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Objective: This study aimed to examine the levels of physical activity (PA), sleep, and mental health (MH), specifically depression, anxiety, and stress, among Chinese university students. It also aimed to analyze the influencing factors of MH, providing a theoretical foundation for developing intervention programs to improve college students' mental health. Methods: A stratified, clustered, and phased sampling method was employed. In September 2022, a survey was conducted among 36,756 university students from 104 higher education institutions across 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China. The participants' PA behaviors, sleep patterns, depressive symptoms (use the CES-D), anxiety symptoms (use the GAD-7), smoking and drinking behaviors, and demographic information were assessed through an online questionnaire using Questionnaire Star software. Results: A total of 30,475 valid questionnaires were completed. The proportion of university students engaging in light-intensity PA was 77.6%. The prevalence of insufficient sleep was 39.5%, whereas the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 16.7%. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10%, and the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 23.3%. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that engaging in moderate to high-intensity PA and having sufficient and high-quality sleep were associated with a lower likelihood of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.207–0.800, P < 0.01), whereas appropriate sleep duration and higher sleep quality were associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety symptoms (OR = 0.134–0.827, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The intensity of PA among university students is predominantly light, and the reported rate of insufficient sleep is relatively high. Moderate to high-intensity PA and sufficient high-quality sleep may alleviate MH issues among college students, with an interaction effect observed among PA, sleep, and depression symptoms. Future studies should further explore targeted interventions combining PA and sleep behaviors to enhance the MH of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 24-hour movement behavior, including Physical activity (PA), Sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep, is independently associated with health after stroke. Few studies have explored 24-hour movement behavior patterns in stroke survivors and their transitions, as well as the health implications of the transitions. This study aimed to explore the different subgroups and stability of 24-hour movement behavior patterns in people after stroke and the relationship of profile transitions with physical function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: In this study, 131 people with first-ever stroke were investigated at one week (T1), one month (T2), three months (T3), and six months (T4) after discharge. The participants were asked to wear a wristband smartwatch for 7 consecutive days during each pe riod to collect 24-hour exercise data. After each period, their physical function and HRQoL were assessed. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified typologies of 24-hour movement behaviors, and latent transition analysis (LTA) examined the stability and change in these profiles over time. The relationship of transition types with physical function and HRQoL was analyzed using a generalized linear regression model. Results: 108 participants were categorized into 3 latent profiles of 24-hour movement behavior: "Active, Non-sedentary, and Short sleep," "Active and Sedentary," and "Inactive and Sedentary." The LTA results indicated that the proportion of participants with the "Active, Non-sedentary, and Short Sleep" profile and "Active and Sedentary" profile staying in the original latent profile was high. However, participants in the "Inactive and Sedentary" profile showed a high probability of transitioning to "Active and Sedentary" profile (T1→T2: 65.2%; T2→T3: 76.3%; T3→T4: 51.7%;T1→T4: 54.2%). Transition types are associated with physical function and HRQoL. Conclusions: The results demonstrated substantial transitions in 24-hour movement behaviors within 6 months of rehabilitation after discharge, associated with later physical function and HRQoL. Furthermore, the participants' sedentary behavior was highly stable within 24-hour movement behaviors, necessitating prompt diagnosis and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver, causing liver cell damage, increased inflammation, and weight gain. Despite its high prevalence, diagnosis and follow‐up of the disease is difficult. Irisin, a slimming myokine produced in response to physical activity (PA), exhibits anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obesity effects. This study aimed to investigate changes in irisin levels, inflammation markers (tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNF‐α] and interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]), and myeloid differentiation factor‐2 (MD2) levels in NAFLD, as well as anthropometric and routine biochemical parameters, by providing PA recommendations and nutrition education (NE) to individuals diagnosed with NAFLD over a period of 12 weeks. Methods: The study included 62 patients diagnosed with NAFLD who did not use alcohol. They were divided into groups: PA, NE, both (NE + PA), and untreated (control) patients. Patients receiving NE were provided with 1‐h NE sessions every 4 weeks for 12 weeks, and their personal information, nutritional status, 24‐h retrospective food consumption record, and anthropometric measurements were recorded at the beginning (day 0) and end (week 12) of the study. The PA group was recommended aerobic walking for 30 min, 5 days a week. At the beginning (day 0) and end (week 12) of the study, patients' anthropometric and routine biochemical tests were conducted, and irisin, MD2, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 levels were measured using the ELISA method. Results: All groups were similar in demographic characteristics and dietary habits. After 12 weeks, there were no significant differences in biochemical parameters among the groups. Glucose levels increased in the untreated group but decreased in the PA and PA + NE groups compared to baseline, with a significant decrease in the PA group. Insulin levels significantly decreased in the NE group. The PA + NE group showed decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels and significant decrease in ALT levels. AST decreased significantly in the PA group while high‐density lipoprotein increased significantly. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in irisin, MD2, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels. After 12 weeks, irisin levels significantly increased in nutrition and PA groups except the untreated group. There were no statistically significant differences in IL‐6 and MD2 levels compared with baseline after 12 weeks. PA recommendations alone were not effective in observing significant changes in anthropometric measurements in individuals with NAFLD. It was detected that only nutritional recommendations provided a significant decrease in body fat ratio but were insufficient for the change in other anthropometric measurements. In the group where NE and PA were recommended together, a significant decrease in anthropometric measurements was found. The NE group significantly reduced their energy and carbohydrates (%EI) intake after 12 weeks of intervention compared with the baseline. Conclusion: NE and PA recommendations led to improvements in liver‐related biochemical parameters and significant reductions in anthropometric measurements among individuals with NAFLD. Moreover, patients receiving NE experienced a decrease in energy and carbohydrates intake as a percentage of total energy intake (%EI). Increased irisin levels in NE, PA, and NE + PA groups may have contributed to the decrease in body fat percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from previous studies suggests that physical activity (PA) may contribute to functional and structural changes in the hippocampus throughout the lifespan. However, there is limited evidence available regarding the young adult population. Additionally, the personality traits that may influence this association remain unclear. With a sample of 84 young adults (43 women; age 22.7 ± 2.8y; range 18–29), the main aim of the current study was to analyze the association between objective and self-reported measures of daily PA and hippocampus subfield gray matter volumes, and to examine the role of the personality trait of punishment sensitivity in this association. Our results showed that only moderate to vigorous levels of objectively measured PA were positively associated with the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume. Moreover, punishment sensitivity correlated negatively with the objective measure of sedentarism and with self-reported measures of PA. However, regression analyses did not find any interaction between punishment sensitivity and PA in explaining individual differences in hippocampal volumes. Thus, our data suggest that intense PA may contribute to enhancing the hippocampal CA2/CA3 volume in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long working hours are likely associated with the decreased of kidney function, while physical activity (PA) was linked to improvements in kidney function. However, whether PA can offset the negative impact of long working hours on kidney function was unclear, which is the focus of this study. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Three approaches were adopted to distinguish the association between long working hours and regular working hours. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) was assessed by a structured questionnaire. eGFR and chronic kidney disease (CKD) or not were utilized to evaluate the kidney function. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between weekly working hours, PA, and kidney function. Results: A total of 18,431 adults were enrolled in this study, including 9981 males (54.2%) and 8450 females (45.8%). The average eGFR was (99.54 ± 17.55 mL/min/1.73m2). The people worked more than 40 h/wk (98.89 ± 17.06 mL/min/1.73 m2) had lower eGFR compared to those worked less than 40 h/wk (99.93 ± 17.83 mL/min/1.73 m2) (p < 0.05). Individuals working longer hours exhibited lower eGFR (b = -0.772, 95% CI: -1.241, -0.303, for > 40 h/wk compared to working = 40 h/wk). Engagement in moderate to vigorous PA was associated with higher eGFR values (b = 1.159, 95% CI: 0.699, 1.619) compared to low PA (< 150 minutes/wk), but this association did not reach statistical significance for the prevalence of CKD. Furthermore, PA was insufficient to reverse the decline of eGFR related to prolonged working hours. Discussion: Prolonged working hours were associated with a decline in eGFR, while PA was found to have a protective effect on kidney function. However, PA alone may not fully mitigate the negative impact of prolonged working hours on renal health. More robust measures to protect renal function should be implemented to mitigate the damage caused by prolonged working hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was designed to find the Correlation Between the Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity in Non-Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Purpose: To find the Correlation between the Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity in Non-Insulin Dependent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: Materials required for this study were Countdown timer(or stopwatch), Two small cones, Chair, Worksheet on a clipboard, Sphygmomanometer. It was a correlational study design. The sampling method used was Convenient type of sampling. Sixty subjects with non-insulin dependent type 2 were included in this study. The written informed consent was taken. Informed consent document was signed, retained by the principal investigator and a copy was given to the participant. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and 6 Minutes walk test was used to study the Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity respectively. All the data obtained was statistically analysed using proper tests. Results: The results showed positive significant (p value< 0.0001) correlation between the level of physical activity and exercise capacity, Physical activity level correlates statistically with distance walked in percentage. Conclusion: Our study concluded that Physical activity level correlate statistically with distance walked in type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The daily physical activity (PA) patterns of children and adolescents are intricate and ambiguous, with varying effects on myopia resulting from different combinations of PA. This study aims to scrutinize the spectrum of PA patterns among children and adolescents and assess their impact on myopia. Methods: Data sourced from the 2014 National Student Physical Fitness Survey (Tianjin segment) encompassed PA records and visual acuity measurements of participants. Latent Class Analysis and a generalized linear model were employed to investigate the relationship between PA categories and visual acuity across different educational stages. Results: The study comprised 6465 primary and middle school students, among whom 50.13% were male. PA patterns were categorized into high (27.16%), medium (29.88%) and low visual acuity regulation groups (13.97%) and the nonmainstream group (28.99%). Following adjustments for sex, age, region and BMI, the medium visual acuity regulation group exhibited a lower risk of myopia (OR = 0.617, 95% CI = 0.424–0.897, p = 0.012; OR = 0.654, 95% CI = 0.438–0.976, p = 0.038) compared to the nonmainstream group among junior and senior middle school students. Conclusion: The efficacy of diverse PA patterns in mitigating myopia risk varies across educational stages and is influenced by sex‐specific factors. It is imperative to advance myopia management strategies by emphasizing tailored PA interventions, discerning between PA patterns and delivering timely guidance and interventions tailored to distinct educational stages and sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research study aims to determine the role of physical activity related to management and prevention. Physical activity plays an important role in reducing and limiting the impact of T2D on the body as physical activity (PA) helps uptake glucose into skeletal muscles through an insulin-independent activity. The research based on primary data analysis to determine the result used smart PLS software and described the correlation analysis as descriptive statistical analysis and smart PLS Algorithm model between them. Normally, blood glucose levels in the body are balanced through regulatory hormones, which increase glucose development and free fatty acid mobilization, and the resistance of insulin or T2D might impair this. Research studies have confirmed that physical activity (PA) improves insulin resistance, hepatic and systematic functions, and the reduction of blood glucose levels, which is linked with glucose intensity and duration in the body. The results last from 7 to 72 hours. Moreover, following the PA regularly improves the functions of β-cells, insulin resistance, gut microbiota and micro-vascular functions. These factors lead to a reduction of diabetes effects and improve patients' health. According to the overall research, it's found a direct link between the management and prevention of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood is a crucial time for children to develop their fundamental motor skills (FMS), serving as a foundation for engagement in lifelong physical activity (PA). With increasing concerns over the declining levels of PA and motor competence (MC), the aim of this study was to explore the predictors of PA in children in a play-based curriculum. A secondary purpose was to explore levels of PA and MC during the school day. The final aim was to explore whether there were sex differences. Children (N = 94; Mage = 68.96 months, SD = 8.25) in five classes from four different schools in Wales were tested on the TGMD-2, standing long jump, and MABC-2. Levels of PA were measured using ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometers, and 85 children met the wear time criteria. Object control (OC) skills, standing long jump, and age significantly predicted the percentage of time spent performing sedentary behaviours F(10,73) = 3.026, p = 0.003, R 2 = 0.29 (adj R 2 = 0.20) and time spent on MVPA F(10,73) = 3.597, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.33 (adj R 2 = 0.24). Children spent an average of 48.7% of the school day performing sedentary behaviours and 9.1% performing moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and did not achieve 60 min of MVPA. The MABC revealed that 67% were below the 15th percentile. Girls spent more time than boys performing sedentary behaviours (p = 0.014), and boys spent more time than girls on MVPA (p = 0.004). Boys outperformed girls at OC skills (p < 0.001), while girls outperformed boys at locomotor skills (p < 0.001). These findings reinforce the pivotal role teachers and parents play in providing opportunities for children to be PA. OC skills and jump were positively associated with PA, emphasising the importance of developing FMS in early childhood. There were also sex disparities for both PA and MC, along with low levels of MC, highlighting the need for investing in comprehensive programmes and initiatives that prioritise the development of FMS during early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia and physical deconditioning are common complications in patients with liver cancer, which are frequently caused by insufficient physical activity and poor nutritional status, resulting in physical frailty and a significant impact on the patient’s physical fitness. Notably, sarcopenia, frailty, and poor cardiopulmonary endurance have all been linked to higher mortality rates among patients with liver cancer. Exercise intervention significantly improves various health parameters in liver cancer patients, including metabolic syndrome, muscle wasting, cardiorespiratory endurance, health-related quality of life, and reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient. However, the link between physical exercise and liver cancer is commonly overlooked. In this article, we will examine the impact of exercise on liver cancer and present the most recent evidence on the best types of exercise for various stages of liver cancer. This article also summarizes and discusses the molecular mechanisms that control metabolism and systemic immune function in tumors. In brief, physical exercise should be considered an important intervention in the prevention and treatment of liver cancer and its complications.

