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This study focuses on three different regions of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis): an inner layer (IB), middle layer (MB), and outer layer (OB), to comprehensively characterize the structural features, chemical composition (ash, extractives and lignin contents), and the lignin monomeric composition as determined by analytical pyrolysis. The results show that bamboo presents a gradient structure. From the IB to OB, the vascular bundle density and fiber sheath ratio increase, the porosity decreases (from 45.92% to 18.14%), and the vascular bundle diameter–chord ratio increases (from 0.85 to 1.48). In terms of chemical composition, the ash, extractives, and acid-soluble lignin content gradually decrease from IB to OB. The holocellulose content follows the trend: MB (66.3%) > OB (65.9%) > IB (62.8%), while the acid-insoluble lignin content exhibits the opposite trend: IB (22.6%) > OB (17.8%) > MB (17.7%). Pyrolysis products reveal the diversity of carbohydrates and lignin derivatives, with a lignin monomeric composition rich in syringyl and guaiacyl units and lower amounts of H-units: the IB has an H:G:S relation of 18:26:55, while 15:27:58 is the ratio for the MB and 15:40:45 for the OB; S/G ratio values were, respectively, 1.22, 1.46, and 0.99. A comprehensive analysis highlights significant gradient variations in the structure and chemistry of bamboo, providing robust support for the classification and refinement methods of bamboo residues for potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical properties and behaviors of bamboo joined by different connections were considered in this work. Makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) culms from Taiwan were used as the connection material to explore the form of cross-lap joints. Since the cross-lap joint is a common joint in bamboo structures, the mechanical properties of tension, slip, and rotation were evaluated for three types of joints: lashing joint, iron wire joint, and steel bracket joint, under different load conditions. The results showed that the ultimate load of bamboo culms under lateral partial compression has a positive correlation with the number of bamboo nodes and the relative distance to the base-section of the bamboo culms. The mid-sections and end-sections have similar uniaxial compressions in the transverse orientation. According to results of tensile testing, the tensile stiffness of the three joint types is as follows in descending order: iron wire joint, lashing joint, and steel bracket joint, with the reverse order for ultimate load testing. In terms of slip testing, the withstanding of ultimate loads and increases in slip stiffness can be attributed to bamboo nodes that assist in creating slip stiffness in lashing joint. However, ultimately, steel bracket joints hold the highest slip stiffness. Our findings for rotation stiffness value show the following tendency: steel bracket joint > lashing joint > iron wire joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), a non-timber plant resource in China, possesses significant ecological and economic value. However, human activities and climate change have degraded its natural habitat, posing a significant threat to its widespread distribution. To address this, we used species distribution models based on 115 occurrence data and 10 ecological variables to predict the potential suitable areas and spatial change trends of moso bamboo in present and future periods in China. We also analyzed areas with environmental anomalies and the drivers of its geographical variations under climate change. The results showed that the biomod2 ensemble model, consisting of eleven integrated models, exhibited significantly improved accuracy compared to single models. Key environmental factors limiting its distribution were mean diurnal temperature range (bio2), minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), precipitation seasonality (bio15), and elevation. Currently, the potential suitable habitat covers 152.74 × 104 km2, mainly from south of the Qinling-Huaihe River to north of the Tropic of Cancer. However, under future climate scenarios, these habitats will considerably shrink, especially in highly suitable areas. The moderately suitable habitat will fragment, and the low-suitability boundary will move northward. With the deepening impact of climate change, the entire distribution range will move towards higher latitudes. Hunan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, and western Jiangxi emerge as future climate refuges for moso bamboo, necessitating critical population protection. In summary, our research deepens our insight of how climate change drives the geographic distribution of moso bamboo and offers valuable theoretical support for its cultivation and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The genus Phyllostachys belongs to the subfamily Bambusoideae within the family Gramineae. Bamboos of this genus are distinguished by their remarkable genetic traits, including exceptional resistance to both cold and drought conditions. These species possess considerable economic, ecological, and aesthetic value, finding extensive use in forestry and landscape design across China. (2) Methods: This study employed Illumina's second-generation sequencing technology to sequence the chloroplast genomes of eight Phyllostachys species, followed by their assembly and annotation. (3) Results: The chloroplast genomes of the genus exhibit a characteristic tetrad structure with an average sequence length of 139,699 bp and an average GC content of 38.9%. A total of 130 genes have been annotated across eight bamboo species, comprising 75 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Global alignment and nucleotide polymorphism analyses indicate that the chloroplast genome of Phyllostachys is highly conserved overall. The boundaries of the four chloroplast regions are relatively conserved and exhibit minimal differences. Among these regions, three coding region genes—atpH, trnQ-UUG, and petB—and five non-coding regions—rpl32-trnL-UAG, rpl14-rpl16, rpl22-rps19, rps12-clpP, and trnR-UCU-trnM-CAU—exhibit high polymorphism and can be used as potential hotspot areas for subsequent research. A total of 266 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were identified by SSR analysis in the chloroplast genomes of eight bamboo species; the largest number of mononucleotide repeats was 154, predominantly consisting of A/T. Codon bias in the chloroplast genomes of the eight bamboo species indicates a preference for codons ending with A and U. Additionally, the UUA codon, which encodes leucine (Leu), is positioned between codons encoding phenylalanine (Phe), lysine (Lys), leucine (Leu), serine (Ser), and tyrosine (Tyr), indicating certain differences among these species. (4) Conclusions: This study aims to offer novel insights into the population genetics, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary patterns of Phyllostachys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is a significant natural resource, recognized for its rapid growth, lightweight composition, high strength, and excellent mechanical properties, making it increasingly valuable in the furniture and construction industries. A critical structural aspect of bamboo is its nodes, yet there has been limited research on their impact on bamboo's mechanical properties. This study investigates the mechanical properties of round bamboo tubes in three different states: internodes (S1), nodes with diaphragm removed (S2), and nodes with diaphragm (S3). The results show that the mechanical properties of S1 are a compressive strength (CS) of 29.72 MPa, a shear strength parallel to grain (SSp) of 11.82 MPa, a radial stiffness (Sr) of 155.59 MPa, an impact toughness (IT) of 20.74 kJ/m2, a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 16.45 MPa, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 408.53 MPa, a tensile modulus of rupture parallel to grain (MORT) of 189.62 MPa, and a tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (MOET) of 431.05 MPa. Compared with S1, these above parameters change by CS +11%, SSp 6%, Sr +100%, IT −29%, MOR +5%, MOE +63%, MORT −29%, and MOET −58% in S2 and CS +10%, SSp 28%, Sr +250%, IT −31%, MOR +28%, MOE +92%, MORT −25%, and MOET −42% in S3. It demonstrates that the bamboo diaphragm and nodes significantly influence the mechanical properties of bamboo; they have a significant positive effect on the bending properties across the transverse grain, radial ring stiffness, and shear properties along the grain, but negatively impact the tensile properties along the grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bamboo, a renewable resource with rapid growth and an impressive height‐to‐diameter ratio, faces mechanical instability due to its slender structure. Despite this, bamboo maintains its posture without breaking in its battle against environmental and gravitational forces. But what drives this motor function in bamboo?This study subjected Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) to gravitational stimulation, compelling it to grow at a 45° angle instead of upright. Remarkably, the artificially inclined bamboo exhibited astonishing shape control and adjustment capabilities.The growth strain was detected at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, providing evidence for the presence of internal stress, namely growth stress. The high longitudinal tensile stress on the upper side, along with a significant asymmetry in stress distribution in tilted bamboo, plays a pivotal role in maintaining its mechanical stability.Drawing upon experimental findings, it can be deduced that the growth stress primarily originates from the broad layers of fiber cells. Bamboo could potentially regulate the magnitude of growth stress by modifying the number of fiber cell layers during its maturation process. Additionally, the microfibril angle and lignin disposition may decisively influence the generation of growth stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) known as Mao Zhu (MZ) in Chinese exhibits various forms with distinct morphological characteristics. However, the evolutionary relationship among MZ forms and the mechanisms of culm shape variation are still lacking. Here, the main differences among MZ forms were identified as culm shape variation, which were confirmed by analysing MZ forms (799 bamboo culms) and MZ (458 bamboo culms) populations. To unravel the genetic basis underlying the morphological variations, 20 MZ forms were subjected to whole‐genome resequencing. Further analysis yielded 3 230 107 high‐quality SNPs and uncovered low genetic diversity and high genotype heterozygosity associated with MZ forms' formation. By integrating the SNP data of 427 MZ individuals representing 15 geographic regions, the origins of eight MZ forms were successfully traced using the phylogenetic tree and the identified common heterozygous loci. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis was performed using shoots from MZ and its two forms with culm shape variation. The results, combined with genomic analyses, demonstrated that hormone signalling related genes played crucial roles in culm variation. Co‐expression network analysis uncovered genes associated with multiple plant hormone signal transduction, especially auxin and cytokinin were involved in culm shape variation. Furthermore, the regulatory relationships of a specific transcription factor and their target genes associated with auxin and ethylene signalling were validated by yeast one‐hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual‐luciferase reporter. Overall, this study provides important insights into the culm shape variation formation in bamboo, which facilitates to breed new varieties with novel culms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress can affect the growth of bamboo. Circle RNAs (CircRNAs) have been found to play a role in drought stress in plants, but their function in moso bamboo is not well understood. In previous studies, we observed that under drought stress, the expression of some circRNAs were altered and predicted to be involved in calcium-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation, as indicated by KEGG enrichment analysis. In this study, we cloned a circRNA called PecircCDPK in moso bamboo that is responsive to drought stress. To further investigate its function, we constructed an overexpression vector using flanking intron sequences supplemented by reverse complementary sequences. When this vector was transferred to Arabidopsis plants, we observed that the roots of the transgenic lines were more developed, the water loss rate decreased, the stomata became smaller, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased under drought stress. These findings suggest that overexpression of PecircCDPK can enhance the drought resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana, providing valuable insights for the breeding of moso bamboo with improved resistance to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.) expansion has seriously altered the species composition and structure of adjacent forest ecosystems in subtropical regions. However, the shift in phosphorus (P) biogeochemical cycling has yet to be assessed, which is a critical gap considering the great variation in ecophysiological properties between invasive bamboo and the displaced native tree species. (2) Methods: We investigated and compared expansion-induced changes in P pools (plant, litter, and soil) and P fluxes (plant uptake and litterfall return) using paired sampling of the bamboo-dominated forest (BDF) and secondary evergreen broadleaved forest (EBF) at Jiangxi province's Dagang Mountain National Forest Ecological Station. (3) Results: Both the P storage of the plants and litter were significantly greater by 31.8% and 68.2% in the BDF than in the EBF, respectively. The soil total P and available P storage were 28.9% and 40.4% lower, respectively, in the BDF than in the EBF. Plant P uptake was 15.6% higher in the BDF than in the EBF, and the annual litter P return was 26.1% lower in the BDF than in the EBF due to higher P resorption efficiency for moso bamboo compared with evergreen broadleaved tree species. The ecosystem P cycling rate was reduced by 36.1% in the BDF compared with the EBF. (4) Conclusions: Moso bamboo expansion slowed the broadleaved forest ecosystem's P cycle rate, likely because moso bamboo has higher P-use efficiency, reserving more P in its tissues rather than returning it to the soil. The results from this study elucidate an understudied element cycle in the context of forest succession, demonstrating the ecosystem consequences related to bamboo invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants on earth, and its young culms are formed by the elongation of internodes. However, the mathematical intricacies of its internode elongation are not well understood. Methods: This study investigated the internode length growth of Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys iridescens, and Pseudosasa amabilis at ten different culm height developmental stages (G1-G10). Results and discussion: The tempo of internode elongation from the culm base to the tip generally followed a "slow-fast-slow" growth rhythm. The internode length and the serial number relationship showed a right-skewed curve. As the bamboo grows taller, the longest internode moves from the base to the middle of the culm. The relationship between relative internode number (RIN) and relative cumulative internode length (RCIL) displayed a typical S-shaped growth curve. The modified Brière (MBE) sigmoid equation achieved better goodness-of-fit than the logistic, power, and third-order functions in fitting the RIN-RCIL curves with the smallest average root mean square error (RMSE). The elongation rates of internodes varied not only with the growth of culm height, but also with the position of the bamboo culm from base to tip. In addition, as the bamboo grows in height, more internodes gradually contribute to the culm height growth. At G1 development stage, 24.01-38.23% of the internodes contributed 65.27-73.59% of the culm height, whereas at G10 stage, 49.28-61.07% of the internodes contributed 66.70-78.18% of the culm height. Our findings provide new insights into the mathematical characterization of bamboo internode elongation patterns involved in the rapid culm growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo flowering occurs over a long cycle, yet the precise mechanisms and consequences of this phenomenon remain unknown. Although several studies have investigated the dynamics of forest communities post‐flowering, the effects of flowering on the material cycle remain unclear. Recent reports have documented the first flowering of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis in 120 years across several regions of Japan. P. nigra var. henonis flowers exhibit higher nitrogen concentrations compared to their leaves, suggesting potentially different decomposition patterns upon reaching the forest floor and subsequent contributions to the nitrogen cycle. Based on this observation, we conducted decomposition experiments using litter bags to investigate the dynamics of organic matter and nitrogen. After 1 year, litter bags containing both leaves and flowers were retrieved. The remaining mass of flower and leaf litter was 38% and 60%, respectively. On the other hand, the nitrogen remaining in flower and leaf litter was 54.9% and 98.2%, respectively. Net nitrogen release from the flower litter was estimated to be 36 kg/ha/year in the study site. The potential maximum nitrogen released from flower litter decomposition in a high‐density ramet stand was estimated to be 221 kg/ha/year. The results of this study suggest that the nitrogen addition through mass flowering of P. nigra var. henonis would have a significant impact on the nitrogen cycle of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the invasion of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) into adjacent evergreen broadleaf forest based on functional traits is crucial due to its significant influence on ecosystem processes. However, existing research has primarily focused on above-or below-ground traits in isolation, lacking a comprehensive integration of both. In this study, we conducted a trait-based analysis including 23 leaf traits and 11 root traits in three forest types - bamboo forest, mixed bamboo and broadleaf forest, and evergreen broadleaf forest - to investigate trait differences, phenotypic integration, and above- and belowground resource strategies in bamboo and broadleaf species. Our findings demonstrated significant differences in leaf and root key traits between bamboo and broadleaf species, strongly supporting the "phenotypic divergence hypothesis". Bamboo exhibited stronger trait correlations compared to broadleaf species, indicating higher phenotypic integration. Above- and below-ground strategies were characterized by trade-offs rather than coordination, resulting in a multi-dimensional trait syndrome. Specifically, a unidimensional leaf economics spectrum revealed that bamboo with higher leaf N concentrations (LNC), P concentrations (LPC), and specific leaf area (SLA) adopted a "fast acquisitive" above-ground strategy, while broadleaf species with thicker leaves employed a "slow conservative" above-ground strategy. A twodimensional root trait syndrome indicated a "conservation" gradient with bamboo adopting a "slow conservative" below-ground strategy associated with higher root tissue density (RTD), and broadleaf species exhibiting a "fast acquisitive" below-ground strategy linked to higher root N concentrations (RNC) and P concentrations (RPC), and a "collaboration" gradient probably ranging from broadleaf species with a "do-it-yourself" strategy characterized by high specific root length (SRL), to bamboo adopting an "outsourcing" strategy with thicker roots. In conclusion, key trait divergence from coexisting broadleaf species, higher phenotypic integration, and multi-dimensional opposite aboveand below-ground resource strategies confer competitive advantages to moso bamboo, shedding light on the mechanistic understanding of its invasion into subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest and providing theoretical guidance for maintaining the stability of subtropical forest ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests, characterized by their rapid growth and clonal reproduction, have emerged as a significant threat to adjacent forest ecosystems. However, in China, the area, speed, and spatial distribution of moso bamboo forest expansion into other types of forests remains poorly understood. In this study, we present a case analysis of moso bamboo forests, employing a decade-long dataset from the forest second type inventory (FSTI) that utilizes transition matrices, neighboring ratio analysis, and spatio-temporal autocorrelation. This comprehensive investigation focuses on the spatio-temporal expansion of moso bamboo forests into diverse types of forests, with the aim of providing science-based recommendations for effective moso bamboo forest management. Our findings reveal that areas of moso bamboo forests have been expanding at an approximate annual rate of 2%, with an average expansion speed (including moso bamboo forests manually planted) of approximately 8 m per year. The length of moso bamboo–woodland ecotones (BWEs) increases as a consequence of moso bamboo forest expansion, indicating a sustained escalation in the extent of this expansion. Coniferous forests and evergreen broad-leaved forests are mainly invaded, accounting for around 58% of all invaded forests. The rate of moso bamboo forest expansion into different types of forests varies, although the rate remains fairly consistent within the same forest type. Moso bamboo forest expansion exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity. Furthermore, the area of moso bamboo forest intrusion into various types of forests in different provinces is notably influenced by the presence of moso bamboo forests and the proportional distribution of different forest types. The factors contributing to bamboo forest expansion encompass stand characteristics, soil attributes, light intensity, moso bamboo afforestation, forestry practices, and human disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllostachys praecox is a shallow-rooted bamboo that often encounters hypoxia conditions which could be induced by long-term organic material mulching or flooding. It is important to uncover the effect of mulching and flooding on soil nutrient, ammonia-oxidizing microbes, and bacterial diversity. We set up field pot experiments with three treatments (control, mulching, and flooding) under P. praecox. Mulching or flooding altered soil conditions significantly, and both increased ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), available P (AP), and available potassium (AK) concentrations, and decreased oxygen (O2) concentrations over control. Flooding increased pH and decreased nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), while mulching decreased soil pH and NO3--N. As O2 content decreased, archaeal 16S rRNA, amoA gene copies of ammoniaoxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) increased. Mulching and flooding decreased Shannon, ACE and Chao 1 diversity when compared with the control, and as the O2 contents decreased, bacterial diversity decreased. Redundancy Analysis revealed O2, NO3--N, AK, AP, and pH were the major factors driving bacterial community structure. Correlation Analysis showed AK and O2 contents were highly correlated with bacterial community structure. In addition, structural equation modeling indicated that O2 facilitated efficient soil N use mainly through soil pH, AK content, and bacterial diversity. Mulching or flooding exerted great effects on environment factor and bacterial community structure, which could be exploited to facilitate the regulation of soil O2 conditions for sustainable P. praecox production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of vascular bundles and the mechanical properties of fibers are crucial factors determining the utilization of bamboo. This study investigated the structure of vascular bundles and evaluated the morphological and micromechanical properties of the fibers in Oligostachyum sulcatum. The results showed that the fiber length and width of O. sulcatum meet the requirements of raw materials for the papermaking process. However, the fiber content in O. sulcatum is relatively low, which may increase the cost of papermaking. The vascular bundle growth exhibited non-uniformity, especially at the top part, with no discernible pattern in bundle area changes. The nanoindentation testing demonstrated that the bamboo's indentation modulus of elasticity (IMOE) and hardness values were comparable to those of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), suggesting its potential as a substitute in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Water plays crucial roles in expeditious growth and osmotic stress of bamboo. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of water transport remains unclear.In this study, an aquaporin gene, PeTIP4‐3, was identified through a joint analysis of root pressure and transcriptomic data in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PeTIP4‐3 was highly expressed in shoots, especially in the vascular bundle sheath cells. Overexpression of PeTIP4‐3 could increase drought and salt tolerance in transgenic yeast and rice.A co‐expression pattern of PeSAPK4, PeMYB99 and PeTIP4‐3 was revealed by WGCNA. PeMYB99 exhibited an ability to independently bind to and activate PeTIP4‐3, which augmented tolerance to drought and salt stress. PeSAPK4 could interact with and phosphorylate PeMYB99 in vivo and in vitro, wherein they synergistically accelerated PeTIP4‐3 transcription. Overexpression of PeMYB99 and PeSAPK4 also conferred drought and salt tolerance in transgenic rice.Further ABA treatment analysis indicated that PeSAPK4 enhanced water transport in response to stress via ABA signaling. Collectively, an ABA‐mediated cascade of PeSAPK4‐PeMYB99‐PeTIP4‐3 is proposed, which governs water transport in moso bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), the pivotal controller of cell cycle progression, is involved in stress resistance and plant growth. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) with surprisingly rapid growth depends on continuous cell division, but the CDK gene family information is still lacking. Here, we performed the systematic identification and analysis of the CDK genes in moso bamboo. 40 PeCDK genes were identified and divided into eight subgroups via phylogeny. The same subgroup possessed extremely conserved sequences and similar gene structure. In addition, evolutionary analysis suggested that the PeCDK gene family may have experienced extensive duplication events primarily 6.85–13.71 million years ago (MYA), with segmental duplication dominating. Furthermore, the multiple promoter cis-elements determined in PeCDK genes indicated their potential functions. The expression patterns revealed that most PeCDK genes participated in responses to drought, salt, ABA and SA signals, cell wall synthesis, organ developmental processes and callus growth. The insights gained provide beneficial reference for clarifying the functions of PeCDKs as well as exploring the growth mechanism in bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ramet system is a typical structural type in the life history of clonal plants. This massive structure is formed by many similar ramets connected by underground rhizomes, which are independent and mutually influential. Therefore, the ramet system is unique to bamboo forests, and its role in the construction, maintenance, and productivity of bamboo populations is irreplaceable. Mulch management is a high-level cultivation model for bamboo forests that is used to cultivate bamboo shoots. However, the basic conditions of bamboo ramet systems in this managed model are poorly understood. This study analyzed the underground rhizome morphology, bud bank, and branching of bamboo ramets in a Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu et C.S. Chao 'Prevernalis' forest to explore the growth patterns of bamboo ramets in high-level management fields. In mulched bamboo forests, the bamboo rhizomes, distributed in intermediate positions of the bamboo ramet system, were long with many lateral buds and branches, and those at the initial and distal ends were short with few lateral buds and branches. The initial end of the ramet system reduced the ramet system, the intermediate part expanded the ramet system, and the distal end promoted ramet system regeneration. Owing to the continuous reduction, expansion, and renewal of ramet systems, the bamboo rhizome system demonstrates mobility and adaptability. This study found that a higher level of bamboo forest management increased the possibility of artificial fragmentation of the ramet system and that improving the efficiency of the ramet system was beneficial for maintaining its high vitality. Thus, this study provides a crucial reference for guiding the precise regulation of bamboo ramet systems in artificial bamboo forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internode length is a crucial phenotypic trait of bamboo, significantly impacting its processing and utilization. Phyllostachys edulis 'Tubaeformis' (Shengyin Bamboo), a variety of Moso bamboo, exhibits drastically shortened internodes, making it a valuable ornamental bamboo species. We used PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing and second-generation sequencing to identify genome-wide alternative splicing (AS) events in Moso bamboo and its dwarf mutant, Shengyin bamboo, and compared the differences between the two. Our sequencing data unveiled 139,539 AS events, with retained introns as the most prevalent events. A large number of genes were differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) between Moso bamboo and Shengyin bamboo, and genes related to RNA splicing were most significantly enriched. The high expression of SR isoforms in the 24th internode of Moso bamboo is likely the main factor leading to its greater number of alternative splicing events. Alternative splicing affects the functional domains of partial GRF, E2F, and NAM isoforms, leading to the loss of domains in some isoforms and enabling some isoforms to acquire new functional domains, and this phenomenon is more common in Shengyin bamboo. AS modifies the functional domains of certain GRF isoforms, frequently resulting in domain losses or endowing isoforms with novel domains, and this phenomenon is more common in Shengyin bamboo. We used PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing and second-generation sequencing to identify genome-wide alternative splicing (AS) events in Moso bamboo and its dwarf mutant, Shengyin Bamboo and compared the differences between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stoichiometric homeostasis is an important mechanism in maintaining ecosystem structure, function, and stability. Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) is a typical clone plant, forming pure bamboo forests or bamboo–wood mixed forests by expanding rhizomes around. Studying the stoichiometric homeostasis characteristics of moso bamboo at different ages after expansion contributes to a deeper understanding of the stability of bamboo forest ecosystems, and is of great significance for expanding the research scope of ecological stoichiometry. Based on the stoichiometric internal stability theory, the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) elements in the soil and plants of typical moso bamboo forests in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian Province were determined, and the internal stability index (H) of bamboo leaves of different ages (I-du, II-du, III-du, and IV-du bamboos) was calculated. The results showed that the dependence of moso bamboo on soil nutrients and the ability of moso bamboo to regulate nutrient elements were both significantly affected by the plant's age. Under the condition of the same soil nutrients (N, P), the content of N and P in bamboo leaves decreased significantly with the increase in bamboo age. The limiting effect of phosphorus on the growth and development of moso bamboo was greater than that of nitrogen, and the limiting effect of phosphorus on aged bamboo was greater than that of young bamboo. The stoichiometric internal stability index of N and P in bamboo leaves is HN:P > HN > HP, which means that the internal stability of moso bamboo is closely related to the limiting elements. Therefore, the regulation ability of the internal stability of moso bamboo of different ages makes it grow well in the changeable environment, has stronger adaptability and competitiveness, and the leaf internal stability of I-du bamboo was higher than that of other ages, which may be one of the reasons for its successful expansion to form a stable bamboo stand structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid restoration and renewal of the moso bamboo logging zone after strip logging has emerged as a key research area, particularly regarding whether nutrient accumulation and utilization in reserve zones can aid in the restoration and regeneration of the logging zone. In this study, a dynamic 15N isotope tracking experiment was conducted by injecting labeled urea fertilizer into bamboo culms. Logging zones and reserve zones of 6 m, 8 m, and 10 m widths were established. The conventional selective logging treatment served as a control (Con). Measurements were taken in May and October to assess the differences in nitrogen accumulation ability, utilization rates, and nutrient content across different organs in bamboo forests at different growth stages and under different treatments. Principal component analysis was conducted to evaluate and determine the importance of each indicator and strip logging treatment comprehensively. The results showed that various bamboo organs exhibited higher nitrogen accumulation and utilization rates during the peak growth period compared to the late growth period. Leaves had the highest nitrogen accumulation and utilization rates than the other organs. The average C content in various bamboo organs under different logging treatments exhibited subtle differences, irrespective of variation in logging width treatments. Bamboo culm exhibited the highest carbon accumulation. The C content in various bamboo organs was higher during the peak growth period than in the late growth period. The nitrogen content peaked in the leaves during the two growth stages and was significantly higher compared to the other organs. Most bamboo organs in the logging zones exhibited relatively higher nitrogen content than in the reserve zone and Con group. The P content was highest in bamboo leaves compared with other organs across the different strip logging treatments. Principal component analysis revealed relatively high absolute values of the coefficients for the C content, bamboo stump C content, and culm Ndff%. Log8 and Res10 zones had the highest comprehensive evaluation scores, indicating that Log8 and Res10 had the best effect on the promotion of nitrogen utilization and nutrient accumulation in various organs of moso bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the impact of the expansion and subsequent felling of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens), a dominant species in China's bamboo cultivation history, on both above-ground and underground soil fauna communities and the soil food web within Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forests in Lushan Mountain, subtropical China. Methods: We identified three distinct areas where Moso bamboo had expanded into pure Japanese cedar forests. In each area, two experimental scenarios were created: a deforestation site (DF) where Moso bamboo had intruded and was later felled, and a control site (UF) with ongoing bamboo growth. Soil fauna communities were collected using pitfall traps (above-ground soil fauna) and the Tullgren dry funnel method (underground soil fauna), while stable isotope analyses were used to determine the trophic levels of these communities. Results: Deforestation significantly reduced the abundance of Acari, the most populous taxon, as well as Collembola, Diptera, and Diptera larvae. Above-ground Hymenoptera populations declined in deforested plots, while underground numbers rose. Undeforested forests supported higher densities of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Arachnida. Despite similar annual biomass trends across plots, deforested areas had a greater biomass, driven by larger soil fauna. Soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter content increased in deforested areas and showed a strong correlation with most soil fauna, especially Diptera larvae. Following deforestation, habitat alterations have affected soil fauna's food sources, resulting in a lower trophic level for groups like Diptera, Collembola, and Hymenoptera. Conclusion: Our study underscores the significant impact of Moso bamboo expansion and subsequent felling on the soil fauna communities and food web in Cryptomeria japonica forests. These findings highlight the need for further research into the long-term effects and recovery patterns of these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the gradient properties of bamboo at the microscopic level and provide a basis for improving the utilization rate of bamboo. Using moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.) as a research subject, the variation of vascular bundle area percentage, chemical content, relative crystallinity (CR), mechanical properties of different bamboo slivers, and correlation between those parameters were analyzed. From the bamboo green layer (BGL) to the bamboo yellow layer (BYL), the distribution of vascular bundles changed from dense to sparse. Cellulose and lignin mass content decreased gently, and hemicellulose mass content showed gradual increases. The CR showed an order of bamboo middle layer (BML) > BGL > BYL. The tensile modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and bending strength decreased from BGL to BYL. The order of influence degree on mechanical properties of moso bamboo was vascular bundle area, hemicellulose content, lignin mass content, density, and CR, and these factors correlated with mechanical properties at a significant level (p < 0.05). Vascular bundle area had a decisive effect on the mechanical properties of bamboo. The vascular bundle area and density were linearly correlated with mechanical properties, while the lignin mass content and CR were curve-linearly correlated with mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To demonstrate how intensive management practices affect the belowground productivity of Moso bamboo, we examined the spatial distribution of fine root traits under three stands with high-intensity (T1, tillage plus biennial fertilization), low-intensity (T2, tillage plus quadrennial fertilization), and extensive (CK, no-tillage plus no fertilization) management, and evaluated the relationships among root traits and soil properties, aggregate stability (MWD). Methods: Bamboo fine root and soil samples were collected from three depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm) and three horizontal distances (20, 40, 60 cm) under three management strategies. Root biomass, root morphology, soil properties, and aggregate composition were determined. Results: Compared with CK, T1 and T2 had higher fine root biomass (FRB), and the largest FRB in the 10–20 cm soil layer. T1 had significantly higher allocation proportion of D1–2 class FRB and root length density (RLD) and significantly lower specific root length (SRL) and specific surface area (SSA). Vertically, intensive management led to an increase in FRB in the 10–20-cm soil layer and MWD in the 20–30-cm soil layer. Horizontally, FRB was highest at a distance of 20 cm from bamboo culm. A strong positive correlation was identified among FRB, RLD, and TP in each soil layer as well as among MWD, TP, and RLD. Conclusions: Intensive management promotes fine root growth with high length in response to more soil P content, and high-intensity management shifts the expression of root functional traits toward transport fine roots proportion and 10–20-cm soil