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The study of the physico-chemical modification of Yucca filamentosa (Yf) natural fiber by graft copolymerization with ethylmethacrylate using ferrous ammonium sulfate-potassium persulfate as a redox initiator has been reported in the article. Initially, six process parameters; reaction duration, reaction temperature, solvent amount, pH, FAS:KPS ratio, and monomer concentration were used in the study in a sequential experimental design technique, and the significant process variables affecting the yield of the graft copolymer were identified. The Resolution-V design method identified the significant parameters as the reaction temperature, amount of solvent, and the concentration of monomer. In second phase of the study, the screened variables were utilized in the development of a model through the technique of response surface methodology (RSM) for the prediction of the yields, and its optimization. The developed RSM model fitted well with the experimental data, and predicted for the optimal conditions of reactions as temperature 50 °C, solvent 100 ml, and the monomer 3.05 × 10−3 mol/L; at which the highest graft yield percentage obtained was 124.2%. The techniques of FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used for the characterization graft copolymers. Studies of the various physico-chemical properties showed that the produced graft copolymers were more resistant than the natural fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut skin, a by-product of the peanut processing industry, is typically disposed of as an inexpensive agricultural by-product. However, peanut skin is a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be used to enrich foods that are better for your health and provide more nutrition. Therefore, this research article focuses on the valorisation of peanut skin by developing functional skin and its addition into peanut butter with improved nutritional value and sensory quality. The study explored the effect of pressure-cooking on the development of peanut skin-fortified peanut butter and studied its physicochemical, functional and organoleptic characteristics. The results indicated that adding peanut skin significantly improved the colour attributes (L* = 40.73–44.76, a* = 4.35–5.57 and b* = 7.83–12.43) and phenolic content. Different processing conditions like pressure cooking improved the phenolic contents and anti-oxidant activities of peanut butter. Moreover, rheological properties and textural properties have been increased with the application of moist heat treatment. Functional peanut butter had increased viscosity and hardness but decreased spreadability and oil separation compared to the control. Sensory evaluation showed that the skin-on the product had desirable sensory attributes, including appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. The study concludes that incorporating peanut skin into peanut butter enhanced its functional and nutritional properties without compromising sensory quality. These findings provide valuable insights for the food industry to develop healthier and value-added peanut butter products with different treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, focusing on PR1, PR5, and PR10, in three plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana (At), Solanum lycopersicum (Sl), and Solanum tuberosum (St). We investigated various physico-chemical properties, including protein length, molecular weight, isoelectric point (pI), hydrophobicity, and structural characteristics, such as RMSD, using state-of-the-art tools like AlphaFold and PyMOL. Our analysis found that the SlPR10-StPR10 protein pair had the highest sequence identity (80.00%), lowest RMSD value (0.307 Å), and a high number of overlapping residues (160) among all other protein pairs, indicating their remarkable similarity. Additionally, we used bioinformatics tools such as Cello, Euk-mPLoc 2.0, and Wolfpsort to predict subcellular localization, with AtPR1, AtPR5, and SlPR5 proteins predicted to be located in the extracellular space in both Arabidopsis and S. lycopersicum, while AtPR10 was predicted to be located in the cytoplasm. This comprehensive analysis, including the use of cutting-edge structural prediction and subcellular localization tools, enhances our understanding of the structural, functional, and localization aspects of PR proteins, shedding light on their roles in plant defense mechanisms across different plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to develop turkey sausages by incorporating freeze-dried apple pomace (FDAP) at 3, 5, and 8% by replacing turkey breast meat. Three sausage formulations and the control of turkey sausages were subjected to physicochemical properties: proximate content, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield, pH, color, textural parameters, antioxidant activity, and microbiological and sensory properties. The parameters were analyzed during storage from days 0 to 7. The addition of FDAP to turkey sausages resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture and protein contents, whereas no significant difference was found in fat and ash contents. The increased incorporation of FDAP resulted in decreased pH, cooking loss, lightness, redness, and yellowness in turkey sausages, whereas an increase in total phenolic content, fiber content, ABTS, and DPPH values was observed. FDAP, as a low-cost source of valuable phenolic content, strongly inhibited microorganism growth during the storage of turkey sausages. The sensory scores of turkey sausages containing 3% FDAP for other sensory traits, such as flavor, texture, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability, were comparable to those of the control. Scores for sensory attributes declined significantly with a further increase in FDAP in turkey sausages. It is concluded that turkey sausages with very good acceptability can be prepared by incorporating freeze-dried apple pomace each at a 3% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an insight into a comprehensive study on two soft clay deposits namely Kuttanad and Cochin marine clays from the south western state of Kerala, India. These clays are deltaic formations that possess low shear strength and high compressibility characteristics. Many cases of large post construction settlements and failures have been reported from these regions. Additionally, these clays are popular for undergoing irreversible changes in properties on drying and there were many theories associated with this trend for both clays; the significant reasons attributed being the presence of organic matter, the aggregations assisted by the exchangeable di-valent and tri-valent cations and high pore fluid salinity. The question of which was the predominant reason was a point of discussion in the past. In this paper, the similarities and dissimilarities of the two clays have been brought out. The irreversible nature of properties on drying was investigated for both clays using physicochemical techniques and FTIR Spectroscopy. Subsequently, a high energy dispersion tool, generally used for emulsification, was employed in an attempt to reverse the properties of the dried clays. While there was significant reversal of the properties in Cochin marine clay (CMC), it was only about 75 to 80% in Kuttanad clay. A detailed FTIR analysis indicated the presence of strong hydrogen bonds between the interlayer water and basal oxygens of kaolin-like layers in Kuttanad clay that is characteristic of the halloysite mineral. The presence of halloysite, higher salinity and organic matter of Kuttanad clay compared to CMC could be the major factor leading to the incomplete reversal of the properties for Kuttanad clay on drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In the modern world, there are many pharmaceutical substances that have various structure. During the development of finished dosage forms (FDPs) it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as physicochemical and technological properties of substances and excipients, manufacturing technology and others. This work is focused on the application of these approaches in practice in relation to a substance with anisodiametric crystal shape. Rebamipide was chosen as an example of such substance with poor technological characteristics for investigation and manufacturing technology selection.Aim. Research of approaches to examine a substance with anisodiametric crystal shape (Rebamipide in this case) to determine its physicochemical and technological properties in purpose of theoretical substantiation of the best method of manufacturing mass for tabletting.Materials and methods. In this study were used such materials as Rebamipide substance (α-[(4-chlorobenzoyl)amino]-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-quinolinepropanoic acid) (experimental sample). Also were used such equipment as flowability tester ERWEKA GT (Erweka GmbH, Germany), powder density tester ERWEKA SVM 122 (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany), vibrating sieve CISA RP 200N (CISA Cedaceria Industrial S.L., Spain), powder diffractometer D8 ADVANCE (Bruker Corporation, USA), calorimeter DSC 204 F1 (NETZSCH, Germany), Hitachi TM-100 electron microscope (Hitachi, Japan).Results and discussion. The properties of Rebamipide substance were evaluated, such as polymorphism, melting point, microscopy and evaluation of technological characteristics. Application of the SeDeM method allowed to determine the critical parameters of the substance that need to be corrected.Conclusion. It was found out experimentally that Rebamipide substance has polymorphism, high melting point, needle-shaped crystals, poor bulkiness and compactability, which was confirmed by the use of SeDeM method.