Objective An isotemporal substitution model was used to explore the associations between activities including 10 minutes per day of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep (SLP), and depressive symptoms among vocational school students with and without depressive symptoms. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted on grade one to grade three students attending vocational schools in Shanghai and Jiangsu Province from Dec 2021 to Jan 2022. Fourteen schools were selected using the convenience cluster sampling method. The selected students were categorized into depressive symptoms group and non-depressive symptoms group according to the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores. Results A total of 40 339 questionnaires were collected, of which 10 086 were able to clearly remember the time of physical activity in the past week, and 8 149 were valid after data cleaning. According to the valid questionnaires, 5 496 students (67.44%) were in the nondepressive symptoms group and 2 653 ( 32.56%) were in the depressive symptoms group. The mean age of the students were (16.70±1.19) years. In the non-depressive symptoms group, substituting moderate physical activity (MPA) for all the other behaviors was negatively associated with CES-D scores, while substituting vigorous physical activity (VPA) for MPA and SB was positively associated with CES-D scores. In the depressive symptoms group, substituting walking, SB, and SLP with MPA was negatively associated with CES-D scores, respectively. The associations of MPA substituted for walking, SB, and SLP with CES-D scores were much stronger in the depressive symptoms group than in the non-depressive symptoms group. Conclusion The detection rate of depressive symptoms was high among vocational students. Substituting MPA for walking, SB, and SLP were negatively associated with CES-D scores, with a stronger association observed in the depressive symptoms group than in the non-depressive symptoms group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Several observational studies have found that physical inactivity and sedentary time are associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) risk. However, the causality between them still requires further investigation. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the causal effect of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time on the risk of IPF via two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods Multiple genome-wide association study (GWAS) data involving individuals of European ancestry were analyzed. The datasets encompassed published UK Biobank data (91,105–377,234 participants) and IPF data (2018 cases and 373,064 controls) from FinnGen Biobank. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was the primary approach for our analysis. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger regression, MR-PRESSO global test, and leave-one-out analysis. Results Genetically predicted self-reported PA was associated with lower IPF risk [OR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.09–0.82; P = 0.02]. No causal effects of accelerometry-based PA or sedentary time on the risk of IPF were observed. Conclusions Our findings supported a protective relationship between self-reported PA and the risk for IPF. The results suggested that enhancing PA may be an effective preventive strategy for IPF.

