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Between c. 1350 and 1550, English sculptors carved thousands of panels depicting religious scenes from alabaster quarries around Nottingham. Exported throughout Europe, these polychrome reliefs were originally usually assembled to form altarpieces. Their coloured epidermis, an integral part of these works that can be termed three-dimensional paintings, has now often disappeared. A multidisciplinary team (art historian, archaeologist, artist and specialist in ancient polychromy, 3D engineers and optodigital researcher) has analysed and reconstructed the polychromy of several of these English panels preserved in the Bordeaux region. The physico-chemical analyses made it possible to determine the nature of the materials used and to recreate the paints used by the alabastermen. These data were used to produce an alabaster facsimile as well as two 3D models with their digital polychromy. As the polychromy of English alabaster works is highly standardised, these examples can be considered as representative of the appearance that the vast majority of the panels must have showed. The study thus allows us to address broader themes, such as the aesthetic and symbolic qualities of the colours used by the alabastermen, or the way in which these were perceived by the medieval viewer., Entre 1350 et 1550 environ, des sculpteurs anglais ont taillé dans l’albâtre issu des carrières des environs de Nottingham des milliers de panneaux figurant des scènes religieuses. Exportés dans toute l’Europe, ces reliefs polychromes étaient à l’origine généralement assemblés pour former des retables d’autel. Leur épiderme coloré, partie intégrante de ces œuvres que l’on peut qualifier de peintures tridimensionnelles, a aujourd’hui souvent disparu. Une équipe pluridisciplinaire (historien de l’art, archéomètre, artiste et spécialiste des polychromies anciennes, ingénieurs 3D et chercheur en opto-numérique) a analysé et restitué la polychromie de plusieurs de ces panneaux anglais conservés dans la région bordelaise. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont permis de déterminer la nature des matériaux utilisés et de recréer les peintures utilisées par les albâtriers. Ces données ont servi à élaborer un facsimilé en albâtre ainsi que deux modèles 3D revêtus de leur polychromie numérique. La polychromie des panneaux anglais étant fortement standardisée, ces exemples peuvent être considérés comme représentatifs de l’aspect que devait revêtir la très grande majorité de la production sculptée anglaise. L’étude permet ainsi d’aborder des thèmes plus larges, comme les qualités esthétiques et symboliques des couleurs utilisées par les albâtriers, ou encore la façon dont celles-ci ont été perçues par le spectateur médiéval.

The honey bee forage resources in the Neretva Valley enable production of unifloral Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) honey. Given the insufficient knowledge about this type of honey, the aim of this study was to establish its botanical origin (pollen spectrum), as well as physico-chemical and sensory properties. In total nine samples of Satsuma mandarin unifloral honey collected from Neretva Valley in the period from 2014 to 2015 were analysed. Floristic observations have recorded 78 plant species and the results of qualitative melissopalynological analysis revealed pollen originating from 50 plant species in analysed honey samples. The number of determined types of pollen in individual honey samples varied from 8 to 19 with an average of 13 pollen types. Proportion of Satsuma mandarin pollen ranged from 3 to 35% with average of 10.88%. The average water content in honey samples range from 17.1% to 17.3%, electrical conductivity from 0.22 mS/cm to 0.27 mS/cm, pH value from 3.82 to 4.02 and diastase activity from 7.78 to 9.36. The main sensory attributes of Satsuma mandarin were determined by sensory analysis: colour ranging from light to dark yellow, orange blossom odour with medium intensity, weak to medium taste persistence characterised by medium sweetness and poorly expressed acidity, and floral and fruity aroma. Due to almost monocultural orchards of Satsuma mandarin in the Neretva Valley, the possibility of producing this rare type of honey in this region should certainly be utilized., Na osnovu pašnih resursa u dolini Neretve značajnu proizvodnju uniflornog meda od unšijske mandarine (Citrus unshiu Marc.) omogućavaju površine pod navedenim agrumom. Međutim, zbog nedovoljnih saznanja o ovoj vrsti meda cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi njegovo botaničko podrijetlo te fizikalno-kemijska i senzorska svojstva. S navedenog je područja analizirano ukupno 9 uzoraka meda od unšijske mandarine prikupljenih u razdoblju od 2014. do 2015. godine. Florističkim je opažanjima zabilježeno 78 biljnih vrsta, a kvalitativnom je melisopalinološkom analizom u uzorcima meda utvrđena pelud 50 biljnih vrsta. Broj se utvrđene peludi po uzorku meda kretao od 8 do 19, a prosjek je bio 13. Udio peludnih zrnaca unšijske mandarine u istraživanim se uzorcima kretao od 3 do 35% s prosjekom od 10.88 %. Prosječni se udio vode u uzorcima meda kretao od 17.1 do 17.3%, električne provodnosti od 0.22 mS/cm do 0.27 mS/cm, pH vrijednosti od 3.82 do 4.02, dok se aktivnost dijastaze kretala od 7.78 do 9.36. Senzorskom je analizom utvrđeno da boja meda varira od svijetlo do tamno žute, miris meda je po parfemu narančina cvijeta i srednjeg je intenziteta, okus je slabo do srednje postojan sa srednje izraženom slatkoćom i slabo izraženom kiselošću, dok je aroma srednje postojana, cvjetna, odnosno voćna. Na osnovu gotovo monokulturnih nasada unšijske mandarine u dolini Neretve trebalo bi iskoristiti mogućnost proizvodnje ove raritetne vrste meda.