Abstract The study pertains to preparing value added frozen yoghurt through use of orange peel powder (OPP). The quality aspects of medium-fat (6.0% fat) frozen yoghurt prepared using OPP at three levels (1.5, 2.5, 3.5% as T1, T2 and T3 respectively) was studied. Frozen yoghurt was prepared by freezing blend of fermented yoghurt base with ice cream mix (25:75 w/w); other ingredients were sugar, stabilizer-emulsifier and orange crush. Inclusion of OPP in frozen yoghurt impacted the orange flavour favorably and enriched product with β-carotene and dietary fiber. The control product (TC) was prepared in similar manner, avoiding OPP. As the level of OPP was raised in formulation, there was a marked increase in the protein, carbohydrate, ash and total solids when compared with TC. Presence of OPP markedly affected the acidity, viscosity, overrun and melting resistance of the product; maximum overrun was associated with TC. Product T3 had the maximum acidity and viscosity; T2 had maximum total sensory score. It is recommended to prepare medium-fat frozen yoghurt utilizing 2.5% OPP along with orange crush as flavouring. Such inclusion of peel solids enriched the product with β-carotene and dietary fiber, contributed to stabilization of product and enhanced the products sensory acceptance.

This study aimed to select suit glutinous rice varieties for the production of sweet rice wine. The wine was prepared by using 25 glutinous rice varieties harvest in Huaiyuan as raw materials. The basic components of glutinous rice, and the physicochemical properties the wine were compared. The sensory characteristics were investigated by using electronic tongue, electronic nose, sensory evaluation, the relationship among the basic components of glutinous rice, physicochemical properties, and sensory qualities of rice wine was established by correlation analysis. The results showed that the total starch content of 25 kinds of glutinous rice was 59.0~81.0 g/100 g, the amylose content was 1.0~3.5 g/100 g, and the protein content was 6.6~8.5 g/100 g. The alcohol content of 25 kinds of sweet rice wine was 0.8%vol~2.8%vol, the reducing sugar content was 15.5~31.8 g/100 g, and the total acid content was 0.29~0.66 g/100 g, which met the requirements of clear-juice type rice wine stipulated by industry standard. All rice wine presented antioxidant activity to some extent, while this made from 'Funuo 628' showed the best antioxidant activity, with DPPH free radical clearance and iron ion reducing ability reaching 71.3% and 15.7 μg VC/mL, respectively. The sensory of 25 kinds of rice wine had significant differences. 13 kinds of rice wine were significantly better than the commercial Xiaogan rice wine among them, while the others were similar to the commercial one. The reducing sugar and total acid contents dominated in determining the sensory scores. 'Funuo 628' exhibited the advantages of both high sensory quality and good antioxidant activity, which therefore was potential to develop sweet rice wine with unique flavors and functional properties.

Abstract Background Rhizosphere and endophytic fungi play important roles in plant health and crop productivity. However, their community dynamics during the continuous cropping of Knoxia valerianoides have rarely been reported. K. valerianoides is a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae and has been used in herbal medicines for ages. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to study the structural and functional dynamics of the rhizosphere and endophytic fungi of K. valerianoides. Results The findings indicate that continuous planting has led to an increase in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere fungi, while concomitantly resulting in a decrease in the richness and diversity of root fungi. The diversity of endophytic fungal communities in roots was lower than that of the rhizosphere fungi. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla detected during the continuous cropping of K. valerianoides. In addition, we found that root rot directly affected the structure and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and the roots of K. valerianoides. Consequently, both the rhizosphere and endophyte fungal communities of root rot-infected plants showed higher richness than the healthy plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium in two and three years old root rot-infected plants was significantly higher than the control, indicating that continuous planting negatively affected the health of K. valerianoides plants. Decision Curve Analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter (OM), available K, total K, soil sucrase (S_SC), soil catalase (S_CAT), and soil cellulase (S_CL) were significantly related (p