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and progressive disease. The issue of obesity affects 50 to 80% of patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the scale of the problem of obesity among breast cancer survivors (BCS) older than 60 years, evaluate their physical fitness, and study the relationship between the occurrence of obesity and levels of fitness among breast cancer survivors. The relationship between fitness and sociodemographic factors has also been analyzed. Materials and Methods: This original epidemiological clinical study included a cohort of 88 female breast cancer survivors treated in 2022 in Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland. A questionnaire involving demographic information and medical data was utilized. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) battery has been used to assess the physical fitness of the patients. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also analyzed. Results: More than 70% of the studied breast cancer survivors were classified as overweight or obese, according to BMI and WC indices. Depending on the SFT trial, the regression coefficients indicated worse results in participants who were older, lived in urban areas, were professionally active, less educated, and had higher obesity indices. The analysis of the relationship between obesity indices and fitness components revealed that all obesity indices were significantly associated with lower body flexibility (BMI p = 0.0118, WC p = 0.0092, WHR p = 0.0364, WHtR p = 0.0095). Upper body flexibility was significantly correlated with BMI indices (p = 0.0091, p = 0.0193) and WHtR (p = 0.0095). Agility and balance were significantly associated with WC (p = 0.0193), WHR (p = 0.098), and WHtR (p = 0.0095). Lower body strength was significantly correlated with the WHR index (p = 0.0487). Significant differences were found in upper body strength depending on the WHtR category. Conclusions: In the studied group of breast cancer survivors, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. With increasing obesity rates, older age, and lower education levels, physical activity measured by the SFT decreases. Living in urban areas and being professionally active also predispose to lower physical activity levels. As obesity indices increase, physical fitness decreases in trials assessing upper and lower body strength, upper and lower body flexibility, as well as agility and dynamic balance.

Introduction Regular physical activity (PA) has benefits for health throughout the lifespan. PA benefits musculoskeletal, cardio metabolic health, and overall well-being (Kapoor et al., 2022). However, data from 2017 shows that about 55-83% of women and 47-74% of men from European countries (EU) do not meet these guidelines (Lübs et al,. 2018). Moreover, adults at the age of 40-54 (aOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.52-0.81) and 55-64 (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.49-0.77) are less likely to have moderate or high levels of PA in comparison with those 18-24 years of age. (Nikitara et al., 2021). Sedentary behavior (SB) including activities such as watching television, playing computer games, browsing the internet has increased (Wang et al., 2019). Canada has an established track record in the development of 24-hour movement guidelines on PA, SB, and sleep. They have previously release guidelines for all age groups. Following Canada’s lead, several jurisdictions including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa have incorporated the 24-hour movement concepts (Tremblay, 2020). There is a lack of data for 24-hour behavior guideline in the European context. There are no specific recommendations on SB and sleep. Therefore, this project will present the background, methods and design of a 24-hour movement summary of behaviors (PA, SB and sleep) in Europe. Methods We will utilize existing PA, SB and sleep data from the World Health Organization on European adults 18+. Analysis using mean, median, and 95% confidence Intervals, will be complemented by frequency distributions and histograms. These will be stratified by age and sex subgroups for a more comprehensive overview. Results The findings from this research have the potential to inform surveillance efforts, shape policies and public health strategies, improve overall well-being, and contribute to the development of evidence-based guidelines. Discussion/Conclusion Implications of this research may inform researchers on further questions to pursue, policy makers in resource allocation, and practitioners on where to focus intervention efforts. References Kapoor, G., Chauhan, P., Singh, G., Malhotra, N., & Chahal, A. (2022). Physical activity for health and fitness: Past, present and future. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.9 Lübs, L., Peplies, J., Drell, C., & Bammann, K. (2018). Cross-sectional and longitudinal factors influencing physical activity of 65 to 75-year-olds: A pan European cohort study based on the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE). BMC Geriatrics, 18, Article 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0781-8 Nikitara, K., Odani, S., Demenagas, N., Rachiotis, G., Symvoulakis, E. K., & Vardavas, C. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity in adults across 28 European countries. European Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 840-845. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab067 Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Introducing 24-hour movement guidelines for the early years: A new paradigm gaining momentum. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17(1), 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0401 Wang, N. X., Chen, J., Wagner, N., Rebello, S. A., Petrunoff, N., Owen, N., & Müller‐Riemenschneider, F. (2019). Understanding and influencing occupational sedentary behavior: A mixed-methods approach in a multiethnic Asian population. Health Education & Behavior, 47(3), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119885431