During their in-service use (up to 11 years) for mechanical blocking and damping function at room temperature, VMQ silicone O-rings showed high CS values, indicating a decrease in their elastic properties. The aim of the thesis was, on the one hand, to try to determine the factors influencing the changes in CS and the corresponding mechanisms and, on the other hand, to estimate the lifetime of the seals under real conditions in an industrial site. Firstly, CS was measured after accelerated ageing tests under compression with variation of time (up to 2 years), temperature (from 30 to 160°C), compression and shear ratios, oxygen (from 0 to 99,9 %) and humidity quantities (from 5 to 100% RH) and the presence or not of PP. Based on the principle of the time-temperature equivalence, the different CS isotherms obtained were used to determine the shift factor obeying an Arrhenius law in order to plot the different master curves. The hypotheses of mechanisms (entanglement of the dangling chains and chain ends, oxidative cross-linking and hydrolysis followed by recombinations) to explain the behaviour of the silicone in CS were discussed in terms of structure-property relationships thanks to a physicochemical (DSC, FTIR, equilibrium swelling and solid state NMR) and mechanical (IRHD microhardness and DMA) analytical approach. It clearly appears that humidity plays a key rôle during the ageing of silicones., Au cours de leur utilisation en service (jusqu’à 11 ans) pour une fonction de calage et d’amortissement mécanique à température ambiante, des joints toriques en silicone VMQ ont montré des valeurs de DRC élevées témoignant d’une diminution de leurs propriétés élastiques. Le but de la thèse était, d’une part, d’essayer de déterminer les facteurs influant sur l’évolution de la DRC et les mécanismes associés et, d’autre part, d’estimer la durée de vie des joints en conditions réelles sur site industriel. Tout d’abord, la DRC a été mesurée après des vieillissements accélérés sous compression en faisant varier le temps (jusqu’à 2 ans), la température (de 30 à 160 °C), le taux de compression, le taux de cisaillement, le taux d’oxygène (de 0 à 99,9 %), le taux d’humidité (de 5 à 100 % HR) et la présence ou non de PP. En se basant sur le principe d’équivalence temps-température, les différentes isothermes de DRC obtenues ont permis de déterminer un facteur de glissement obéissant à une loi d’Arrhenius pour tracer les différentes courbes maitresses. Les hypothèses de mécanismes émises (enchevêtrements des chaines pendantes et des extrémités de chaine, réticulation oxydante et hydrolyse suivie de recombinaisons) pour expliquer le comportement du silicone en DRC ont été discutées en termes de relation structure-propriété grâce à une approche analytique physico-chimique (DSC, IRTF, gonflement à l’équilibre et RMN du solide) et mécanique (microdureté DIDC et DMA). Il apparait clairement que l’humidité joue un rôle clé dans le vieillissement des silicones.

Entre 1350 et 1550 environ, des sculpteurs anglais ont taillé dans l’albâtre issu des carrières des environs de Nottingham des milliers de panneaux figurant des scènes religieuses. Exportés dans toute l’Europe, ces reliefs polychromes étaient à l’origine généralement assemblés pour former des retables d’autel. Leur épiderme coloré, partie intégrante de ces œuvres que l’on peut qualifier de peintures tridimensionnelles, a aujourd’hui souvent disparu. Une équipe pluridisciplinaire (historien de l’art, archéomètre, artiste et spécialiste des polychromies anciennes, ingénieurs 3D et chercheur en opto-numérique) a analysé et restitué la polychromie de plusieurs de ces panneaux anglais conservés dans la région bordelaise. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont permis de déterminer la nature des matériaux utilisés et de recréer les peintures utilisées par les albâtriers. Ces données ont servi à élaborer un facsimilé en albâtre ainsi que deux modèles 3D revêtus de leur polychromie numérique. La polychromie des panneaux anglais étant fortement standardisée, ces exemples peuvent être considérés comme représentatifs de l’aspect que devait revêtir la très grande majorité de la production sculptée anglaise. L’étude permet ainsi d’aborder des thèmes plus larges, comme les qualités esthétiques et symboliques des couleurs utilisées par les albâtriers, ou encore la façon dont celles-ci ont été perçues par le spectateur médiéval., Between c. 1350 and 1550, English sculptors carved thousands of panels depicting religious scenes from alabaster quarries around Nottingham. Exported throughout Europe, these polychrome reliefs were originally usually assembled to form altarpieces. Their coloured epidermis, an integral part of these works that can be termed three-dimensional paintings, has now often disappeared. A multidisciplinary team (art historian, archaeologist, artist and specialist in ancient polychromy, 3D engineers and optodigital researcher) has analysed and reconstructed the polychromy of several of these English panels preserved in the Bordeaux region. The physico-chemical analyses made it possible to determine the nature of the materials used and to recreate the paints used by the alabastermen. These data were used to produce an alabaster facsimile as well as two 3D models with their digital polychromy. As the polychromy of English alabaster works is highly standardised, these examples can be considered as representative of the appearance that the vast majority of the panels must have showed. The study thus allows us to address broader themes, such as the aesthetic and symbolic qualities of the colours used by the alabastermen, or the way in which these were perceived by the medieval viewer.