The study pertains to preparing value added frozen yoghurt through use of orange peel powder (OPP). The quality aspects of medium-fat (6.0% fat) frozen yoghurt prepared using OPP at three levels (1.5, 2.5, 3.5% as T1, T2 and T3 respectively) was studied. Frozen yoghurt was prepared by freezing blend of fermented yoghurt base with ice cream mix (25:75 w/w); other ingredients were sugar, stabilizer-emulsifier and orange crush. Inclusion of OPP in frozen yoghurt impacted the orange flavour favorably and enriched product with β-carotene and dietary fiber. The control product (TC) was prepared in similar manner, avoiding OPP. As the level of OPP was raised in formulation, there was a marked increase in the protein, carbohydrate, ash and total solids when compared with TC. Presence of OPP markedly affected the acidity, viscosity, overrun and melting resistance of the product; maximum overrun was associated with TC. Product T3 had the maximum acidity and viscosity; T2 had maximum total sensory score. It is recommended to prepare medium-fat frozen yoghurt utilizing 2.5% OPP along with orange crush as flavouring. Such inclusion of peel solids enriched the product with β-carotene and dietary fiber, contributed to stabilization of product and enhanced the products sensory acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has appeared a tendency to use non-traditional animal raw materials to expand the range of sausages. The purpose of the research is to determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical properties, as well as quality indicators of new sausages with a mass fraction of deer muscle tissue in the recipe (> 60%). An organoleptic evaluation was carried out, then the study of physicochemical parameters, the mass fraction of protein, fat, salt, sodium nitrite, total phosphorus, and residual activity of acid phosphatase was performed. Next there were studied such microbiological indicators as QMAFAnM, BGKP (coliforms), sulfite-reducing clostridia, Staphylococcus aureus, and pathogenic microorganisms: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes. Safety indicators have been established: the content of toxic elements (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead) and quality indicators: the content of nitrosamines, pesticides. The quality control of packaging and labeling was carried out visually in accordance with the requirements of the standard. The temperature is measured inside the product with a glass liquid thermometer. The net weight of consumer packaging was determined gravimetrically by static weighing. It has been proved that all three types of the studied sausages «Zavtrak okhotnika», «Drezdenskiye» and «Oldenburgskiye» corresponded to the normative documentation in terms of organoleptic, physico-chemical properties, quality and safety indicators, nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to experimentally investigate the effect of sugar syrup additions on quality measurements of honey and to detect adulteration. For that purpose, two different pure blossom honey samples were adulterated by directly mixing 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of commercially available glucose–fructose corn syrup and maltose corn syrup. In this regard, key physico-chemical properties like moisture, pH, free acidity, proline, diastase number, color (L, a, b and Delta-E), electrical conductivity, HMF, sugar profile (glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose), and C4 sugar analysis were tested. The results of the individual analysis of moisture, pH, free acidity, proline, diastase number, color, electrical conductivity, and HMF failed to detect sugar syrup adulteration. However, when principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to analyze the data gathered from these tests, adulterations at all-syrup ratios (5–50%) were successfully detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of altitudinal variations on soil quality, physical and chemical properties in jhum, or shifting cultivation, fields in Churachandpur district in Manipur, India. The study observes the differences in soil moisture content, water holding capacity, organic carbon, available nitrogen and potassium between high and low altitudes. It examines organic matter decomposition rates, nutrient losses through erosion and leaching, and anthropogenic disturbances.

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Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organic waste utilization stands as a pivotal approach to ecological and economic sustainability. This study aimed to assess the stability, maturity, and evolution of co-composts comprising various blends of green waste (GW) and sheep manure (SM). Employing a diverse array of physico-chemical and biological parameters, we investigated the co-composting process over 120 days. Three types of garden waste (mixture of green waste (MGW), fallen leaves (FL), and grass cutting (GC)) were utilized. The results revealed significant compost transformation, evident by odor and insect absence and a shift to dark brown coloration, indicating maturation. The compost C2, derived from FL, exhibited superior soil amendment potential. Significantly, it exhibited a pH level of 6.80, an EC of 2.45 mS/cm, and an OM content of 55%, along with a C/N ratio of 16.15. Analysis of the macronutrients revealed values of 1.98% for TN, 3.22% for TP, and 0.61% for K. Crucially, the compost showed no phytotoxic effects and boasted a high GI of 94.20% and a low respiration rate of 4.02 mg/50 g, indicating its stability and appropriateness for agricultural application. Our findings underscore compost's potential as an eco-friendly soil amendment, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural management and supporting the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, cleaner technologies, viz. microwave (MW) and microwave-assisted chimeric enzyme treatments (MWEC), were applied for extracting pectin from mango and pomegranate peels, and their impact was compared with the conventional citric acid extraction (CA) in terms of yield, structural features, physico-chemical characteristics and techno-functional properties of the isolated pectins. Chimeric enzymes [bi-chimera: endo-mannanase and endo-xylanase (ManB-XynB); tri-chimera: endo-mannanase, endo-xylanase, and cellulase (ManB-XynB-CelB)] connected by flexible linkers (5–15 amino acids) were generated using overlap extension PCR. ManB-XynB expressed extracellularly (Mw ~ 59 kDa) and was optimally active at 50 °C, pH 6, while ManB-XynB-CelB expressed intracellularly (Mw ~ 112 kDa) and exhibited optimum activities at 50–55 °C, pH 5–7. MWEC of mango and pomegranate peels showed the maximum yield of pectin. Scanning electron micrographs of MWEC treated peels revealed a synergistic action between chimeric enzymes and microwave for extracting pectin as distinguishable physical modifications (cracks, pores and erosion) of the peel surface were observed. ATR/FT-IR spectra of MWEC extracted pectins suggested that considerable portion (> 50%) of galacturonic acid residues was non-esterified. This was corroborated by the degree of esterification present in MWEC extracted pectins. Arabinose and galactose were the predominant neutral sugars found in the extracted pectins. MWEC extracted peel pectin had high protein and ferulic acid content, low particle size, good water holding capacity and low molecular weight, but only MWEC extracted mango peel pectin exhibited good emulsion activity and stability when compared to either MW or CA extraction methods. Rheological measurements suggested that pectins extracted using MW and MWEC exhibit low viscosities and Newtonian behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were carried out in Si-killed high carbon steels with an innovative and cost effective approach, coke dust as a slag de-oxidation agent to reduce reducible oxides quantity and also its activity in the slag to improve desulfurization efficiency. The flux addition practice was also modified by increasing lime addition compared to synthetic slag, in order to increase the activity of CaO throughout the LF refining process. Various parameters such as the amount of carryover slag, melting point, electrical conductivity, viscosity, activity of FeO, CaO of ladle slag were calculated and its effect on desulfurization efficiency was studied in detail. Finally, an optimized slag composition was suggested using an error function. Industrial trials demonstrated a reduction in reducible oxide content from 5 to 1.5% and the maintenance of an increased CaO activity throughout the refining process improved desulfurization efficiency from 38% to greater than 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rhizosphere and endophytic fungi play important roles in plant health and crop productivity. However, their community dynamics during the continuous cropping of Knoxia valerianoides have rarely been reported. K. valerianoides is a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae and has been used in herbal medicines for ages. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to study the structural and functional dynamics of the rhizosphere and endophytic fungi of K. valerianoides. Results: The findings indicate that continuous planting has led to an increase in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere fungi, while concomitantly resulting in a decrease in the richness and diversity of root fungi. The diversity of endophytic fungal communities in roots was lower than that of the rhizosphere fungi. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla detected during the continuous cropping of K. valerianoides. In addition, we found that root rot directly affected the structure and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and the roots of K. valerianoides. Consequently, both the rhizosphere and endophyte fungal communities of root rot-infected plants showed higher richness than the healthy plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium in two and three years old root rot-infected plants was significantly higher than the control, indicating that continuous planting negatively affected the health of K. valerianoides plants. Decision Curve Analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter (OM), available K, total K, soil sucrase (S_SC), soil catalase (S_CAT), and soil cellulase (S_CL) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to the fungal community dynamics. Conclusions: The diversity of fungal species in the rhizosphere and root of K. valerianoides was reported for the first time. The fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of root endophytic fungi. The fungal diversity of root rot plants was higher than that of healthy plants. Soil pH, OM, available K, total K, S_CAT, S_SC, and S_CL were significantly related to the fungal diversity. The occurrence of root rot had an effect on the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix offer significant nutritional benefits. This study evaluates the proximate composition, amino acid profile, GC-MS analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and EDX, and color values of edible paper sheets (EPSs) derived from Alternanthera philoxeroides incorporating different levels of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix flesh. The protein content in the EPSs varied based on fish flesh incorporation, peaking at 52.66% in Ap100/Hm300 (Non-boil). Protein and carbohydrate contents showed an inverse correlation across EPSs, with the highest carbohydrate content of 60.89% in sample Ap400/Hm0 (Boil). Lipid content was also found to correlate with H. molitrix flesh content in EPSs, ranging from 1.59% to 18.41%. Amino acid analysis identified 11 types, with methionine as the most prevalent, followed by leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. GC-MS analysis revealed 51 bioactive compounds, including carbonic acid, hentriacontane, and various fatty acids. FT-IR analysis showed characteristic bonds, while color analysis displayed L* values ranging from 24.37 to 30.97. SEM analyses depicted the microstructure, surface view, and elemental composition of the EPSs, and EDX showed an abundance of Ca, N, K, O, C, Mg, Na, P, Cl, Mn, and Fe. Therefore, EPSs prepared from A. philoxeroides and H. molitrix could offer a promising approach for effectively utilizing aquatic biomass and providing both plant and animal nutrients to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red pepper (Capsicum annuum var. conoides) is commonly used for dried pepper production in China, and the drying process, particularly the during duration, profoundly affects its quality. The findings indicate that prolonged exposure to high temperatures during thermal drying results in significant darkening, an evident decrease in red and yellow tones, and gradual transformation of the pepper's microscopic structure from granular to compact, along with 88% reduction in moisture content and 81% decrease in thickness. The capsaicinoid content increased, resulting in a 4.3-fold increase in spiciness after drying compared to that of fresh pepper. The pepper aroma shifts from fruity, choking, and grassy to herb, dry wood, and smoky. Compounds such as 2-Acetylfuran, furfural, 2-methylfuran, 1-methylpyrrole, 2-methylpyrazine, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine exhibited positive correlations with drying time, whereas ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and 3-methylbutyl butanoate showed negative correlations, indicating their potential as markers for monitoring thermal drying processes.