This study examines the connection between academic achievement in South American schools and physical exercise. Even while research from throughout the world indicates that regular physical exercise and academic achievement are positively correlated, it is critical to investigate this relationship in the context of South American educational systems, taking social, cultural, and regional differences into account. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative observations from educators, students, and parents with quantitative analysis of academic achievement data and physical activity levels. Data is gathered from various South American schools that include urban and rural environments, a range of socioeconomic origins, and a variety of educational frameworks. Initial results show that physical activity and academic achievement are positively correlated in South American schools. Regular physical exercise among students is associated with enhanced cognitive performance, decreased stress levels, and improved general wellbeing. The influence of social contact and extracurricular physical activities on academic performance is also considered in this study. However, the study recognizes that a more complex comprehension of the South American setting is necessary. Cultural norms, geographic differences, and distinctive characteristics of educational programs can all impact the association's kind and degree. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to modify interventions and instructional techniques to fit South American classrooms' unique requirements and dynamics. As a result, the study adds to the expanding corpus of research on the connection between academic achievement and physical exercise, providing information that will help shape educational practices and policies throughout South America. It is advised to do further study to understand regional differences better and create focused treatments to optimize the benefits of physical exercise for academic achievement in the South American environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of research is determining the role of physical activity related to the managing chronic diseases in south American elderly populations. This research covers the significance of physical exercise in controlling chronic diseases among senior people in South America. As the area grapples with demographic transitions and a rising aging population, knowing the significance of regular exercise becomes vital. Engaging in physical exercise is beneficial for managing a number of health issues, such as diabetes, mental health, musculoskeletal health, and cardiovascular health. For measuring the research used SPSS software and generate result included descriptive statistic, correlation coefficient, the model summary, also that explain the chi square analysis between them. The research study highlights the need for customized fitness regimens that include strength, flexibility, cardio, and balancing activities while considering specific medical issues. Public health campaigns and community-based activities are seen as essential elements in promoting an active ageing culture and improving the general wellbeing of senior citizens. South American cultures may actively contribute to disease prevention, disease management, and enhanced quality of life for their ageing populations by realising the many advantages of physical exercise. Overall result founded that direct also significant link of physical activity in managing chronic diseases in the south American. Building healthier and more resilient ageing communities in the area requires funding programmes that encourage and support seniors' active lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several observational studies have found that physical inactivity and sedentary time are associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) risk. However, the causality between them still requires further investigation. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the causal effect of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time on the risk of IPF via two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: Multiple genome-wide association study (GWAS) data involving individuals of European ancestry were analyzed. The datasets encompassed published UK Biobank data (91,105–377,234 participants) and IPF data (2018 cases and 373,064 controls) from FinnGen Biobank. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was the primary approach for our analysis. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger regression, MR-PRESSO global test, and leave-one-out analysis. Results: Genetically predicted self-reported PA was associated with lower IPF risk [OR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.09–0.82; P = 0.02]. No causal effects of accelerometry-based PA or sedentary time on the risk of IPF were observed. Conclusions: Our findings supported a protective relationship between self-reported PA and the risk for IPF. The results suggested that enhancing PA may be an effective preventive strategy for IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood is a crucial time for children to develop their fundamental motor skills (FMS), serving as a foundation for engagement in lifelong physical activity (PA). With increasing concerns over the declining levels of PA and motor competence (MC), the aim of this study was to explore the predictors of PA in children in a play-based curriculum. A secondary purpose was to explore levels of PA and MC during the school day. The final aim was to explore whether there were sex differences. Children (N = 94; Mage = 68.96 months, SD = 8.25) in five classes from four different schools in Wales were tested on the TGMD-2, standing long jump, and MABC-2. Levels of PA were measured using ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometers, and 85 children met the wear time criteria. Object control (OC) skills, standing long jump, and age significantly predicted the percentage of time spent performing sedentary behaviours F(10,73) = 3.026, p = 0.003, R2 = 0.29 (adj R2 = 0.20) and time spent on MVPA F(10,73) = 3.597, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.33 (adj R2 = 0.24). Children spent an average of 48.7% of the school day performing sedentary behaviours and 9.1% performing moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and did not achieve 60 min of MVPA. The MABC revealed that 67% were below the 15th percentile. Girls spent more time than boys performing sedentary behaviours (p = 0.014), and boys spent more time than girls on MVPA (p = 0.004). Boys outperformed girls at OC skills (p < 0.001), while girls outperformed boys at locomotor skills (p < 0.001). These findings reinforce the pivotal role teachers and parents play in providing opportunities for children to be PA. OC skills and jump were positively associated with PA, emphasising the importance of developing FMS in early childhood. There were also sex disparities for both PA and MC, along with low levels of MC, highlighting the need for investing in comprehensive programmes and initiatives that prioritise the development of FMS during early childhood.

An increasing number of people affected by cancer (PABC) are living longer lives as treatment continues to advance. There is growing evidence for physical activity (PA) supporting health in this population before, during and after cancer treatment, but PA advice is not part of usual care. This study investigates views of frontline oncology healthcare professionals (HCPs) in one NHS teaching hospital in England to understand the role of PA advice across cancer services. This was a qualitative study interviewing HCPs and using thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified: 1. Awareness of the roles of PA in cancer; 2. Patient-specific factors in rehabilitation; 3. Cancer-specific factors in rehabilitation; 4. Barriers and opportunities to integrating PA within usual care. HCPs' awareness of the role of PA in cancer rehabilitation was low overall and PA was found not to be embedded within rehabilitation. Contrastingly, there was awareness of PA's potential to impact disease and treatment-related outcomes positively. Ideas for PA integration included training for staff and giving PA advice within consultations. Low awareness of benefits of PA-based rehabilitation and lack of integration in usual care contrasted with HCPs' interest in this area's potential. Training HCPs to begin the conversation with patients affected by cancer in teachable moments may increase patient access. Integrating physical activity education and training for trainees and existing healthcare professionals workforce would help embed physical activity into routine clinical practice. Brief advice intervention training during every consultation, such as providing relevant individualised information and signposting, can be impactful. Physical activity within a broader cancer rehabilitation programme should be integrated as standard for every cancer patient. Individualised plans may include prehabilitation, restorative rehabilitation and palliative rehabilitation. Patient preferences and the patient experience should continue to shape service design. There is a need to ensure physical activity advice is consistent throughout healthcare settings and not fragmented between primary, secondary and tertiary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tumors escape from the host immune control by upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has become the standard of care for many cancer entities. However, several patients do not respond to ICI because of primary or secondary resistance. Patients not benefitting from checkpoint inhibitors frequently display an immunosuppressive tumor phenotype. Combination therapy with drugs enhancing immunosurveillance improves ICI efficacy. Since physical activity can boost immune response, exercise might be a promising combinatorial therapeutic approach for ICI. Here, we review preclinical and clinical data about the impact of exercise on anti-tumor immunity and checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has revolutionized cancer therapy. However, response to ICI is often limited to selected subsets of patients or not durable. Tumors that are non-responsive to checkpoint inhibition are characterized by low anti-tumoral immune cell infiltration and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exercise is known to promote immune cell circulation and improve immunosurveillance. Results of recent studies indicate that physical activity can induce mobilization and redistribution of immune cells towards the tumor microenvironment (TME) and therefore enhance anti-tumor immunity. This suggests a favorable impact of exercise on the efficacy of ICI. Our review delivers insight into possible molecular mechanisms of the crosstalk between muscle, tumor, and immune cells. It summarizes current data on exercise-induced effects on anti-tumor immunity and ICI in mice and men. We consider preclinical and clinical study design challenges and discuss the role of cancer type, exercise frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT) and immune sensitivity as critical factors for exercise-induced impact on cancer immunosurveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many studies on the impact of physical activity on health but few studies on the relationship between physical activity and medical expenditure among the elderly. Based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) database and selected 4456 valid samples, this paper used a two-part model to analyze the effects of high, moderate, and low physical activity intensity on medical expenditure. It is found that the intensity of physical activity was negatively correlated with medical expenditure, and the medical expenditure of the high physical activity intensity group was significantly lower than that of the low physical activity intensity group. For example, compared to people with no physical activity, the total medical expenditure decreased by 22.4%, 40.4%, and 62.5% per week in those with low, moderate, and high physical activity intensity. Thus, the government should provide more places for the elderly to exercise, planning special exercise areas for the elderly in community playgrounds, such as a dancing square, which will also help the elderly to increase their amount of exercise per week and develop a daily exercise habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the associations between physical activity, exercise motivations, sports participation, and mental well-being among university students in Canada. A quantitative research approach was utilised in this study, employing a cross-sectional design and a convenient sampling method. Data were collected from a sample of 500 students enrolled in sports universities. The collected data were then analysed using SPSS software. The study revealed a noteworthy positive correlation between physical activity, exercise motivations, sports involvement, and mental well- being. In particular, there exists a positive association between elevated levels of physical activity (PA), heightened exercise motivations, and increased involvement in sports with improved outcomes in mental health. The results of multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the combination of these three factors accounted for a significant proportion of the variability observed in mental health scores, underscoring their significance in fostering psychological well-being. The results of the study have practical implications for universities in Canada. In order to optimise the welfare of students, educational institutions should give precedence to implementing strategies that foster physical activity within campus premises, facilitate the cultivation of robust exercise motivations, and advocate for active participation in sports. Establishing an atmosphere conducive to mental well-being and comprehensive growth has the potential to enhance the overall academic achievement of students. Additionally, it has been proposed that the research indicators may elicit the release of neurotransmitters such as endorphins and serotonin within the brain, which are known to contribute to an enhanced emotional state. Additionally, it has the potential to enhance one's physical fitness, thereby contributing to an elevated emotional state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for half of heart-related mortalities. Secondary prevention measures are aimed at enhancing the probability of survival in acute and chronic heart diseases. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to effectively reduce all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality rates. This article reviews the relationship between PA and mortality in patients with CAD. Additionally, we discuss the process of vascular changes that contributes to survival benefits in physically active CAD patients, along with exercise dosing and guideline recommendations. Recent Findings: Recent studies have shown that physical inactivity poses a modifiable risk factor that impedes favorable vasculature remodeling, unlike active individuals. Recent meta-analyses provide strong evidence of the multifaceted advantages of PA in lowering mortality rates in patients with CAD, as opposed to physically inactive participants. Summary: In summary, substantial evidence indicates that PA is significantly associated with reduction in all-cause and CV mortality in CAD patients, with a dose-response relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We investigated changes in adherence to physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) recommendations of children and adolescents throughout the pandemic, and their association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL).Methods: 1,769 primary (PS, grades 1–6) and secondary (SS, 7–9) school children from Ciao Corona, a school-based cohort study in Zurich, Switzerland, with five questionnaires 2020–2022. HRQOL was assessed using the KINDL questionnaire. PA (≥60 min/day moderate-to-vigorous PA) and ST (≤2 h/day ST) recommendations followed WHO guidelines.Results: Adherence to PA recommendations dropped in 2020 (83%–59% PS, 77%–52% SS), but returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2022 (79%, 66%). Fewer children met ST recommendations in 2020 (74% PS, 29% SS) and 2021 (82%, 37%) than pre-pandemic (95%, 68%). HRQOL decreased 3 points between 2020 and 2022, and was 9.7 points higher (95% CI 3.0–16.3) in March 2021 in children who met both versus no recommendations.Conclusion: Adherence to WHO guidelines on PA and ST during the pandemic had a consistent association with HRQOL despite longitudinal changes in behavior.