Fizikalno-kemijska analiza ukazuje na sastav, a time i na samu kvalitetu vina koje se testira. Pojedine sorte uvelike se razlikuju u količini šećera, alkohola te drugih sastojaka koji svakoj sorti daju posebnost. U ovom radu analizirano je 6 različitih vina sorte Rajnski rizling s područja regije Središnja bregovita Hrvatska, podregije Plešivica, vinogorja Plešivica-Okić. Godina proizvodnje vina je 2018. Fizikalno-kemijskim metodama utvrđivane su količine slobodnog, vezanog i ukupnog sumporovog dioksida, količina šećera, ukupnih i hlapljivih kiselina te postotak alkohola. Osim fizikalno-kemijske analize, provedena je i tekućinska kromatografija visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) kojom je određena količina glicerola, glukoze, jabučne i vinske kiseline te alkohola. Izmjerene količine svih spojeva bile su u skladu s propisima navedenim u Pravilniku o vinu i Pravilniku o proizvodnji vina u svim analiziranim vinima. Physico-chemical analysis indicates the composition, and thus the quality of the wine being tested. Some wine varieties differ greatly in the amount of sugar, alcohol and other ingredients that make each wine variety special. In this paper, 6 different wines of the Rhine Riesling varieties from the Central Hills of Croatia region, Plešivica subregion, Plešivica-Okić vineyards were analyzed. The year of wine production is 2018. The quantities of sulfur dioxide, the amount of sugar, total and volatile acids and the percentage of alcohol were determined by physico-chemical methods. In addition to physico-chemical analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to determine the amount of glycerol, glucose, malic and tartaric acid and alcohol. The measured quantities of all compounds were in accordance with the regulations stated in the Wine act of Republic Croatia.

Rubus fruticosus L. is a widespread shrub species which has recently attracted a great attention due a plethora of different pharmacological activities. A comparative study of the volatile profile and polyphenols along with the antioxidant activity of 27 blackberries collected in 3 different locations of the Tangier–Tetouan–Al Hoceima region in Northern Morocco, between June and August 2018, is reported. In terms of antioxidant activity, the highest IC50 values were attained for the Rubus fruticosus EtOAc extract coming from Beni Messaouar (2.5 mg/mL ± 0.01). Concerning the volatile content of the Rubus fruticosus n-hexane extract belonging to Beni Messaouar, a total of 42 compounds were detected and oleic acid turned out to be the most abundant one (14.49%), whereas among the 29 polyphenols detected in the Rubus fruticosus EtOAc extract, coming from the same location, quercetin-3-O-glucoside occurred in major concentration (364.58 mg/kg). This is the first report on the physico-chemical and phytochemical properties of Moroccan Rubus fruticosus highlighting how these fruits do have a great potential as natural source of antioxidant compounds to be used as a nutraceuticals or functional foods.

Prokaryotic communities and physico-chemical characteristics of 30 brine samples from the thalassohaline Tuz Lake (Salt Lake), Deep Zone, Kayacik, Kaldirim, and Yavsan salterns (Turkey) were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and standard methods, respectively. Archaea (98.41% of reads) was found to dominate in these habitats in contrast to the domain Bacteria (1.38% of reads). Representatives of the phylum Euryarchaeota were detected as the most predominant, while 59.48% and 1.32% of reads, respectively, were assigned to 18 archaeal genera, 19 bacterial genera, 10 archaeal genera, and one bacterial genus that were determined to be present, with more than 1% sequences in the samples. They were the archaeal genera Haloquadratum, Haloarcula, Halorhabdus, Natronomonas, Halosimplex, Halomicrobium, Halorubrum, Halonotius, Halolamina, Halobacterium, and Salinibacter within the domain Bacteria. The genera Haloquadratum and Halorhabdus were found in all sampling sites. While Haloquadratum, Haloarcula, and Halorhabdus were the most abundant genera, two uncultured Tuz Lake Halobacteria (TLHs) 1 and 2 were detected in high abundance, and an additional uncultured haloarchaeal TLH-3 was found as a minor abundant uncultured taxon. Their future isolation in pure culture would permit us to expand our knowledge on hypersaline thalassohaline habitats, as well as their ecological role and biomedical and biotechnological potential applications.