Protein solubility prediction is useful for the careful selection of highly effective candidate proteins for drug development. In recombinant proteins synthesis, solubility prediction is valuable for optimizing key protein characteristics, including stability, functionality, and ease of purification. It contains valuable information about potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets and helps in early forecasting of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. Traditional wet-lab experimental protein solubility prediction approaches are error-prone, time-consuming, and costly. Researchers harnessed the competence of Artificial Intelligence approaches for replacing experimental approaches with computational predictors. These predictors inferred the solubility of proteins by analyzing amino acids distributions in raw protein sequences. There is still a lot of room for the development of robust computational predictors because existing predictors remain fail in extracting comprehensive discriminative distribution of amino acids. To more precisely discriminate soluble proteins from insoluble proteins, this paper presents ProSol-Multi predictor that makes use of a novel MLCDE encoder and Random Forest classifier. MLCDE encoder transforms protein sequences into informative statistical vectors by capturing amino acids multi-level correlation and discriminative distribution within raw protein sequences. The performance of proposed encoder is evaluated against 56 existing protein sequence encoding methods on a widely used protein solubility prediction benchmark dataset under two different experimental settings namely intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic evaluation reveals that from all sequence encoders, proposed MLCDE encoder manages to generate non-overlapping clusters of soluble and insoluble classes. In extrinsic evaluation, 10 machine learning classifiers achieve better performance with proposed MLCDE encoder as compared to 56 existing protein sequence encoders. Moreover, across 4 public benchmark datasets, proposed ProSol-Multi predictor outshines 20 existing predictors by an average accuracy of 3%, MCC and AU-ROC of 2%. ProSol-Multi interactive web application is available at https://sds_genetic_analysis.opendfki.de/ProSol-Multi.

Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix offer significant nutritional benefits. This study evaluates the proximate composition, amino acid profile, GC-MS analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and EDX, and color values of edible paper sheets (EPSs) derived from Alternanthera philoxeroides incorporating different levels of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix flesh. The protein content in the EPSs varied based on fish flesh incorporation, peaking at 52.66% in Ap100/Hm300 (Non-boil). Protein and carbohydrate contents showed an inverse correlation across EPSs, with the highest carbohydrate content of 60.89% in sample Ap400/Hm0 (Boil). Lipid content was also found to correlate with H. molitrix flesh content in EPSs, ranging from 1.59% to 18.41%. Amino acid analysis identified 11 types, with methionine as the most prevalent, followed by leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. GC-MS analysis revealed 51 bioactive compounds, including carbonic acid, hentriacontane, and various fatty acids. FT-IR analysis showed characteristic bonds, while color analysis displayed L* values ranging from 24.37 to 30.97. SEM analyses depicted the microstructure, surface view, and elemental composition of the EPSs, and EDX showed an abundance of Ca, N, K, O, C, Mg, Na, P, Cl, Mn, and Fe. Therefore, EPSs prepared from A. philoxeroides and H. molitrix could offer a promising approach for effectively utilizing aquatic biomass and providing both plant and animal nutrients to consumers.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii breeding sites, the susceptibility profiles to commonly used insecticides in public health, and the underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms. Methods Anopheles breeding sites surveys were conducted in Cotonou and Natitingou in September 2020, January and August 2021. Physicochemical properties and bacterial loads were determined in individual breeding sites. The WHO susceptibility assays were carried out using the female of the emerging adult mosquitoes. Anopheles species were identified through PCR techniques. Kdr L1014F/S, N1575Y and G119S mutations were investigated using TaqMan genotyping assays. Results Molecular analysis showed that all mosquitoes analyzed in Cotonou were Anopheles coluzzii, while those of Natitingou were Anopheles gambiae s.s. Fecal coliforms were identified as playing a role in this distribution through their significant influence on the presence of An. coluzzii larvae. WHO susceptibility assay indicated a high level of resistance to deltamethrin in the two cities. The resistance levels to deltamethrin were higher in Cotonou (X2 = 31.689; DF = 1; P