layer, and facilitates aboveground productivity of Moso bamboo. TOC, TP, and RLD are the main three drivers correlated with soil aggregate stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on a multilevel analysis considering six species of bamboo of the Phyllostachys family (P. bambusoides, edulis, iridescens, viridiglaucescens, violacescens, and vivax) and Arundo donax grown in temperate climates, most of them not already studied in the literature. The analysis is divided into three levels. The analysis at the first level (the microscopic scale) includes an anatomical study to assess the shapes and dimensions of the vascular bundles and the sclerenchymatic and parenchymatic tissues. At the second mesoscale level, the percentage and distribution of the fibres, voids and parenchyma are calculated. At the third level, the macroscopic one, a discussion of the influence of the microscopical properties on mechanical properties is carried out. Despite the limited number of specimens analysed at the microscale level, differences between species emerged from the analysis and influenced the macroscopic characteristic values. In particular, the morphology of the components differs, especially in the case of Arundo donax, which presents a unique distribution of its components along the culm wall. Different contents of each component are observed for the species analysed. Moreover, an innovative analysis that focuses on the presence and distribution of voids is presented, which have a fundamental role in the mechanical behaviour of this material. The analysis did not account for the influence of the environment on composition or anatomical and physical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing climate change is projected to intensify drought stress globally. Understanding the response mechanisms of Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. (moso bamboo) to long-term drought is crucial, given its significance as a carbon sequestration resource. In this study, precipitation exclusion was implemented to simulate drought stress and we investigated the effects of long-term drought on the photosynthetic parameters, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of moso bamboo. The results showed that throughout all growth seasons, the maximum net photosynthetic rates (Pmax) of bamboo at all ages under long-term drought conditions (after 8 years of precipitation exclusion treatment) were significantly lower than those of the control (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that long-term drought reduced the maximum photosynthetic capacity of the bamboo at all ages. Under long-term drought conditions, there were many seasons where the light saturation point (LSP) of first-degree (1–2 years old) bamboo and third-degree (5–6 years old) bamboo under drought was significantly lower than those of the control, while the LSP value of second-degree (3–4 years old) bamboo under drought was significantly higher than that of the control. This suggests that long-term drought reduced the ability of first-degree and third-degree bamboo to utilize strong light, while improving the ability of second-degree bamboo to utilize strong light in summer, autumn, and winter. Under long-term drought conditions, the light compensation point (LCP) and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) of the bamboo decreased. It can be concluded that long-term drought reduced the ability of first-degree bamboo to utilize weak light in all seasons, as well as the ability of second-degree bamboo to utilize weak light in spring and autumn; meanwhile, it improved the ability of second-degree bamboo to utilize weak light in summer and winter, and the ability of third-degree bamboo to utilize weak light in spring, summer, and autumn. In the high light range (PARi > 1000 µmol · m−2 · s−1), there were significant differences in stomatal conductance (gs) among different the different treatments of bamboo, which were influenced by both the growing season and the forest age. Compared to the control, under drought conditions, the stomatal conductance of third-degree bamboo increased in spring and that of the second-degree bamboo increased in autumn. The correlation analysis showed that the relationship between the stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit (VPDL) of bamboo under long-term drought conditions showed a significant polynomial relationship in both high and low light ranges. The correlation between the instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) and VPDL for the drought and control treatments of bamboo also showed a significant polynomial relationship in high light ranges. It was found that long-term drought changed the photosynthetic parameters of the bamboo, reflecting its ability to tolerate and adapt to drought in different seasons. Age-related differences in photosynthetic parameters should be fully considered in forest age structure adjustments and forest thinning procedures to strengthen the light intensity and maintain the opening of the stoma. These results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient and sustainable cultivation of bamboo under global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The addition of functional soil microbes to the soil can enhance the utilization of soil phosphorus (P) for plants, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. The study aimed to investigate the effects of inoculating phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), on Phyllostachys edulis seedling growth in soils with varying P levels. Methods: The pot experiment was conducted on P. edulis seedings with inoculation treatments of a mixture of 15 PSMs from the P. edulis rhizosphere alone, or PSMs in cooperation with AMF. Plant mass and nutrient concentrations, soil properties and soil microbial communities were assessed when the seedlings had completed their first-year growth spurt (T1) and second-year growth spurt (T2). Results: The application of PSMs, particularly in combination with AMF, resulted in significant increases in seedling mass and nutrient content under P-deficient conditions, accomplished through modifications in soil nutrient concentrations and enzyme activities related to nitrogen, carbon, and P metabolism. The beneficial outcomes were accompanied by alterations in the composition and interactions within the constituents of the rhizosphere microbial community. Remarkably, the co-inoculation of AMF and PSMs led to a higher abundance of microorganisms that promote plant growth within the rhizosphere. Conclusion: The utilization of PSMs, especially in combination with AMF, proves to be an effective strategy for enhancing P. edulis seedlings growth during their second-year growth, particularly in P-deficient soil. This approach modifies the soil microenvironment, offering a promising avenue for improving soil P utilization by woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a pivotal enzyme in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle. It plays a critical role in CO2 fixation. Building on previous studies on the FBA gene family in Moso bamboo, our study revealed the biological function of PeFBA6. To identify CSN5 candidate genes, this study conducted a yeast two-hybrid library screening experiment. Subsequently, the interaction between CSN5 and PeFBA6 was verified using yeast two-hybrid and LCI experiments. This investigation uncovered evidence that FBA may undergo deubiquitination to maintain glycolytic stability. To further assess the function of PeFBA6, it was overexpressed in rice. Various parameters were determined, including the light response curve, CO2 response curve, and the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch in the leaves of overexpressing rice. The results demonstrated that overexpressed rice exhibited a higher saturation light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, maximum carboxylation rate, respiration rate, and increased levels of glucose, fructose, and starch than wild-type rice. These findings indicated that PeFBA6 not only enhanced the photoprotection ability of rice but also improved the photosynthetic carbon metabolism. Overall, this study enhanced our understanding of the function of FBA and revealed the biological function of PeFBA6, thereby providing a foundation for the development of excellent carbon fixation bamboo varieties through breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo forest healthcare tourism is a practical and sustainable management model that utilizes the medicinal functions of bamboo. However, the mechanism and potential functions of bamboo's healthcare functions are still unclear. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are the core factor of bamboo forest healthcare were analyzed. The foliar VOCs of eight bamboo species, including Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) P. C. Keng, Pleioblastus maculatus (McClure) C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao, Pleioblastus juxianensis T. H. Wen, C. Y. Yao et S. Y. Chen, Acidosasa chienouensis (T. H. Wen) C. S. Chao et T. H. Wen, Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) P. C. Keng ex S. L. Chen et al., Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) Keng f., Phyllostachys rubromarginata McClure, and Phyllostachys hirtivagina G. H. Lai were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Screening compounds by aroma vitality value (OAV) determined the key aromas. The results showed that a total of 40 VOCs were identified from the leaves of the eight bamboo species. The compounds with relatively high content were (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol, 1-Hexanol, (E, E)-2,4-Hexadienal, Limonene, and so on. The commonality of different bamboo species was that the dominant groups consisted of alcohols and aldehydes. The significant differences in leaf VOCs among species presented classification. Pleioblastus amarus, Acidosasa chienouensis, Pseudosasa amabilis, and Phyllostachys rubromarginata were noticeably clustered together. The aroma of bamboo leaves is a combination of grassy, fruity, and piney notes by 24 VOCs. The key aroma from Pleioblastus amarus is leaf alcohol, which contributes to the grassy scent, while the piney aroma is dominant in Pseudosasa amabilis and Phyllostachys rubromarginata. The study provides a reference value for enriching the chemical information of subtropical bamboo and developing the functional potential of bamboo forest healthcare tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo (Phyllostachys sp.) is considered a sustainable resource that can replace fossil fuel‐based products. Its additional ability to sequester organic carbon in the soil (SOC) makes it a promising nature‐based solution for combating climate change. However, bamboo's soil C storage potential may vary considerably between species or growing conditions and needs to be better quantified, especially in temperate climates where data are lacking. In the present research, the SOC dynamics of plots converted from grassland to plantations of three bamboo species (i.e. Phyllostachys nigra, Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys aureosulcata), planted 12 years ago on podzol (World Reference Base classification) in the Belgian Campine region, have been studied. Soil and root samples were taken until a depth of 40 cm using a 10 cm interval. Besides, the total belowground C stability (mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1) was assessed by measuring during 3 months the carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux relative to the belowground C stock. Based on an equivalent soil mass, only P. aureosulcata, the species with the highest culm basal area, had a significant (p <.001) SOC increase of 5.0 kg C m−2 (relative increase of +94%) as compared with grassland. Considering the sum of C stocks in the soil, roots and leaf litter, all bamboo species showed significant (p <.001) C storage, i.e. +3.6 kg C m−2 (+64%), +5.3 kg C m−2 (+94%) and +8.6 kg C m−2 (+151%) for P. nigra, P. aurea and P. aureosulcata, respectively. In addition, bamboo's relative basal CO2 efflux (0.007, 0.006 and 0.008 mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1, respectively) was remarkably lower than in the grassland (0.012 mgCO2‐C g−1 C h−1), though it was only significant for P. aurea. This study highlights that converting temperate permanent grassland into Phyllostachys bamboo plantation can result in net and rapid organic C storage by increasing the total belowground C stability and C input. Further research regarding the net CO2 balance of bamboo‐derived products is still required to fully assess its climate change mitigation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is already a convenient construction resource, as it offers an efficient structural performance. As this plant has native varieties adapted to different climates and soils of Brazil, bamboo silviculture can be intensified to supply the national industry. Three bamboo species from Brazil (Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa tuldoides, and Phyllostachys aurea) were analyzed for the flexural load capacity applied on the internal and external surfaces. Specimens were prepared without knots and with knots centered at the middle of each sample. In total, 240 samples were tested in terms of static bending and dynamic bending (impact). The results showed a higher flexural elasticity and a higher proportional limit strength of knotted P. aurea. The presence of knots provided higher values of ultimate strength in P. aurea, even reducing the bamboo flexibility. Also, P. aurea exhibited the best characteristic of flexural dynamic energy absorption among the three bamboo species under evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest is one of the important alternative soruces in the tropical and subtropical regions. Its biomass quantification can be a basis of carbon storage estiamtion of the bamboo forest. Based on the destructively sample measurements of the moso bamboo in the Jiangsu Province in China, three forms of the model structures (controlling by sum of equation (CSE), level-1 proportional fitting distribution (L1PFD) and level-2 proportional fitting distribution (L2PFD)), and three estimation algorithms (ordinary least squares (OLS), two stage least square (2SLS) and three stage least square (2SLS)) were evaluated for identifying the best compatible biomass model. Results showed that all the three model structures solved the compatibility problems effectively. With each estimation algorithm applied, difference of the fit statistics between L1PFD and L2PFD was insignifcant. The fit statistics produced by 2SLS were slightly different from those of OLS, but fitting accuracy the latter was slightly higher, and had a more efficient estimation procedure. Thus, we recommend L1PFD model for predicting biomass for moso bamboo with use of diameter at breast height as a predictor variable. Our model will provide a reliable basis for estimating biomass and carbon stock of the moso bamboo forest in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the changing of lignin in bamboo shoots, the Phyllostachys praecox were stored at room temperature (25 °C) and low temperature (4 °C), and the enzyme activity and relative gene expression related to changes in lignin content and components were studied. The results showed that: at room temperature, the bamboo shoots showed changes such as yellowing and decay after stored for 6 days; under low temperature storage conditions, the bamboo shoots showed yellowing and decay until the 24th day. Stored at low temperature for 6 days, the lignin content was 13.22 mg/g, and increased to 26.31 mg/g on the 24th day. The total amount of amino acids did not change much under low- temperature storage conditions, and it showed a slow downward trend at room temperature. On the 6th day, the amino acids decreased by 21.78% at the room-temperature storage. Enzyme activities such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H) showed a significant upward trend with extending storage time. Enzyme activities under room temperature storage were higher than those under low temperature storage. Low temperature reduced the activity of bamboo fiber-related enzymes by inhibiting the expression of genes related to bamboo lignin formation, thereby slowing down the process of lignification. Under the low temperature, the number of genes related to down-regulated expression increased with the extending of storage time. The most significant down-regulation of genes were observed at 24 d, while the amount of up-regulated genes was relatively small, with the smallest number observed at 12 d. The relative expression levels of LAC-10, P0D-10, HCT-10, CAD-10, and CCR-10 genes showed an overall upward trend under low temperature storage, while the relative expression level of C0MT-10 gene decreased continuously. This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling post-harvest quality of bamboo shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to deeply understand the adaptation mechanism of the functional traits of Moso bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens syn. edulis (Poales: Poaceae) leaves to the environment under different Pantana phyllostachysae Chao damage levels, analyzing the changes in the relationship between specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). We combined different machine learning models (decision tree, RF, XGBoost, and CatBoost regression models), and used different canopy heights and different levels of infestation, to analyze the changes in the relationship between the two under different levels of infestation based on the results of the best estimation model. The results showed the following: (1) The SLA of Ph. pubescens showed a decreasing trend with the increase om insect pest degree, and LDMC showed an inverse trend. (2) The SLA of bamboo leaves was negatively correlated with the LDMC under different insect pest degrees; the correlation of the data under the healthy class was higher than that of other insect pest levels, and at the same time better than that of the full sample, which laterally confirmed the effect of insect pest stress on the functional traits of Ph. pubescens leaves. (3) When modeling under different infestation levels, the CatBoost model was used for heavy damage and the RF model was used for the rest of the cases; the decision tree regression model was used when modeling different canopy heights. The findings contribute certain insights into the nuanced responses and adaptive mechanisms of Ph. pubescens forests to environmental fluctuations. Moreover, these results furnish a robust scientific foundation, essential for ensuring the enduring sustainability of Ph. pubescens forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As a renewable forest resource, bamboo plays a role in sustainable forest development. However, traditional cutting systems, selection cutting (SeC) and clear-cutting (ClC), result in an unsustainable production of bamboo forests due to labor-consuming or bamboo degradation. Recently, a strip clear-cutting (StC) was theoretically proposed to promote the sustainability of bamboo production, while little is known about its application consequence. Methods: Based on a 6-year experiment, we applied the strip clear-cutting system in a typical running bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca McClure) forest to assess its feasibility and sustainability. Using SeC and ClC as controls, we set three treatments with different strip widths (5 m, 10 m, and 20 m) for strip clear-cutting, simplified as StC-5, StC-10, and StC-20, respectively. Then, we investigated leaf physiological traits, bamboo size and productivity, population features, and economic benefits for all treatments. Results: The stands managed by StC had high eco-physiological activities, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency (PPUE), and thus grew well, achieved a large diameter at breast height (DBH), and were tall. The stand biomass of StC (8.78 t hm-2 year-1) was 1.19-fold and 1.49-fold greater than that of SeC and ClC, respectively, and StC-10 and StC-20 were significantly higher than SeC or ClC (p< 0.05). The income and profit increased with the increase in