The present study, using classical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy, has shown the dental hard tissues of the fangs of Viperidae (poisonous serpents with terrestrial or semi-aquatic habits) to be constituted of:a calcified outer layer, 0.4 µm thick, made of very small needle-like crystals, randomly distributed. The calcified outer layer contains organic invaginations inducing pores at the surface and many collagen fibres uncompletely mineralized, which may suggest enameloid.a calcified inner layer, in the wall of the poison canal. The calcified inner layer, 0.6 µm thick, is constituted of very small crystals, which are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the calcified outer layer. It might be the inner layer of enameloid.an orthodentine, whose tubules present a special lateral branching system resembling a fish-bone. The TEM data, which show the dentine to be constituted of very small ill-defined crystals and uncompletely mineralized collagen fibres are corroborated by chemical analyses which reveal a poorly mineralized apatite with high carbonate content., Le présent travail, en microscopie photonique, microradiographie, microscopie électronique à balayage, microscopie électronique à transmission, diffraction X et spectroscopie infra-rouge, a permis de mettre en évidence, dans les tissus dentaires minéralisés des crochets des Vipéridés (serpents venimeux de moeurs terrestres ou semi-aquatiques):une couche externe calcifiée (CEC), d’une épaisseur de 0,4 µm environ, constituée de très petits cristaux aciculaires, sans orientation préférentielle. La CEC renferme des invaginations organiques, pouvant aboutir à un pore en surface et une proportion importante de structures fibrillaires de nature collagénique évoquant un émailoïde.une couche interne calcifiée, au niveau de la paroi du canal à venin. La couche interne calcifiée, d’une épaisseur de 0,6 µm environ, est constituée de très petits cristaux aciculaires parallèles entre eux et perpendiculaires à la couche externe calcifiée. Elle renferme également des fibres de collagène incomplètement minéralisées. Il pourrait s’agir d’un émailoïde interne.une orthodentine, dont les tubuli présentent un système de ramifications latérales donnant une image en arête de poisson. Les données de la MET, montrant que la dentine des crochets est composée de très petits cristaux aciculaires mal définis et de fibres de collagène incomplètement minéralisées sont confirmées par les analyses chimiques indiquant que le minéral est une apatite de faible cristallinité, fortement carbonatée.

Analytical parameters were determined for the first time in honey produced in the honeycomb constructed on comb foundations adulterated with 90% of paraffin (PF-H) and compared to honey ripened in genuine beeswax (BWF-H) using physico-chemical and spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, FTIR-ATR, HS-SPME/GC–MS). Water content was significantly higher (SH) and glucose/water ratio significantly lower in PF-H samples. The contents of acetic and citric acid were marginally significantly higher (MSH) in PF-H samples. These findings suggest that adulterated beeswax affects composition of honey as the set of altered parameters indicate chemical changes leaning towards fermentative processes. Moderately changed headspace chemical profile of PF-H honey was determined depending on the floral source (pentanal, α-pinene and benzaldehyde were SH in BWF-H sunflower honey ; butanal was MSH, and 2-phenylethanol was more abundant in BWF-H black locust honey). Higher percentage of nonanal, octane and β-damascenone were found in PF-H samples that could indicate more intensive oxidation.

The decreasing stock of the main species consumed in Brazil has stimulated studies regarding the use and development of products using low commercial value species. The shrimp trawling modality produces a large volume of a “mix” category comprising low commercial value fish. However, it is necessary to develop products with greater practicality to meet the current demands of the Brazilian consumer. The aim of the present study was to develop a sausage using a low commercial value fish, the Brazilian flathead (Percophis brasiliensis ), caught in the fish trawling “mix” category landed in Niterói/RJ, and perform physico-chemical, microbiological, toxicological and sensorial analyses. The centesimal composition of the analyzed fish were as follows: humidity 73.78%, proteins 16.17%, carbohydrates 3.75%, total lipids 4.41% and ash 1.78%. The microbiological and toxicological results were within the legislation standards. Twenty varieties of fatty acids (AG) were detected, with the most frequent being palmitic acid (22.81%). Among the omega-3 series, the most frequent were eicosapentaenoic acid (5.36%) and docosahexaenoic acid (15.95%). Regarding minerals, the most noteworthy were sodium, calcium and iron (1114.24 mg, 112.32 mg and 1.73 mg respectively). The sausage showed 87.30% acceptability. The results demonstrate that the low commercial value fish Brazilian flathead resulted in a viable product for use in fish technology, with excellent nutritional results.