For the first time, the phosphate state of permafrost forest post-pyrogenic polycyclic soils of Central and Southern Yakutia, formed respectively in arid and humid climates, was studied and evaluated. These soils with a polycyclic profile, formed in the transaccumulative facies of this regions of the permafrost zone, contain, in addition to the modern one, 2–3 buried humus horizons with abundant inclusion of black charcoal. These pyrogenic humus horizons are characterized by an increased content of humus, total nitrogen and phosphorus soluble in iron oxalates, exchange bases, as well as fractions of physical clay and silt compared to neighboring mineral horizons of the soil profile. At the same time, the brown soil of Southern Yakutia, formed under less severe and humid climatic conditions, compared with those of the pale soil developed under cryoarid conditions of Central Yakutia, was more biogenic, and the total content of phosphorus here was 98.0–427.2, whereas in the second soil – only 11.0–257.1 mg P2O5/100 g of soil. Organophosphates predominated in the composition of the total phosphorus of burozem, amounting to 51.8–81.3%, and in pale soil – mineral forms of phosphorus, which accounted for 52.2–78.8%. The fractional composition of mineral phosphates of both types of permafrost soils was mainly dominated by phosphates of one and a half oxides (Al-P and Fe-P), totaling 43.3–94.3%, and among the latter – Fe-P, which accounted for 34.8–87.4% of the total amount of all fractions of mineral phosphates. It is assumed that the high content of iron phosphates, and in some cases occluded aluminum-iron phosphates in the studied permafrost soils, is due to the manifestation of both cryogenic and biogenic pyrogenic ferruginization in their genesis.

Abstract The incidence of prematurity has been increasing since the twenty-first century. Premature neonates are extremely vulnerable and require a rich supply of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and others. Typical breast milk serves as the primary source for infants under six months old to provide these nutrients. However, depending on the individual needs of preterm infants, a more diverse and intricate range of nutrients may be necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on the physical and chemical properties, biological activity, function, and structure of breast milk, as well as explores the relationship between the main components of milk globular membrane and infant growth. Additionally, compare the nutritional composition of milk from different mammals and newborn milk powder, providing a comprehensive understanding of the differences in milk composition and detailed reference for meeting daily nutritional needs during lactation. Graphical Abstract

To explore the effects of heat-moisture treatment on the physicochemical and structural properties of sweet potato starch, five types of sweet potato starch were used as the raw material, and their solubility, swelling power, water holding capacity, transmittance, and sedimentation were determined. Furthermore, the influence of heat-moisture treatment on the water absorption characteristics and crystal structure of sweet potato starch with different initial water contents was explored. The results showed that the solubility, swelling power, sedimentation, and transmittance of the five sweet potato starches treated with heat-moisture were all decreased when compared with the original starch, but their water holding capacity was increased, indicating that both sweet potato varieties and heat-moisture treatment had no significant effect on starch properties. There was no new diffraction characteristic peaks were found in sweet potato starch after heat-moisture treatment, the crystal type of those treated starch remained a C-type structure, but the diffraction intensity and crystallinity were decreased. The time required for the heat-moisture treated starch to reach equilibrium in water absorption was shorter than that of the original starch, and the saturated water absorption tended to decrease compared to the original starch. The soaking kinetic constants K1 and K2 from the Peleg model equation were calculated, and the water absorption kinetics equation of sweet potato starch after heat-moisture treatment was confirmed, achieving accurate prediction of its water content during the soaking process.

This study was envisaged to develop a probiotic chicken meat spread fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lactic acid bacteria-LAB) and malted sorghum flour as a substrate and evaluation of its quality. Chicken meat spread was prepared by incorporating malted sorghum flour at 0, 2, 4 and 6 % (w/w) levels as a substrate in the product's formulation, along with Lactobacillus acidophilus at a concentration of 1 million cfu/g of the product. The product prepared with different formulations i.e. C (meat spread only), C1 (meat spread with 0 % malted sorghum flour + LAB), T1 (meat spread with 2 % malted sorghum flour + LAB), T2 (meat spread with 4 % malted sorghum flour + LAB) and T3 (meat spread with 6 % malted sorghum flour + LAB) were assessed for fresh product study and the storage stability at refrigeration temperature for 16 days when the physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. The fresh product study revealed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher moisture content in the T3 group. However, lower protein, ether extract, and ash content in T2 and T3 samples compared with the control, whereas a higher emulsion stability and cooking yield in the T2 group were observed when compared with the control. Free fatty acid, thiobarbituric acid, and titratable acidity values significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased for the fermented samples in comparison to the control, and the same trend continued during the entire storage period. This study showcases the potential of using malted sorghum flour and Lactobacillus acidophilus to enhance the functional properties of chicken meat spreads, making them more nutritious and appealing to health-conscious consumers. Future research should focus on optimizing ingredient proportions and exploring alternative substrates to further improve these functional meat products.