stand density and biomass, and StC-20 and StC-10 were significantly higher than SeC or ClC (p< 0.05). Using principal components analysis and subordinate function analysis, we constructed a composite index to indicate the sustainability of bamboo forests. For the sustainability assessment, StC-10 had the highest productive sustainability (0.59 ± 0.06) and the second highest economic sustainability (0.59 ± 0.11) in all cutting treatments. StC-10 had the maximum overall sustainability, with a value of 0.53 ± 0.02, which was significantly higher than that of ClC (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The results verified that StC for Phyllostachys glauca forests is feasible and sustainable as its sustainability index outweighs those of traditional cutting systems (SeC and ClC), and 10 m is the optimum distance for the strip width of StC. Our findings provide a new cutting system for managing other running bamboo forests sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on assessing the morphological, anatomical, and physico-mechanical properties of fishpole bamboo [Phyllostachys aurea (André) Rivière and C.Rivière] grown in Baguio City, the Philippines. The aim of this study was to establish baseline information about these properties and recommend potential applications beyond ornamental use. The results showed that the relative density, modulus of rupture, and stress at the proportional limit of the fishpole bamboo were higher than those of commercial bamboo species. In terms of morphological properties, the culm diameter and culm wall thickness tended to decrease significantly by 64.0 and 39.96%, respectively, toward the top portion. In contrast, the internode length increased significantly from bottom to middle by 41.57%. With respect to anatomical properties, the fiber length, fiber and lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness significantly decreased from bottom to top by 14.89, 13.63, 23.32, and 10.67%, respectively. Conversely, its relative density and radial shrinkage significantly increased by 23.06% and 26.77%, respectively, toward the top. Regarding the mechanical properties, the modulus of rupture, stress at the proportional limit, and modulus of elasticity increased significantly by 62.41, 88.25, and 45.51% from the bottom of the culm to the top, respectively. However, the compressive strength (29.40 MPa) and shear strength (2.83 MPa) deviated from this trend. Fishpole bamboo can be employed as a raw material for furniture, window frames, and handicrafts, wherein a large diameter is not required. Additionally, it can be used for canes, walking sticks, umbrella and fan handles, and souvenir materials. Notably, culms with diameters exceeding 5.0 cm can be used as raw materials for laminated and engineered bamboo. They can also be used as raw materials for preparing pellets and briquettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllostachys nigra has green young culms (S1) and purple black mature culms (S4). Anthocyanins are the principal pigment responsible for color presentation in ornamental plants. We employ a multi-omics approach to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in Ph. nigra. Firstly, we found that the pigments of the culm of Ph. nigra accumulated only in one to four layers of cells below the epidermis. The levels of total anthocyanins and total flavonoids gradually increased during the process of bamboo culm color formation. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the predominant pigment metabolites observed were petunidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin O-hexoside, exhibiting a significant increase of up to 9.36-fold and 13.23-fold, respectively, during pigmentation of Ph. nigra culm. Transcriptomics sequencing has revealed that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly enriched, leading to color formation. A total of 62 differentially expressed structural genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis were identified. Notably, PnANS2, PnUFGT2, PnCHI2, and PnCHS1 showed significant correlations with anthocyanin metabolites. Additionally, certain transcription factors such as PnMYB6 and PnMYB1 showed significant positive or negative correlations with anthocyanins. With the accumulation of sucrose, the expression of PnMYB6 is enhanced, which in turn triggers the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Based on these findings, we propose that these key genes primarily regulate the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the culm and contribute to the accumulation of anthocyanin, ultimately resulting in the purple-black coloration of Ph. nigra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To reveal the changes on the stock of the litter layer and its nutrient storage capacity during Moso bamboo expansion in subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved forests, permanent plots were set up in the transitional zone in Wuxie National Park, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China. The plots contained conifer and broad-leaved forests (CFs), transition forests (TFs), and Moso bamboo forests (MFs), which represented three stages of the expansion of Moso bamboo to the surrounding forests. Litter samples were collected and analyzed by un-decomposed, semi-decomposed, and decomposed layers. The stock of the litter layer, the content and storage of the main nutrient elements, and their release rate were measured. It was revealed that the stock of the litter layer and each decomposition layer decreased as the bamboo expands. However, the litter decomposition rate exhibited a positive correlation with the expansion of Moso bamboo, which might be due to the change in the physical properties of the litter. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in the un-decomposed and semi-decomposed layers of the litter contents of C, N, and P between the three forests, but the contents of C, N, and P in the decomposed layer gradually decreased with the expansion of Moso bamboo. There were no remarkable differences in the N content, C/N, C/P, and lignin/N values of the un-decomposed layer of the three forests, indicating that the litter quality was not the principal reason affecting the decomposition rate. The total nutrient storage in the litter layer decreased significantly with the bamboo expansion, and the release rate of nutrient elements increased, which was adverse to the accumulation and storage of the nutrients. The material cycle of the original forest ecosystem is likely to deteriorate gradually with the bamboo expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strip cutting has emerged as a new, efficient, and mechanized bamboo forest management model. To shorten the recovery period in strip cutting management, improve bamboo resource quality, prevent soil degradation, and achieve sustainable management, we selected on-year pure Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests for an 8-meter-wide strip cut. Three fertilization methods were applied in a complete two-factor experiment, including spreading, cave, and bamboo stump fertilization, at three fertilization dosages of 600, 900, and 1200 kg/ha (N:P:K = 3.5:1:2). We investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments on the biomass of new bamboo shoots and soil fertility to provide a reference for identifying the optimal fertilization scheme. The results showed that fertilization treatment increased the individual stand biomass of new Moso bamboo shoots, with a decreasing trend in the proportion of branches and leaves and an increasing proportion of culms in biomass allocation. Fertilization treatment significantly increased the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available phosphorus contents in the soil. Overall, fertilization at 900 kg/ha using the spreading method showed the best results in promoting individual plant biomass recovery (5% increase in culm proportion and 4.12 kg increase in biomass per plant) and restoring soil fertility (increase the contents of TN, TP, TK, and AP in the entire soil layer) after strip cutting Moso bamboo forests, which addresses these pertinent issues in the strip cut management model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades, the consumption of bamboo sprouts (Phyllostacys edulis) has increased because they are considered a "superfood". However, this product is characterized by a short shelf life due to the deterioration in quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of two modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) systems (MAP1: 2% O2, 5% CO2, 93% N2 and MAP2: 3% O2, 7% CO2, 90% N2) to fresh-shelled ready-to-eat bamboo sprouts and compare these packaging systems with vacuum packaging during storage for 28 days at 4 °C using heat-sealable polyamide and polyethylene (PA/PE) trays. Several chemical-physical parameters (moisture content, water activity, pH, headspace composition, and firmness) were monitored, as well as CIELab colorimetric parameters and microbial growth. The quantification of selected organic acids was performed via UHPLC. Mathematical kinetic models were applied to study the evolution of total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and carotenoid content (TCC) during storage. The evolution of antioxidant potential investigated by ABTS, DPPH, and β-carotene bleaching tests was also assessed. Results showed that at the end of the storage period, significant variations in the colorimetric parameters are detectable between the sprouts apical portion and the basal one, regardless of both applied MAPs. A linear reduction in both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was evidenced during storage, regardless of the type of packaging applied. In DPPH test samples packaged in MAP after 28 days of storage, they retain good antioxidant activity, whereas in vacuum, this activity is reduced by 50% compared to the initial value (IC50 values from 24.77 to 32.74 μg/mL and from 24.77 to 71.12 μg/mL for MAP2 and vacuum, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moso bamboo typically grows in phosphorus (P)-deficient soil that limits its growth and development. In