Our objective was to compare fruit morphology, physico-chemistry and bioactive compounds content of the edible pulp of six Mammea americana accessions. The results showed that this fruit was rather big, weighing on average 600 to 1100 g depending on the accession, and spherical to oblate-shaped. The pulp represented between 50 and 70% of the weight of the whole fruit. The pulp adhered only partially to the seeds in 5 of the 6 accessions studied, while the last one exhibited full adherence. The fresh pulp was acidic, sweet, succulent and crunchy. The fruits studied had a variety of qualities, providing various opportunities for post-harvest uses: fruit salads, nectar preparation, jams and jellies, or export. We have established for the first time the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids contents in the pulp of mamey apple fruits. The pulp colour was highly correlated with total phenolic compounds and total carotenoids contents.

Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (MPNU), a subsidiary of ExxonMobil and the highest crude oil & condensate producer in Nigeria has its operational base and an oil terminal, the Qua Iboe terminal (QIT) located at Ibeno, Nigeria. Other oil companies like Network Exploration and Production Nigeria Ltd, Frontier Oil Ltd; Shell Petroleum Development Company Ltd; Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and Nigerian Agip Energy, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI E&P operate onshore, on the continental shelf and in deep offshore of the Atlantic Ocean, respectively with the coastal waters of Ibeno, Nigeria as the nearest shoreline. This study was designed to delineate the oil-polluted sites in Ibeno, Nigeria using microbiological and physico-chemical characterization of soils, sediments and ground and surface water samples from the study area. Results obtained revealed that there have been significant recent hydrocarbon inputs into this environment as observed from the high counts of hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in excess of 1% at all the stations sampled. Moreover, high concentrations of THC, BTEX and heavy metals contents in all the samples analyzed corroborate the high recent crude oil input into the study area. The results also showed that the pollution of the different environmental media sampled were of varying degrees, following the trend: ground water > surface water > sediments > soils., {"references":["I. R. Udotong. Oil-impacted sites in Ibeno LGA: A Technical Report\nsubmitted by Page Environmental Ltd to Ministry of Niger Delta\nAffairs, Abuja. Unpublished. 2010.","National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency, NOSDRA. National\nOil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act . Act No. 15 of 2006.\nAbuja. 2011. Pp. 128.","Amnesty International Nigeria: Petroleum Pollution and poverty in the\nNiger Delta. Amnesty Int'l, London. 2009.","I. R. Udotong, J. I. R. Udotong and O. U. M. John. Delineation of Oilpolluted\nsites in Ibeno. II. Using geophysical techniques. Unpubllished.\n2015.","J. M. Anderson and J. S. I. Ingram. Tropical soil Biology and Fertility: A\nhandbook of methods. 2nd edition. United Kingdom. CAB.\nInternational. 1993. Pp. 47 – 49.","Department of Petroleum Resources, DPR. Environmental Guidelines\nand Standards in the Petroleum Industries in Nigeria, EGASPIN. DPR,\nLagos. 2002.","American Public Health Association; APHA. Standard Methods for the\nexaminations of water and wastewaters, 17th ed. Publishers: American\nPublic Health Association; American Water Works Association and\nWater Pollution Control Federation. 1989.","O. H. Collins and F. M. Lyne. Microbiological Methods. Great Britain:\nButterworth and Company Limited, 1976.","E.F Harrigan and M.E. McCance. ῀Laboratory Methods in Food and\nDairy Micobiology. London: Academic press, 1976.\n[10] A. L. Demain and J. 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Coopération avec Ecole Centrale Lyon; International audience; Because a cutting fluid could be equally used for different cutting operations, this study proposed to investigate the behavior of a well-known extreme-pressure additive (pentasulfide) in both turning and milling operations of a steel workpiece. The experimental approach is based on the coupling of mechanical tests (turning, milling, and tribological tests) with physico-chemical characterizations (Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) of the friction surfaces (chip and tool). In the case of milling, it was shown that the presence of a pentasulfide additive has a beneficial effect on the specific cutting energy (kc) and flank wear (Vb). These results are correlated with the presence of iron sulfides (FeS and FeS2) on the flank face of the cutter mill and on the chip face in contact with the mill. No such additive effects are found in case of turning. A lubrication model is proposed for the case of milling based on an indirect lubrication of the tool/workpiece and tool/chip contacts due to the transfer of iron and its reaction with sulfur compounds to produce iron sulfides. Because milling is a discontinuous cutting process, this lubrication mechanism is much more efficient than that observed in turning. Indeed, the tool faces are re-fed iron sulfides each time they leave the workpiece.