Color change is a crucial parameter in the drying process of products like carrot slices. However, the impact of microwave output power on the kinetics of color change, physicochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of pretreated carrot (Daucus carota L) slices during drying has not been fully explored. Therefore, this study aims to determine the color change kinetics, physicochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of pretreated carrot slices during microwave drying. Blanched carrot slices (3–4 min) were dipped in potassium metabisulfite (0.25% w/w, 20 min) and then dried using a microwave dryer at different power levels (170 W, 340 W, and 510 W). The color change kinetics were assessed using Hunter L* (whiteness/darkness), a* (redness/greenness), and b* (yellowness/blueness) coordinates. Additionally, moisture content, pH, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and β-carotene levels were analyzed according to established methods. The mathematical modeling of color change revealed that L*, a*, and b* values fit both zero-order and first-order kinetic models, while the total color change (ΔE) followed a zero-order kinetic model. Among the three microwave power levels, 170 W showed superior physicochemical characteristics: moisture content (5.1 %), pH (5.45±0.12), total phenolic content (153.23±1.61 g/ml), total flavonoid content (23.33±0.76 g/ml), antioxidant activity (63.90±0.78 g/ml), and β-carotene content (67.28±0.61 ppm). Therefore, it is recommended to use a pre-treated 170 W microwave output power for drying carrots and other fruits and vegetables to preserve color, nutrients, and energy.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii breeding sites, the susceptibility profiles to commonly used insecticides in public health, and the underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms. Methods: Anopheles breeding sites surveys were conducted in Cotonou and Natitingou in September 2020, January and August 2021. Physicochemical properties and bacterial loads were determined in individual breeding sites. The WHO susceptibility assays were carried out using the female of the emerging adult mosquitoes. Anopheles species were identified through PCR techniques. Kdr L1014F/S, N1575Y and G119S mutations were investigated using TaqMan genotyping assays. Results: Molecular analysis showed that all mosquitoes analyzed in Cotonou were Anopheles coluzzii, while those of Natitingou were Anopheles gambiae s.s. Fecal coliforms were identified as playing a role in this distribution through their significant influence on the presence of An. coluzzii larvae. WHO susceptibility assay indicated a high level of resistance to deltamethrin in the two cities. The resistance levels to deltamethrin were higher in Cotonou (X2 = 31.689; DF = 1; P < 0.0001). There was a suspected resistance to bendiocarb in Cotonou, whereas the mosquito population in Natitingou was resistant. The kdr L1014F mutation was highly observed in both mosquito populations (frequence: 86–91%), while the Ace-1 mutation was found in a small proportion of mosquitoes. In Cotonou, salinity was the only recorded physicochemical parameter that significantly correlated with the resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to deltamethrin (P < 0.05). In Natitingou, significant correlations were observed between the allelic frequencies of the kdr L1014F mutation and pH, conductivity, and TDS. Conclusion: These results indicate a high level of pyrethroid resistance in the anopheles populations of both Cotonou and Natitingou. Moreover, this study report the involvement of abiotic factors influencing Anopheles susceptibility profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influences of crosslinking agent and molecular weight on the surface and comfort properties of cotton fabrics treated by chitosan. Two types of chitosan, with molecular weight (2.6 kDa and 187 kDa), with deacetylation degree (DD) of 75%, were used, along with two types of crosslinking agents: citric acid (CA) and dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU). These agents were applied to cotton fabrics for antibacterial treatments. The treated cotton fabrics were evaluated using several quality indicators related to physico-chemical properties, including whiteness (according to ISO 105 J02), breathability (according to ASTM D737:2004), moisture (according to ASTM D 2495-87), and thermal and moisture resistance under steady-state conditions (according to ISO 11092). Moreover, surface features of treated samples were observed through SEM images. The results showed that the antibacterial treatment of fabrics with lower molecular weight (Mw) chitosan was more favorable for the finishing processes, although the whiteness of the treated samples was quite low. Additionally, cotton fabrics treated with the CA agent exhibited better hygroscopicity and vapor transmission, but tended to have more pronounced yellow color, compared to those treated with the DMDHEU agent. These physico-chemical findings clarified the bonding mechanism of cellulose--crosslinker--chitosan in antibacterial treated cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the adsorption of iron oxide clusters on the surface of coronene nanocages. The study explores five different adsorption geometries (P1–P5) using the B3PW91/6-311G (d, p) approach, comparing them to pure coronene. Electronic properties, including energy (hf), HOMO, LUMO, Fermi level, HOMO–LUMO gap, vertical ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, softness, and chemical potential, were analyzed compared to native coronene nanocages. The calculations revealed strong chemisorption in P1, attributed to significant charge transfer from coronene to the metal atom, resulting in altered positions of HOMOs and LUMOs and a reduced HOMO–LUMO gap (Egap). Across all geometries (P1–P5), electronic densities in HOMOs were concentrated on iron oxides, while in LUMOs, the electronic cloud was distributed throughout the structure. The diffusion of d-electrons from iron contributed to a more diffuse structure and a lower HOMO–LUMO gap (Egap), indicating N-type conduction. Global indices demonstrated increased reactivity of iron oxide–adsorbed coronene nanocages compared to native, unbound coronene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of gamma irradiation on selected physicochemical and morphological properties of tapioca, rice, and pea flours were studied. Treatments by gamma irradiation at different doses (0, 2.5, 5.5, and 7 kGy) caused changes in structure and physicochemical properties of starch granules of those flours. Generally, the solubility of tapioca, rice, and pea flour significantly increased (100.69%, 116.72%, and 15.18%, respectively) whereas swelling power (19.61%, 10.16%, and 25.08%), pasting parameters (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, and setback), enthalpy of gelatinisation (34.26%, 83.54%, and 84.80%) and syneresis (68.21%, 58.79%, and 26.91%) significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) as the dose of irradiation increased. Irradiation affected the pasting temperature and syneresis of pea flour more than those of tapioca and rice flours. Gamma irradiation did not change starch granule surface of the flours. This study demonstrated that the gamma‐irradiated flours had significant changes in physicochemical properties depending on the radiation dose; these changes will affect their uses in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, a new biocompatible microemulsion containing castor oil has been formulated to increase the solubility of celecoxib, as a well-known anti-inflammatory drug. In this formulation castor oil has also anti-inflammatory properties. The proposed oil-in-water microemulsion composed of Tween 80 as surfactant, isobutanol as co-surfactant, and castor oil as the oil phase. In the first step, the phase diagrams of the proposed colloid systems with surfactant to co-surfactant mass ratios of 4 : 1 and 2 : 1 were prepared at ambient temperature. Then, using the obtained phase diagrams, the appropriate formulations were selected by combining different percentages of water, oil, surfactant and co-surfactant in the microemulsion region. Some of physico-chemical properties, such as electrical conductivity, density, refractive index, surface tension and particle size of the selected microemulsion formulations have been determined at 298 K. After that, the solubility of celecoxib in the selected formulations was determined and compared with other reported microemulsion formulations. Interesting results from this section indicated that the solubility of celecoxib significantly increased compared to pure water and the previous proposed formulations. The results of this study can be used to provide suitable formulations based on the biocompatible microemulsions for celecoxib in pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrot stands out as one of the globally consumed vegetables, and its juice production yields significant quantities of valuable by-products, notably pomace. To mitigate environment impacts and enhance production cost efficiency, incorporating carrot pomace as an ingredient in diverse food items become a viable strategy. This study investigated the potential of carrot pomace powder (CPP) as dietary fiber source and fenugreek gum (FG) as fat-replacer in preparation of muffins. The flour samples i.e. wheat flour (WF) and CPP were analyzed for their physico-chemical, functional and pasting properties. CPP contained crude fiber (27.6 %), moisture (8.75 %), protein (4.25 %), fat (0.2 %), and ash (1.2 %), indicating higher amounts of ash, and fiber contents than WF. Further, WF was replaced with CPP at different levels (5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %), and FG was added at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g levels to analyze their effects on different attributes of muffin. The results showed that muffin fortified with CPP showed an increase in crude fiber content, the highest observed for MF4 of 1.19 %. The water and oil absorption capabilities of WF (143 % and 151 %) were lower than CPP (181 % and 163 %) blends. Addition of CPP and FG increased the flour paste viscosity and specific volume (SV). Moreover, sensory analysis showed the firmness, taste and appearance of muffins were improved by the addition of CPP. The most popular muffins were those made with 10 % CPP and 0.2 g FG. In conclusion, CPP and FG can be effectively utilized to produce fiber-enriched low-fat muffins with improved nutritional profiles and acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the impact of storage duration on the physico-chemical properties of soy-fortified Shrikhand, a traditional Indian fermented dairy product. The experimental Soy-fortified Shrikhand (SS) and control Shrikhand (CS) was stored under refrigeration temperature at 4±1oC. The physico-chemical analysis viz., fat, protein, ash, pH, moisture, acidity and total solids content for the product was done at 7-day intervals for up to 28 days of storage. Results showed an increase in protein, fat and ash percentages (P<0.05) in both sample types (SS and CS) over the storage period, except for the moisture percentage. With extended storage, the pH levels decreased while the acidity content increased (P<0.05) in both varieties of shrikhand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The incidence of prematurity has been increasing since the twenty-first century. Premature neonates are extremely vulnerable and require a rich supply of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA) and others. Typical breast milk serves as the primary source for infants under six months old to provide these nutrients. However, depending on the individual needs of preterm infants, a more diverse and intricate range of nutrients may be necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research progress on the physical and chemical properties, biological activity, function, and structure of breast milk, as well as explores the relationship between the main components of milk globular membrane and infant growth. Additionally, compare the nutritional composition of milk from different mammals and newborn milk powder, providing a comprehensive understanding of the differences in milk composition and detailed reference for meeting daily nutritional needs during lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) physical cryogels that contained the additives of o-, m-, and p-bis-phenols or phenol were prepared, and their physico-chemical characteristics and macroporous morphology and the solute release dynamics were evaluated. These phenolic additives caused changes in the viscosity of initial PVA solutions before their freeze–thaw processing and facilitated the growth in the rigidity of the resultant cryogels, while their heat endurance decreased. The magnitude of the effects depended on the interposition of phenolic hydroxyls in the molecules of the used additives and was stipulated by their H-bonding with PVA OH-groups. Subsequent rinsing of such "primary" cryogels with pure water led to the lowering of their rigidity. The average size of macropores inside these heterophase gels also depended on the additive type. It was found also that the release of phenolic substances from the additive-containing cryogels occurred via virtually a free diffusion mechanism; therefore, drug delivery systems such as PVA cryogels loaded with either pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, or phenol, upon the in vitro agar diffusion tests, exhibited antibacterial activity typical of these phenols. The promising biomedical potential of the studied nanocomposite gel materials is supposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of analytical methods for the characterization of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for in-vivo intracellular delivery of nucleic acids is critical for the fast development of innovative RNA therapies. In this study, analytical protocols to measure (i) chemical composition, (ii) drug loading, (iii) particle size, concentration, and stability as well as (iv) structure and morphology were evaluated and compared based on a comprehensive characterization strategy linking key physical and chemical properties to in-vitro efficacy and toxicity. Furthermore, the measurement protocols were assessed either by testing the reproducibility and robustness of the same technique in different laboratories, or by a correlative approach, comparing measurement results of the same attribute with orthogonal techniques. The characterization strategy and the analytical measurements described here will have an important role during formulation development and in determining robust quality attributes ultimately supporting the quality assessment of these innovative RNA therapeutics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of sealers with different chemistries are badged as Bioceramic, implying biological activity, but have dissimilar properties, which has implications on the sealer properties and will affect the quality and outcome of root canal treatment. This study aimed to assess the physical and chemical properties of 3 hydraulic cement–based sealers, namely BC Universal sealer compared with Totalfill BC sealer and AH Plus Bioceramic. The microstructure and composition of the sealers were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy after setting. The crystalline phases were assessed by X-ray diffraction analysis and the leachates were tested using inductively coupled plasma. All testing was performed at 0, 7, and 28 days. The physical properties of film thickness, flow, radiopacity, and solubility were evaluated using ISO 6876:2012 standards. All 3 sealers contained calcium, zirconium, and silicon. Totalfill BC had the highest calcium release at 7 and 28 days followed by AH Plus Bioceramic and BC Universal sealer. All 3 sealers adhered to the ISO standard in terms of flow and radiopacity. BC Universal sealer was slightly over the range (>50 μm) for film thickness. All sealers exceeded the solubility range set by ISO 6876:2012. Although these hydraulic cement sealers had similar components and delivery, the properties varied significantly. The testing of material properties to confirm the suitability for clinical use is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of heat-moisture treatment on the physicochemical and structural properties of sweet potato starch, five types of sweet potato starch were used as the raw material, and their solubility, swelling power, water holding capacity, transmittance, and sedimentation were determined. Furthermore, the influence of heat-moisture treatment on the water absorption characteristics and crystal structure of sweet potato starch with different initial water contents was explored. The results showed that the solubility, swelling power, sedimentation, and transmittance of the five sweet potato starches treated with heat-moisture were all decreased when compared with the original starch, but their water holding capacity was increased, indicating that both sweet potato varieties and heat-moisture treatment had no significant effect on starch properties. There was no new diffraction characteristic peaks were found in sweet potato starch after heat-moisture treatment, the crystal type of those treated starch remained a C-type structure, but the diffraction intensity and crystallinity were decreased. The time required for the heat-moisture treated starch to reach equilibrium in water absorption was shorter than that of the original starch, and the saturated water absorption tended to decrease compared to the original starch. The soaking kinetic constants K1 and K2 from the Peleg model equation were calculated, and the water absorption kinetics equation of sweet potato starch after heat-moisture treatment was confirmed, achieving accurate prediction of its water content during the soaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica sand is an essential industrial mineral composed predominantly of quartz, formed through the weathering of rocks. In Ethiopia, silica deposits are geologically widespread, including the Lemi area in the Blue Nile Basin. This study investigates the physicochemical and mineralogical properties of silica sand from the Lemi region to determine its suitability for industrial applications. Samples from four villages in Lemi were collected, prepared, and analyzed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), grain size analysis, bulk density measurement, and geochemical analysis. The results indicate that Lemi silica sand is predominantly composed of medium-sized, well-sorted, sub-rounded to rounded quartz grains with high silica purity (average SiO2 content of 96.13 %). Mineralogical analysis confirms high crystallinity and a low presence of contaminants. The grain size distribution and bulk density of Lemi silica sand meet industry standards for glass, foundry, and abrasive applications. Comparative analysis shows that Lemi silica sand has comparable or superior qualities to other Ethiopian deposits, making it a promising resource for industrial use. The study estimates a total resource of approximately 6.94 billion tons of silica sand in the Lemi area, highlighting its significant economic potential.