The issues of improving the management and control over the intensity of physical exertion of a running orientation in educational and training process of students has an important scientific and practical interest. The aim of the research: to develop and test a methodology for developing students' ability to self-control over the intensity of physical exertion in a running exercise in physical education (PE) classes. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the large universities of Siberian Federal District (Russia). Sixty-nine male students took part in the research. Participants ran for 10 minutes within the limits of heart rate (HR) = 132-144 bpm. In time of testing, HR was measured seven times. According to the formulas proposed by us, we calculated the intensity of running physical activity, according to the selected border of the aerobic zone (132-144 beats/min). Participants were trained in the ability to regulate their running speed at HR = 22-24 beats, which corresponds to 132-144 beats/min. The assessment of the accuracy of the completed running task was the arithmetic mean of the deviation from the aerobic limits of HR. Results. There were that the development of the ability to regulate the intensity of the running load proportional to HR is possible during 8 training sessions in PE classes. The most effective result of this research was obtained in a group of participants who used the method of independent calculations and scheduling of their running tests. These participants, the degree of the average deviation of HR from the established intensity was the smallest and = 4.0 ± 2.0 beats/min, in contrast to other group, where the deviation indicator HR = 13.0 ± 6.0 beats/min (p < 0.05). Conclusions. On the basis of obtained results, was confirmed the need to form students' ability of self-control in managing the intensity of physical exertion in proportion to HR when using a running exertion in PE classes and when performing independent running loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physical activity studies involving bariatric surgery patients tend to be short-term or cross-sectional investigations. Longer-term studies are limited and typically consist of relatively brief objective measurement periods used to generalize activity patterns. Very little research combines objective measurements with structured interviews to determine both the patterns and related factors of long-term physical activity among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: Previous volunteers in a perioperative physical activity study were invited to participate in a mixed methods study investigating physical activity among bariatric patients over a 5-year postoperative period. Fifty-one patients (Mage = 45.4 years; 76.5% female, 90.2% White; 86.3% Roux-en-Y procedure) provided interview, survey, accelerometer, and anthropometric data. Results: Participants were divided into four exercise quartiles, based on self-report of their length of regular exercise involvement from 1 year before through 5 years after surgery. Those reporting the most periods of regular exercise took the most measured steps per day, had greater moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and more bout-related activity, experienced the largest decrease in BMI, and reported the most adherence to nutritional guidelines. Participants reporting the most and least physical activity found the measurement periods to be most similar to their normal activity patterns. While physical activity increased significantly after surgery, measured physical activity did not reach recommended levels for steps or exercise bout minutes. Conclusions: Measured physical activity and self-reported physical activity show congruent trends among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. More research is needed to determine optimal long-term monitoring and promotion of physical activity among patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having an active lifestyle has been regarded as one of the main factors for maintaining a healthy and happy life. However, previous studies have pointed out that most Malaysian adults are reported to be physically inactive due to lifestyle changes such as increasingly sedentary lifestyles, decreased physical activity (PA), and growing reliance on automobiles for mobility. Subsequently, the COVID-19 pandemic has further impacted the quality of the urban population’s active lifestyles, particularly the disruption resulting from movement restriction control orders which has limited the ability to maintain an active lifestyle. This scenario has the potential to negatively impact the health and mental state of the population if it continues without intervention by relevant stakeholders. Therefore, this study examined the patterns of PA and body mass index (BMI) and assessed the association between PA and a walkable environment to maintain an active lifestyle in Kuala Lumpur city centre before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study ‘walkable environment’ refers to a physical attribute that encourages walking for functional and recreational purposes and ‘active lifestyle’ refers to walking being the main physical PA that contributes to health as part of people’s regular routine. This study adopted the mixed method approach through an online questionnaire survey, combined with the observation of selected areas and content analysis of written documents. The findings show that most respondents perceived that walking was the main PA that contributes to health. In terms of effects, walkable environments have been shown to have a positive impact on PA and health by encouraging an active lifestyle.