V našem diplomskem delu smo želeli preveriti kakovost pitne vode po filtriranju z vodnim filtrom, ki ga nismo vzdrževali. V laboratoriju za tehnologijo vod na UM FKKT smo opravili fizikalno-kemijske analize, ki so pokazale, da so vsi merjeni parametri v skladu s pravilnikom o pitni vodi. Po končanih fizikalno-kemijskih analizah smo opravili še mikrobiološke analize v mikrobiološkem laboratoriju UM FKKT. Preverjali smo prisotnost Escherichie coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterokokov in koliformnih bakterij. Rezultati so pokazali, da v vodi ni nobene od omenjenih bakterij (0/100 mL). Z opravljenimi meritvami smo dokazali, da je prefiltrirana voda primerna za pitje. In this work we wanted to check the quality of drinking water after filtering it with water filter that wasn't maintained. We carried out physico-chemical analyses which have shown that every measured parameter is consistent with drinking water regulations. Microbiological analyses were also performed. We have checked the presence of Escherichie coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus and coliform bacteria. The results showed that there are no earlier mentioned bacteria in the water (0/100 ml). All analyses showed that filtered water is suitable for drinking after water filtration.

Gacka region and northern slopes of Velebit are typical mountain meadow honey areas. Bees pasture is relatively stable, almost evenly distributed throughout the season. The aim of the research is to determine the characteristics of honey in the Gacka region based on mellisopalinological and physicochemical analyses. In order to collect honey samples from Gacka region, honey competition was organized in 2008, 2009 and 2010. A total of 69 samples of honey were collected. Water content in the studied honey samples ranged from 14.60 to 18.20% with a mean value of 16.32%. Floral honey samples from 2009 and 2010 had a higher pH values (4.97, 4.83) compared to the samples from 2008 when the value was 4.68. In the investigated samples of floral and meadow honey the share of reducing sugars ranged from 55.31% in 2008 year to 77.02% in 2010. Honey types were separated on the basis of physicochemical parameters using Canonical discriminant analysis.

In this study, a new method to assess salt content in smoked fish products using impedance spectroscopy has been developed. Two fish species (salmon and cod) from two different brands were analyzed. The analyses carried out were moisture, lipid, and salt contents, as well as aw. Impedance measurements were performed directly in different locations on smoked product by using a coaxial needle. The modulus and phase of the spectra of impedance were acquired between 1 Hz and 1 MHz, for 50 values of frequency. The impedance modulus and phase values were used to predict the studied physico-chemical parameters, by using the PLS method. In general, the highest lipid contents and the lowest moisture values were observed in salmon samples, independently of the brand and the batch analyzed. The results showed a high variability between batches of a same product, regarding to moisture and salt content. Prediction models were established for all the samples studied and also individually for each product. A higher accuracy of prediction was obtained for the PLS models established for each product compared with the model applied for all samples. In general, the highest R2 was obtained for prediction of aw parameter, followed by moisture content. The best correlations were obtained for smoked cod samples independently of the brand. These results can be explained by the isolating effect of the fat. Due to the differences in the raw material composition, a single model cannot be applied for all the products. A previous characterization of the raw material would improve the accuracy of the developed methodology. These results show the feasibility of the impedance spectroscopy to determine salt and moisture contents.

U radu su detaljno opisani svi parametri proizvodnje sira, masla, sirnih namaza, te pečenog sira. Proces proizvodnje praćen je od sirovog mlijeka do konačne izrade proizvoda, koji su proizvedeni po tradicionalnoj recepturi . Provedene su fizikalno-kemijske analize polutvrdog sira, te masla. Senzorsko ocjenjivanje svih proizvoda proveo je panel od osam ocjenjivača. Ocjenjivanje je provedeno metodom bodovanja sustavom od 20 ponderiranih bodova. Ocjenjivan je okus, miris, naknadni okus u ustima i konzistencija. Na osnovi ukupnih rezultata senzorskog ocjenjivanja, sirevi, maslo, sirni namazi, te pečeni sir, svrstani su u tradicionalne proizvode vrhunske kakvoće. In this work, parameters of cheese, butter, cheese spreads and cooked cheese production were described. Production processes was observed from raw milk to final production according to the traditional recipes. Physico-chemical analyses were of butter and semi-hard cheeses were conducted. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 20 pondered points method. 8 sensory analysts evaluated preparedcheese and butter. Taste, odour, consistency and syneresis were appreciated. Based on overall sensory results, prepared milk deserts with chestnut pure were evaluated as excellent products.