Surface-active softening agents, such as Fatliquors, have a significant impact on the leather industry as they enhance the physicochemical properties of leather. This study focuses on analyzing the synthesis, properties, characterization, and sulfonation of Swietenia mahagoni seed oil to determine its potential as a fatliquoring agent for leather. An investigation was conducted to verify the alteration of Swietenia mahagoni oil through the analysis of its properties before and after the sulfonation process. A scientific analysis was carried on the oil using GC-FID, revealing the presence of various unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, and arachidic acids. This demonstrates the sulfonating capability of this sky fruit seed oil. A fatliquor was created by sulfonating the oil, and the sulfonation was verified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra. The prominent peak observed at 1209 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra indicated the stretching of S=O in both sulfate and sulfonate groups. The newly formed protons (H–C–S or H–C–O) showed signals between δ 4.09 and 4.29 ppm in the 1H NMR spectra, confirming the sulfonation of the fatliquor that was prepared. Moreover, the change in the melting point of sulfonated Mahogany oil from 40.8 °C to 48.1 °C suggests increased saturation levels. The fatliquor's emulsion stability was found to be at a satisfactory level. After conducting tests on the treated leather, the physical strength and morphological structure was analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), the fatliquor improved the lubrication and strengthened the fibrous network structure of the leather, composed of thin and tight collagen fibers. The BOD5/COD ratio of the effluent from the experimental trial was determined to be 0.52, suggesting that the fatliquor developed is a biodegradable product. Finally, the antifungal capabilities of the fatliquor-treated leather were tested against four different fungus species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albicans, and the treated leather sample shown favorable antifungal activity.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive lethal malignancy that accounts for more than 90% of pancreatic cancer diagnoses. Our research is focused on the physico-chemical properties of the tumour microenvironment (TME), including its tumoural extracellular matrix (tECM), as they may have an important impact on the success of cancer therapies. PDAC xenografts and their decellularized tECM offer a great material source for research in terms of biomimicry with the original human tumour. Our aim was to evaluate and quantify the physico-chemical properties of the PDAC TME. Both cellularized (native TME) and decellularized (tECM) patient-derived PDAC xenografts were analyzed. A factorial design of experiments identified an optimal combination of factors for effective xenograft decellularization. Our results provide a complete advance in our understanding of the PDAC TME and its corresponding stroma, showing that it presents an interconnected porous architecture with very low permeability and small pores due to the contractility of the cellular components. This fact provides a potential therapeutic strategy based on the therapeutic agent size.

