dapat disajikan suatu kesimpulan berdasarkan kesamaan dan perbedaan. Penelitian ini menganalisis artikel ilmiah terindeks SINTA yang dipublikasikan dari 2016-2020. Hasil dari pencarian diperoleh sebanyak 51 artikel ilmiah yang sesuai dengan lingkup penelitian. Penelitian yang banyak dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimen. Jumlah sampel yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sebanyak 11-30 dan jenis sampel yang paling banyak diteliti adalah peserta didik di kelas XI SMA/MA. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang paling banyak digunakan adalah instrumen tes. Materi fisika yang paling diminati adalah materi Suhu dan Kalor, sedangkan variabel penelitian yang paling banyak diukur adalah pemahaman konsep peserta didik. Produk yang paling banyak dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran dengan pendekatan STEM adalah LKPD, sementara model pembelajaran yang paling sering diintegrasikan dengan pendekatan STEM adalah Project Based Learning (PjBL). Ke depannya penelitian sebaiknya mengkaji efek pembelajaran fisika dengan menggunakan pendekatan STEM terhadap variabel yang masih jarang diteliti, seperti kemampuan representasi peserta didik. Selain itu, perlu diterapkan pendekatan pembelajaran STEM pada materi lain yang masih jarang digunakan. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini telah memberikan informasi awal untuk penelitian dan penentuan kebijakan lebih lanjut tentang pendekatan STEM dalam pembelajaran fisika.

Generally, the learning model used in physics learning is the lecture learning model. The use of a suitable learning model can undoubtedly attract the interest and attention of students. The novelty of this research is the implementation or application of the jigsaw cooperative learning model to determine the students 'responses to the Jigsaw cooperative learning model. This study aims to describe the students' responses to the application of the jigsaw cooperative learning model in physics subjects. The method used is the mixing method (mixture). Quantitative data is obtained by collecting data in the form of a questionnaire. Qualitative data were obtained using an interview instrument sheet. The results showed that 65% (13 of 20 students) responded quite well, and 35% (7 of 20 students) responded well to applying the jigsaw cooperative learning model in physics lessons.

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the process of implementing physics learning, what factors cause teacher teaching difficulties and solutions to the teacher's difficulties. This research was conducted at MAN 1 Konsel with 3 physics teachers as informants who used descriptive methods through a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques with observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique uses data collection, data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. From the results of the study, it was found that at the time of implementation of learning, it was found that all teachers had quite a difficulty in developing teaching materials. There are 4 factors that influence the difficulty of teachers in teaching physics, namely the low basic mathematical ability of students, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, the learning methods used by schools are less varied and innovative, and the time allocation is still lacking in achieving learning objectives. So the solution to answer the difficulties they are experiencing is that the teacher must involve students with good mathematical abilities to help their friends, using simple laboratory tools that the teacher can make themselves by using used materials or by using virtual laboratories, the teacher must also combine various methods and techniques. Innovative learning model, strives to maximize the available time allocation.