Abstract Background The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) poses an enormous threat to public health worldwide, and the ensuing management of social isolation has greatly decreased opportunities for physical activity (PA) and increased opportunities for leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB). Given that both PA and LSB have been established as major influencing factors for obesity, diabetes and cardiometabolic syndrome, whether PA/LSB in turn affects the susceptibility to COVID-19 by disrupting metabolic homeostasis remains to be explored. In this study, we aimed to systematically evaluate the causal relationship between PA/LSB and COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization and severity using a Mendelian randomization study. Methods Data were obtained from a large-scale PA dataset (N = 377,000), LSB dataset (N = 422,218) and COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (N = 2,586,691). The causal effects were estimated with inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median and MR-PRESSO. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis and the funnel plot. Risk factor analyses were further conducted to investigate the potential mediators. Results Genetically predicted accelerometer-assessed PA decreased the risk for COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88–0.97; P = 0.002), while leisure television watching significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.29–1.88; P = 4.68 × 10–6) and disease severity (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.33–2.56; P = 0.0002) after Bonferroni correction. No causal effects of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), accelerometer fraction of accelerations > 425 milligravities, computer use or driving on COVID-19 progression were observed. Risk factor analyses indicated that the above causal associations might be mediated by several metabolic risk factors, including smoking, high body mass index, elevated serum triglyceride levels, insulin resistance and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Our findings supported a causal effect of accelerometer-assessed PA on the reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization as well as television watching on the increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and severity, which was potentially mediated by smoking, obesity and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes. Particular attention should be given to reducing leisure sedentary behaviors and encouraging proper exercise during isolation and quarantine for COVID-19.

Background: The psychological impact of exercising in nature has gained considerable research attention in recent years under the heading green exercise (GE). Literature has examined specific benefits of GE, comparison between indoor and outdoor environments and has utilised different theories to understand these benefits and differences. To date no academic literature has examined the impact of GE on autistic people with a diagnoses of Aspergers Syndrome (AS) (a former term to refer to autism without an accompanying intellectual disability), and a condition characterised by hypersensitive and hyposensitive senses, intuitively it has been suggested that the natural environment might not be a compatible setting for autistic people due to its unpredictable and sensory provoking conditions. Method: A group of four autistic males were interviewed using a semi structured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and then analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results/Discussion: Three superordinate themes were identified, positive introductions to nature (this group discussed how important having a good start in this environment was to engaging in this activity), positive association with nature (the participants viewed natural environments where they exercised in a positive way), and purpose and practicalities (participants spoke of viewing GE favourably when there was a purpose to it above and beyond doing it for its own sake) with 5 associated subordinate themes. Results suggest that autistic people appear to get considerable positive psychological outcomes from engaging within GE which relate directly to some of the features of AS e.g. disruptive concerns and that a functional purpose to the GE would be helpful in terms of encouraging uptake of and adherence to GE within an autistic group.

Background: The psychological impact of exercising in nature has gained considerable research attention in recent years under the heading green exercise (GE). Literature has examined specific benefits of GE, comparison between indoor and outdoor environments and has utilised different theories to understand these benefits and differences. To date no academic literature has examined the impact of GE on autistic people with a diagnoses of Aspergers Syndrome (AS) (a former term to refer to autism without an accompanying intellectual disability), and a condition characterised by hypersensitive and hyposensitive senses, intuitively it has been suggested that the natural environment might not be a compatible setting for autistic people due to its unpredictable and sensory provoking conditions. Method: A group of four autistic males were interviewed using a semi structured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and then analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results/Discussion: Three superordinate themes were identified, positive introductions to nature (this group discussed how important having a good start in this environment was to engaging in this activity), positive association with nature (the participants viewed natural environments where they exercised in a positive way), and purpose and practicalities (participants spoke of viewing GE favourably when there was a purpose to it above and beyond doing it for its own sake) with 5 associated subordinate themes. Results suggest that autistic people appear to get considerable positive psychological outcomes from engaging within GE which relate directly to some of the features of AS e.g. disruptive concerns and that a functional purpose to the GE would be helpful in terms of encouraging uptake of and adherence to GE within an autistic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to characterize physical activity (PA) trajectories across adulthood and to estimate their association with incident hypertension risk. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted during 2004-2011. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) was used to identify distinct groups of PA trajectories. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the association. Results: A total of 11,162 participants whose PA was repeatedly estimated by self-report from questionnaires two to four times in the CHNS were included in our study. During the 5.4 years of follow-up, 3824 incident hypertension cases were identified. Five distinct PA trajectories were identified in men: light and slight decline, light and gradual decline then sharp rise, light to medium-heavy then decline, medium-heavy and gradual decline, and heavy and sharp decline. Two distinct PA trajectories were identified in women: light and stable, and medium and gradual decline. The PA trajectory of medium-heavy and gradual decline was significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension in men, with the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) being 0.80 (0.63, 0.99), 0.74 (0.59, 0.93), 0.76 (0.60, 0.96), and 0.70 (0.55, 0.88) in models 1-4, respectively. Conclusions: Our study identified five distinct long-term PA trajectories in men and two distinct trajectories in women. The PA trajectory of medium-heavy PA in early adulthood followed by gradual decline was found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in later life in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Regular physical activity (PA) is essential for childhood cancer survivors (CCS), yet most CCS have difficulty participating in it. The level of PA participation among CCS in China is lower than those of western countries, leading to a worse long-term survival of CCS in China. Here, the study aims to explore the associated factors on the PA performance among CCS.Methods: From September to December 2020, the study used purposive sampling to recruit 35 families (88.9%) as sampling units among two hospitals in Hangzhou City, China. The data collection conducted two designs on semi-structured interviews with different roles under family structure - children (n = 35) and parents (n = 35) - respectively. The design of predetermined questions relied on the health belief model (HBM) as a thematic framework. The qualitative analysis applied codebook thematic analysis and used the deductive approach to finalize the main findings.Results: The study only presented preliminary conclusions from interviews with CCS, which resulted in four themes (changes in PA performance; perceptions on participating PA; cognitions of PA; impacts from others) with eight sub-themes. In particular, CCS replied diversity changes in PA, but most of them mentioned the inactive PA after diagnosis, especially the decline of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). As for the "perceptions of PA," almost all CCS had substantial perceived benefits about PA, specifically on their physical well-being. All children also expressed perceived barriers to PA, including the side effects of disease and treatment, fatigue, academic burden, changes in psychological status, and lack of companions. On the cognitions of PA, the CCS had limited realizations of regular PA and low self-efficacy on MVPA. Furthermore, CCS expressed their need for support from their parents, school teachers, and healthcare providers. But in reality, they recieved less support on PA from these important people.Conclusion: The changes in PA after illness among CCS are apparent and unavoidable because of the interaction impacts from internal factors (e.g., personal characters, cognization, perceptions of PA) and external factors (e.g., disease effects, interpersonal supports). The findings explained the main elements under HBM but also provided explored views as the evidence on developing theories and guiding motivations and practices on PA among CCS.Implications For Cancer Survivors: In this exploratory study of 35 CCS, we identified the current situation of PA among CCS in China and explored the associated factors. As the first qualitative study on the CCS in mainland China, the study considered particular effects on social culture and living environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTo investigate the associations between different dimensions of physical activity (PA), cognitive function, and daily physical function in Chinese individuals with heart disease.Materials and methodsThis study included 2,792 individuals from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study conducted in 2015. Physical activity (PA) was divided into vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and light PA (LPA). Linear and logistic regression models were established to assess the associations among the indicators.ResultsCompared with taking no PA, MPA, and VPA at a frequency of 6–7 d/w had lower risks of impaired daily physical function (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.91; OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.88) and higher cognitive function scores (β = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.42, 2.03; β = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.73), while VPA at 3–5 d/w had lower cognitive function scores (β = −1.96, 95% CI: −3.51, −0.40). Light PA (LPA) with a duration of 30–119 min/d had a lower risk of impaired daily physical function (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.97). Moderate PA (MPA) and VPA of 30–119 min/d had higher cognitive function scores (β = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.49, 2.37; β = 1.30, 95% CI: −0.56, 2.06). The 1,800–2,999 METs had the lowest risks of impaired daily physical function and the highest cognitive function scores (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75; β = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.67, 4.21).ConclusionModerate PA (MPA) and LPA with a frequency of 6–7 d/w and a duration of 30–119 min/d, and PA in 1,800–2,999 MET min/week were most closely related to better cognitive and daily physical function, while VPA (3–5 d/w; ≥300 min/w) may be related to low cognition, but high-quality research is necessary to prove causality.Trial registrationIRB00001052-11015.