Ali-HexA Deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized using hexanoic acid as a hydrogen bond donor and Aliquat 336 as a hydrogen bond acceptor was confirmed by FTIR and proton NMR spectral studies. Density, molar volume, dielectric constant, refractive index, and ultrasonic velocity of binary mixtures of DES and kerosene have been determined at various mole fractions of DES. The excess properties were calculated using different model equations. The solvent extraction of Li, Co, and Ni from simulated lithium-ion battery waste solution using DES in kerosene under varying experimental conditions has been undertaken to know the suitableness of the novel DES extractant-diluent pair.

Fruit powders possess numerous benefits compared to fresh raw materials, i.e., extended shelf-life, convenient transportation and storage, a wide range of applications, etc. Nonetheless, the storage time of fruit powders depends on such factors as storage conditions, packaging, etc. This review suggests a comprehensive analysis of articles, reviews, reports, and books indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and eLIBRARY.RU, as well as reported at conference proceedings and other scholarly resources in 2005–2022. Due to their high hygroscopicity, powders tend to absorb moisture from the environment and become prone to caking. Anticaking agents can prevent powders from this process. Different packaging materials also affect the compounds and properties of fruit powders. Accelerated degradation and temperature models can predict shelfp-life. This review featured the effectiveness of different anti-caking agents, as well as the impact of various packaging methods on the storage of powders. Calcium phosphate demonstrated excellent anti-caking properties, reduced hygroscopicity, and enhanced flowability. Aluminum laminated packaging proved effective in protecting powders during storage. As the storage time increased, powders demonstrated only a slight increase in moisture content. Their L* value (light to dark) and b* value (yellow to blue) decreased while the a* value (green to red) and the total color change increased. Caking increased as the flowability, pigment content, and antioxidant content went down. The review has practical implications for developing new technologies aimed at prolonging the storage time of spray-dried fruit powders.