Avaliaram-se o estado de frescor e a qualidade higiênica do pescado disponível em alguns estabelecimentos comerciais de Vila Real, uma cidade do interior de Portugal. Vinte e três amostras foram submetidas a uma análise sensorial e a análises fisico-químicas - determinação do teor de azoto básico volátil total (ABVT), do índice de refração do humor aquoso e do pH. A avaliação da qualidade higiênica do pescado foi feita por meio de diferentes análises microbiológicas na superfície e na profundidade do músculo do pescado. O pescado fresco, considerado por todos os métodos de análise, próprio para consumo, apresentou estado de frescor entre bom e satisfatório. O ABVT foi considerado o método objetivo de eleição, sempre que surgiram dúvidas relativamente ao grau de frescor do pescado. O pescado próprio para consumo apresentou valores que variaram entre os 20,60 e 27,36mgN/100g e perfil microbiológico aceitável, com contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos entre 5,41 e 6,03 UFC/cm² na superfície e entre 4,79 e 5,28 UFC/cm² no músculo. The freshness and hygienic quality of fresh fish sold in some fish markets of Vila Real, a Portuguese town, were evaluated. Twenty-three samples were examined by sensorial and physico-chemical analyses (total volatil basic nitrogen - TVBN, aqueous humour refraction rate and pH). The determination of hygienic quality of fish was carried out by different microbiological analysis on the surface and deepness of fish muscle. Fish was considered proper for consumption by all the methods used in the evaluation of fish freshness, and was classified between good and satisfactory. TVBN was considered the objective method of election, in case of doubt about fish freshness, and fish proper for consumption presented TVBN values between 20.60 and 27.36mgN/100g. The microbiological profile was considered acceptable with psychrotrophic microorganisms counts between 5.41 and 6.03 CFU/cm² on fish surface and between 4.79 and 5.28 CFU/g in muscle deepness.