Medical librarians have an opportunity to suggest free smartphone apps to aid other healthcare professionals and their patients with the intent to increase and improve their physical activity (PA). This article includes research supporting the growing usage of smartphones in the United States among the overall population, specifically adolescents. Cost is often a deterrent in using smartphones PA apps; apps often claim to be free to download, but after usability testing, they usually have hidden costs. The apps selected for this article have been usability tested and reviewed to ensure that they are free of cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed positive associations between brain structure and physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise (referred to here as PACE). While a considerable body of research has investigated the effects of PACE on grey matter, much less is known about effects on white matter (WM). Hence, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published prior to 5th July 2021 using online databases (PubMed and Scopus) and PRISMA guidelines to synthesise what is currently known about the relationship between PACE and WM in healthy adults. A total of 60 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Heterogeneity across studies was calculated using Qochran's q test, and publication bias was assessed for each meta-analysis using Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test. A meta-regression was also conducted to explore factors contributing to any observed heterogeneity. Overall, we observed evidence of positive associations between PACE and global WM volume (effect size (Hedges's g) = 0.137, p < 0.001), global WM anomalies (effect size = 0.182, p < 0.001), and local microstructure integrity (i.e., corpus callosum: effect size = 0.345, p < 0.001, and anterior limb of internal capsule: effect size = 0.198, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that higher levels of PACE are associated with improved global WM volume and local integrity. We appraise the quality of evidence, and discuss the implications of these findings for the preservation of WM across the lifespan. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research in order to advance our understanding of the specific PACE parameters and neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Physical activity (PA) prior to and during pregnancy may have intergenerational effects on offspring health through placental epigenetic modifications. We are unaware of epidemiologic studies on longitudinal PA and placental DNA methylation. Objectives We evaluated the association between PA before and during pregnancy and placental DNA methylation. Methods Placental tissues were obtained at delivery and methylation was measured using HumanMethylation450 Beadchips for participants in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons among 298 participants. Using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, women recalled periconception PA (past 12 mo) at 8–13 wk of gestation and PA since last visit at 4 follow-up visits at 16–22, 24–29, 30–33, and 34–37 wk. We conducted linear regression for associations of PA at each visit with methylation controlling for false discovery rate (FDR). Top 100 CpGs were queried for enrichment of functional pathways using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Periconception PA was significantly associated with 1 CpG site. PA since last visit for visits 1–4 was associated with 2, 2, 8, and 0 CpGs (log fold changes ranging from –0.0319 to 0.0080, after controlling for FDR). The largest change in methylation occurred at a site in TIMP2 , which is known to encode a protein critical for vasodilation, placentation, and uterine expansion during pregnancy (log fold change: –0.05; 95% CI: –0.06, –0.03 per metabolic equivalent of task–h/wk at 30–33 wk). Most significantly enriched pathways include cardiac hypertrophy signaling, B-cell receptor signaling, and netrin signaling. Significant CpGs and enriched pathways varied by visit. Conclusions Recreational PA in the year prior and during pregnancy was associated with placental DNA methylation. The associated CpG sites varied based on timing of PA. If replicated, the findings may inform the mechanisms underlying the impacts of PA on placenta health. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00912132. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) may play a key role in healthy aging and thus in promoting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, longitudinal studies on the association between PA and HRQoL are still scarce and have shown inconsistent results. In this study, we aimed to examine the longitudinal association between frequency of moderate PA and physical and mental HRQoL. Secondly, to assess the association between a 12-month change in frequency of moderate PA and HRQoL. Methods A 12-month longitudinal study was conducted in Spain, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom with 1614 participants (61.0% female; mean age = 79.8; SD = 5.2) included in the analyses. Two categories of the self-reported frequency of moderate PA including 1) ‘regular frequency’ and 2) ‘low frequency’ were classified, and four categories of the change in frequency of moderate PA between baseline and follow-up including 1) ‘continued regular frequency’, 2) ‘decreased frequency’, 3) ‘continued low frequency’ and 4) ‘increased frequency’ were identified. Physical and mental HRQoL were assessed by the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Results The frequency of moderate PA at baseline was positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up. Participants with a continued regular frequency had the highest HRQoL at baseline and follow-up. Participants who increased the frequency of moderate PA from low to regular had better physical and mental HRQoL at follow-up than themselves at baseline. After controlling for baseline HRQoL and covariates, compared with participants who continued a regular frequency, participants who decreased their frequency had significantly lower physical (B = -4.42; P

Abstract Background Physical inactivity is one of the primary factors that leads to obesity and overweight. What is more, it is becoming an increasingly common problem among the population of those who work. The causes of obesity and the lack of physical activity are multifactorial. The aims of the study were: to (1) measure the level of physical activity among the university staff, (2) evaluate what factors have a significant influence on undertaking the physical activity and lack of. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted via the Internet questionnaires among university staff in Northern Poland and Pomeranian Region. Taking into consideration the climate and cultural factors in Poland, a physical activity test with the usage of IPAQ scale was performed between September and November 2018 and between March and June 2019. The data was collected on the basis of the standardized long form of the IPQA questionnaire, the GSE Scale and the interview questionnaire including questions about sex, age and health assessment. Results The study group consisted of 276 respondents, including 143 women (51.8%) and 133 men (48.2%). The average age of the respondents was 42.22 with SD ± 11.01. The weight status was categorized with the use of BMI index. 51.3% (142) of the respondents had normal body mass, 93 (33.8%) were overweight, while 23 (8.4%) were obese. The mean BMI index was 25.23 points (SD ± 4.04). One hundred and twenty five (45.1%) respondents were the employees of the Medical University, and 54.9% were employed by the Technical University. Detailed analyses using Spearman correlation test confirmed the presence of a statistically higher level of physical activity among respondents employed at the Medical University (M 513.37; SD ± 609.13) than the employees of Technical University (M 378.38; SD ± 328.26). The odds ratio analysis shows that a low level of physical activity in the group of technical university staff has a significant correlation with the other social behavior which is the alcohol consumption. Conclusion This study confirms that the number of points obtained in the IPAQ scale, classified the academics in the workgroup presenting low physical activity which does not exceed 600 MET-min/week. The most common form of activity in this group was walking. There was no correlation between physical activity and self-efficacy, age, marital status or the number of children.

Objectives: The aim was to systematically review and synthesise international evidence on changes in health risk behaviours by immigrants’ duration of residence.Methods: We searched literature databases for peer-reviewed quantitative studies published from 2000 to 2019, examining alcohol, drug and tobacco use; physical inactivity; and dietary habits by duration of residence.Results: Narrative synthesis indicated that immigrants tend to adopt health risk behaviours with longer residence in North America, with larger variation in effect sizes and directionality in other contexts. Random-effects meta-analyses examining the pooled effect across all receiving countries and immigrant groups showed lower odds of smoking (OR 0.54, 0.46–0.63, I2 = 68.7%) and alcohol use (OR 0.61, 0.47–0.75, I2 = 93.5%) and higher odds of physical inactivity (OR 1.71, 1.40–2.02, I2 = 99.1%) among immigrants than natives, but did not provide support for a universal trend by duration of residence.Conclusion: Findings suggest that duration of residence could serve as an effective instrument to monitor immigrants’ health changes. However, differences in receiving country contexts and immigrant populations’ composition seem to be important to predict the level and direction of behavioural change.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO CRD42018108881.

Abstract Background Pain is a common but underappreciated symptom experienced by people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The relationships between pain and physical activity (PA) and exercise capacity are poorly understood. Methods This retrospective secondary analysis includes three cohorts of Veterans with COPD who participated in longitudinal studies evaluating PA and exercise capacity with objective measures of daily step counts and 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance, respectively. Pain was assessed using the bodily pain domain of the Veterans RAND-36. In two cohorts, participants were randomly assigned to a web-based, pedometer-mediated PA intervention which has previously been demonstrated to improve PA. Results Three-hundred and seventy-three (373) unique study participants were included in this analysis. Eighty-three percent (n = 311) of the population reported at least mild pain and/or at least a little bit of interference due to pain at baseline. Cross-sectionally, greater bodily pain was associated with lower 6MWT distance (β = 0.51; 95% CI 0.20, 0.82; p = 0.0013). Longitudinally, worsening bodily pain was associated with a decline in 6MWT distance (β = 0.30; 95% CI 0.03, 0.58; p = 0.0312). There was no association between baseline bodily pain and baseline daily step counts, baseline bodily pain and change in PA, or change in bodily pain and change in PA. Compared to usual care, our PA intervention improved bodily pain scores (β = 6.17; 95% CI 1.84, 10.45; p = 0.0054). Bodily pain scores did not affect the impact of the intervention on daily step counts. Conclusion Pain is highly prevalent and significantly associated with lower exercise capacity among Veterans with COPD. Worsening pain co-occurred with decline in exercise capacity but not PA. Our intervention reduced pain, although pain did not affect the impact of the intervention on PA.

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) is important to general health and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Excessive workplace PA is an established risk factor for knee OA however, appropriate methods of measurement are unclear. There is a need to examine and assess the utility of new methods of measuring workplace PA and estimating knee load prior to application to large-scale, knee OA cohorts. Our aims, therefore, were to monitor workplace PA and estimate lower-limb loading across different occupations in health participants. Methods Twenty-four healthy adults, currently working full-time in a single occupation (≥ 35 h/week) and free of musculoskeletal disease, comorbidity and had no history of lower-limb injury/surgery (past 12-months) were recruited across New South Wales (Australia). A convenience sample was recruited with occupations assigned to levels of workload; sedentary, light manual and heavy manual. Metrics of workplace PA including tasks performed (i.e., sitting), step-count and lower-limb loading were monitored over 10 working days using a daily survey, smartwatch, and a smartphone. Results Participants of light manual occupations had the greatest between-person variations in mean lower-limb load (from 2 to 59 kg*m/s3). Lower-limb load for most participants of the light manual group was similar to a single participant in heavy manual work (30 kg*m/s3) and was at least three times greater than the sedentary group (2 kg*m/s3). The trends of workplace PA over working hours were largely consistent, per individual, but rare events of extreme loads were observed across all participants (up to 760 kg*m/s3). Conclusions There are large interpersonal variations in metrics of workplace PA, particularly among light and heavy manual occupations. Our estimates of lower-limb loading were largely consistent with pre-conceived levels of physical demand. We present a new approach to monitoring PA and estimating lower-limb loading, which could be applied to future occupational studies of knee OA.

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) poses an enormous threat to public health worldwide, and the ensuing management of social isolation has greatly decreased opportunities for physical activity (PA) and increased opportunities for leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB). Given that both PA and LSB have been established as major influencing factors for obesity, diabetes and cardiometabolic syndrome, whether PA/LSB in turn affects the susceptibility to COVID-19 by disrupting metabolic homeostasis remains to be explored. In this study, we aimed to systematically evaluate the causal relationship between PA/LSB and COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization and severity using a Mendelian randomization study.Methods: Data were obtained from a large-scale PA dataset (N = 377,000), LSB dataset (N = 422,218) and COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative (N = 2,586,691). The causal effects were estimated with inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median and MR-PRESSO. Sensitivity analyses were implemented with Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis and the funnel plot. Risk factor analyses were further conducted to investigate the potential mediators.Results: Genetically predicted accelerometer-assessed PA decreased the risk for COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.97; P = 0.002), while leisure television watching significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.29-1.88; P = 4.68 × 10-6) and disease severity (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.33-2.56; P = 0.0002) after Bonferroni correction. No causal effects of self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), accelerometer fraction of accelerations > 425 milligravities, computer use or driving on COVID-19 progression were observed. Risk factor analyses indicated that the above causal associations might be mediated by several metabolic risk factors, including smoking, high body mass index, elevated serum triglyceride levels, insulin resistance and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.Conclusion: Our findings supported a causal effect of accelerometer-assessed PA on the reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization as well as television watching on the increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and severity, which was potentially mediated by smoking, obesity and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes. Particular attention should be given to reducing leisure sedentary behaviors and encouraging proper exercise during isolation and quarantine for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has led to the confinement of people in homes around the world. In Croatia as well, people were in self-isolation and stayed at home. Since confinement conditions may greatly affect physical and mental health, we investigated the scope of physical activity (PA), well-being and quality of life. A total of 580 adults were surveyed online about PA and health-related quality of life during the lockdown in Croatia. The results have shown that men are more involved in vigorous-intensity PA and have better physical and mental health in almost all domains. When comparing respondents regarding categories of PA, participants with high levels of PA function better physically, have fewer role limitations due to emotional problems and have higher levels of emotional well-being, vitality, and general health. Males, participants with lower BMI, fewer role limitations due to emotional problems, greater vitality and better social functioning have better physical health. Participants who consider that their PA is adequate and engage more in PA, who have fewer role limitations due to physical health, less physical pain, and better general health have better mental health. The results provide insights into the physical and mental components of health during the pandemic. This supports the premise that physical and mental health are highly dependent, and that there is a need to promote the importance of PA, especially for women and those who are less physically active in pandemic times.