Die uns in den fachlichen Abhandlungen des Mittelalters überlieferten Farbenrezepte sind nicht immer praktisch verwendbar, denn ihre Verfasser sind nur selten echte Praktiker der Malkunst. Andererseits haben in der Beschreibung der Farben und der Mittel, um die Farben zu gewinnen, die verwendeten Ausdrücke für verschiedene Materialien oder Verfahren fast nie eine aktuelle, leicht herauszufindende Entsprechung. Überdies kann ein gleicher Fachausdruck mehrere ganz unterschiedliche Bedeutungen aufweisen, z.B. eine Farbe oder ein Material bezeichnen, das zu ihrer Gewinnung dient. Da es sich außerdem oft um eine Komilation früherer, bisweilen unmittelbar von der Antike inspirierter Traktate handelt, wurden zahlreiche Rezepte gleichsam durch eine Anhüfung von Verwechselungen "verseucht", die zum einen aufgrund flaschen Lesens, zum anderen aufgrund von Schreibfehlern der Kopisten und hüufig auch durch willentliche Zusätze, die solche Abhandlungen aktualisieren sollten, auftraten. Einige dieser Schwierigkeiten können durch die Untersuchung der Miniaturen in Verbindung mit den Texten gelöst werden. Als Beispiel wird hier auf eine Studie über die Farbe Folium verwiesen, der man häufig in den alten Texten begegnet und die bereits seit langem von den Paletten der Maler verschwunden ist. Die gleichzeitig durchgefubrten Untersuchungen auf mitte-lalterlichen Miniaturen und bei den seltenen, in den "Droguiers" aufbewahrten, Farbenproben ermöglichten es, die Beschaffenheit dieser Farbe festzustellen ; ein weiteres Ergebnis dieser Untersuchungen war es, den Forsbestand einersehr alten Technik nachweisen zu können : nachdem man aus bestimmten Färberpflanzen ein Farbelement extrahiert hatte, vermochte man das Extrakt sehrgut zu konservieren, indem man Stoffstücke damit durchtränkte und somit seine Speicherung und gege-benenfalls seinen Transport erleichterte, bevor es fur die Ornamentik der Handschriften Verwendung fand. Bis jetzt ist das von den Miniaturenmalern verwendete Material höchst selten entdeckt worden, doch ihre uns überlieferten Werke sind zahlreich genug, auf daß ihre Untersuchung eine bessere Kenntnis der Materialien und der Maltechniken sichers-tellen kann ; diese leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Auswertung der alten Farbrezepte. In dieser Hinsicht schien uns die im Mittelalter unter dem Namel Folium seit dem IX. Jh verwendete Farbe ein durchaus exemplarisches Studienobjekt darzustellen., The colour formulae found in technical works from the Middle Ages cannot always be put into practice, as one would wish. In fact, the authors are rarely actually painters themselves. The terms chosen to identify different materials or processes in both the descriptions of the colours and the means used to create them don't often have a modern equivalent. What's more, the same term can have several different meanings, for example to name a colour or the matter used to obtain it. Moreover, as the texts are often compilations of earlier papers, sometimes directly inspired by classical works, many of these formulae have been polluted by an accumulation of misunderstandings stemming from misreadings or copyist errors, and often by voluntary additions intended to update the studies. Bearing relation to the texts, the examination of the paintings themselves can be a great help in resolving some of these problems. We hereby present as an example a study carried out on the colour folium, colour often encountered in old formulae, yet long having disappeared from the artist's palette. The examinations carried out both on medieval illuminations and on some rare samples conserved in druggist's have enabled us to identify the nature of the colour and have shown up the permanence of a very ancient technique which consists of retaining the colouring agent extracted from certain dyeing plants efficiently by absorption in pieces of cloth. This helps with storage and transport, before the dye is used for decorating handwritten books. Although the discovery of illuminator's materials has so far been extremely rare, the ample illustrations produced by these artists are enough for us to be able to study them quite adequately, to learn more about the materials and the painting techniques used, thus contributing to the interpretation of ancient formulae. In this perspective, the colour named during the Middle Ages as folium, used in painting as early as the 9th century A. D., seems to constitute a quite exemplary case study., Les recettes de couleurs que nous livrent les traités techniques du Moyen Âge n'ont pas toujours l'application pratique que l'on voudrait y trouver. Leurs auteurs sont en effet rarement eux-mêmes de véritables praticiens de la peinture. D'autre part, dans la description des couleurs et celle des moyens qui sont à mettre en œuvre pour les obtenir, les termes employés pour désigner différents matériaux ou procédés ont rarement un équivalent actuel facile à trouver. Au surplus, un même terme peut avoir plusieurs acceptions différentes, par exemple désigner une couleur ou le matériau servant à l'obtenir. En outre, s'agissant très souvent d'une compilation de textes antérieurs, parfois directement inspirés de traités de l'Antiquité, nombre de ces recettes ont été comme «polluées» par une accumulation de quiproquos résultant de mélectures ou d 'erreurs de copistes et souvent aussi, par des ajouts volontaires destinés à actualiser de tels traités. Pour résoudre quelques-unes de ces difficultés, l'examen, en relation avec les textes, des peintures elles-mêmes peut apporter une précieuse contribution. On donne ici l'exemple d'une étude portant sur la couleur folium fréquemment rencontrée dans les recettes anciennes et depuis longtemps disparue de la palette des peintres. Les examens réalisés à la fois sur des enluminures médiévales et sur de rares échantillons conservés dans des droguiers ont permis d'identifier la nature de cette couleur ; ils ont mis en évidence aussi la permanence d'une technique très ancienne qui consiste, après avoir extrait de certaines plantes tinctonales un principe colorant, à en conserver efficacement l'extrait en en imbibant des morceaux d'étoffe, facilitant ainsi son emmagasinage et éventuellement son transport, avant d'être employé pour la décoration des livres manuscrits. Si les découvertes de matériel d'enlumineur ont été jusqu 'à présent extrêmement rares, en revanche les œuvres que ces peintres nous ont laissées sont suffisamment nombreuses pour que leur étude puisse apporter une meilleure connaissance des matériaux et des techniques de peinture mis en œuvre, aidant ainsi à l'interprétation des recettes anciennes. Dans cette perspective, la couleur désignée au Moyen Âge sous le nom de folium et utilisée en peinture dès le IXe s. nous a semblé constituer un cas d'étude tout à fait exemplaire. tonales un principe colorant, à en conserver efficacement l'extrait en en imbibant des morceaux d'étoffe, facilitant ainsi son emmagasinage et éventuellement son transport, avant d'être employé pour la décoration des livres manuscrits. Si les découvertes de matériel d'enlumineur ont été jusqu 'à présent extrêmement rares, en revanche les œuvres que ces peintres nous ont laissées sont suffisamment nombreuses pour que leur étude puisse apporter une meilleure connaissance des matériaux et des techniques de peinture mis en œuvre, aidant ainsi à l'interprétation des recettes anciennes. Dans cette perspective, la couleur désignée au Moyen Âge sous le nom de folium et utilisée en peinture dès le IXe s. nous a semblé constituer un cas d'étude tout à fait exemplaire., Guineau Bernard. Le folium des enlumineurs, une couleur aujourd'hui disparue. Ce que nous rapportent les textes sur l'origine et la fabrication de cette couleur, son procédé d'emmagasinage sur un morceau d'étoffe et son emploi dans l'enluminure médiévale. Identification de folium dans des peintures du IXe s., du Xe s. et du début du XIe s.. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 26, 1996. pp. 23-44.