this study, 10 Moso bamboo genotypes (Ph-1 to Ph-10) were evaluated for their responses to P deficiency during the seedling stage by growing them in both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Adaptive responses to low P (LP) conditions were observed in the majority of genotypes. Under P deficiency conditions, the total biomass decreased in several genotypes, but at the same time, the root-to-shoot ratio increased. Principal component analysis identified two main comprehensive traits (PC1 and PC2) related to the root volume and surface area and P concentration and accumulation. Based on the analysis, two genotypes (Ph-6 and Ph-10) were identified with significantly different levels of tolerance to P deficiency. The results revealed that the genotype Ph-10 responded to P deficiency by significantly increasing the root surface area and volume, while simultaneously reducing the number of root cortex cells when compared with the genotype Ph-6, which showed the lowest tolerance (intolerant). The genotype Ph-10 exhibited a robust response to external LP conditions, marked by elevated expression levels of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER s and SYG1/PHO81/XPR1s. In situ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis also revealed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns of the genes in the roots, particularly highlighting the differences between Ph-6 and Ph-10. The results provide a foundation for elucidating the mechanism of LP tolerance, thus potentially contributing to developing high P-use efficiency in Moso bamboo species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and thermal characterization of milled wood lignin (MWL) prepared from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) grown in Korea was investigated, and the results were compared with bamboo MWLs from other studies. The C9 formula of the bamboo MWL was C9H7.76O3.23N0.02 (OCH3)1.41. The Mw and Mn of MWL were 13,000 and 4400 Da, respectively, which resulted in a polydispersity index (PDI) of 3.0. The PDI of the prepared MWL was higher than other bamboo MWLs (1.3–2.2), suggesting a broader molecular weight distribution. The structural features of MWL were elucidated using FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR techniques (1H, 13C, HSQC, 31P NMR), which indicate that MWL is of the HGS-type lignin. The major lignin linkages (β-O-4, β-β, β-5) were not different from other bamboo MWLs. The syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, determined from 1H NMR, was calculated as 0.89. 31P NMR revealed variations in hydroxyl content, with a higher aliphatic hydroxyl content in MWL compared to other bamboo MWLs. Thermal properties were investigated through TGA, DSC, and pyrolysis-GC/MS spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The DTGmax of MWL under inert conditions was 287 °C, and the Tg of MWL was 159 °C. Py-GC/MS at 675 °C revealed a syringyl, guaiacyl, p-hydroxyphenyl composition of 17:37:47. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) invasions into native forest cause a series of ecological problems, including the alteration of soil microorganism community composition. Additionally, it has been established that variation changes in leaf litter types can drive changes in soil microorganism communities. We have previously demonstrated distinct differences in nutrient composition between bamboo leaf litter and leaf litter of native plants. Yet to date, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how Moso bamboo leaf litter inputs change soil microorganism community composition in native forests. Methods: We conducted an in-situ decomposition experiment to examine the response of soil bacterial and fungi phyla to Moso bamboo leaf litter addition in three native forest soils. Results: Bamboo leaf litter had higher quality (low lignin content and low C:N) and higher decomposition rates compared to native forest plants. Bamboo leaf litter additions did not change the richness and diversity of soil bacterial and fungi in the Broadleaf forest and Chinese fir forest. Additionally, bamboo leaf litter additions only affected the soil microorganisms in the Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis forest with low-quality litter; Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further supported this result. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the soil microbial community has resilience to chemical and biotic inputs from foreign leaf litter. This study helps soil ecologists better understand the impacts of Moso bamboo invasions into native forests, including the weak effects of its litter input on soil microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) required for bamboo shoot development, the critical stage that determines the yield of a bamboo stand, originate from the parent bamboo with the complex underground system. However, the metabolic mechanism of NSCs in the rhizome–culm system during bamboo shoot development remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the changes of NSCs in the rhizome–culm system and used anatomical, physiological, and biochemical methods to investigate the metabolism of NSCs in bamboo shoots of Phyllostachys edulis and the role of NSCs supply in the parent bamboo at different ages. The results showed that NSCs were accumulated and consumed from the bottom to the top in a bamboo shoot, which was consistent with the developmental pattern. The starch granules were stored in advance. The bamboo sheath stored starch from the dormant stage of shoot buds. The functions of culms and rhizomes showed age-dependent differences. Adult culms showed the highest capacity to provide NSCs, with more stored NSCs and higher β-amylase activity. Conversely, young culms seemed to prefer their growth, while old culms tended to store starch. Accordingly, adult rhizomes preferred sugar transport due to the lowest starch storage, lower ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity, and higher β-amylase activity, while young and old rhizomes tended to prefer starch storage. These results provide a basis for further understanding of nutrient metabolism in bamboo stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is a plant with various applications. As a natural, renewable material that exhibits good mechanical performance, it seems to be an interesting alternative to wood, which has become a scarce and expensive commodity. However, comprehensive knowledge of its properties is necessary to maximise its potential for various industrial purposes. The swelling behaviour of bamboo is one of the features that has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to measure and analyse the swelling pressure and kinetics of bamboo blocks. The results show that similar to wood, the swelling kinetics of bamboo depend on its density: the denser the tissue, the higher the maximum swelling value recorded. The maximum tangential swelling measured was about 5%–6%, which is lower than the value for the most commonly used wood species. Swelling pressure ranged from 1.16 MPa to 1.39 MPa, depending on the bamboo density: the denser the sample, the shorter the time required to reach maximum swelling pressure. Like in wood, the smallest linear increase in size due to swelling was observed in the longitudinal direction (0.71%). However, opposite to wood, more pronounced swelling was recorded in the radial direction (over 7%) than in the tangential direction (nearly 6%). The results show that bamboo's swelling behaviour makes it a good material for use in variable humidity conditions, being more favourable than the unmodified wood of many species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of large-scale heat treatment on Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) grown in South Korea. The process involved multiple stages, including pretreatment, boiling, steaming, heating, and cooling. Heat treatment successfully reduced the water content to below 3% and increased the specific gravity from 0.62 to 1.12, thereby enhancing dimensional stability and strength. Following an ultraviolet-accelerated weathering test, the heated Moso bamboo exhibited improved color stability (ΔE 5.84) compared to untreated bamboo (ΔE 9.92). Furthermore, the heat-treated bamboo demonstrated high resistance against wood-rot fungi (weight loss < 10%) and termites (weight loss approximately 2%). In contrast to small lab-scale drying processes, this study employed a pilot-scale kiln for mass production, resulting in large-sized Moso bamboo with enhanced properties. This study revealed that distinct results, including extractives and lignin-degraded compounds, persisted in heated Moso bamboo cells after the heat treatment. The overall improvement in deterioration resistance, achieved through heat treatment, significantly contributes to the durability and longevity of bamboo materials in outdoor settings, such as landscape facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Dehydration response element binding (DREB) proteins are vital for plant abiotic stress responses, but the understanding of DREBs in bamboo, an important sustainable non‐timber forest product, is limited. Here we conducted a comprehensive genome‐wide analysis of the DREB gene family in Moso bamboo, representing the most important running bamboo species in Asia. In total, 44 PeDREBs were identified, and information on their gene structures, protein motifs, phylogenetic relationships, and stress‐related cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) was provided. Based on the bioinformatical analysis, we further analyzed PeDREBs from the A5 group and found that four of five PeDREB transcripts were induced by salt, drought, and cold stresses, and their proteins could bind to stress‐related CREs. Among these, PeDREB28 was selected as a promising candidate for further functional characterization. PeDREB28 is localized in nucleus, has transcriptional activation activity, and could bind to the DRE‐ and coupling element 1‐ (CE1) CREs. Overexpression of PeDREB28 in Arabidopsis and bamboo improved plant abiotic stress tolerance. Transcriptomic analysis showed that broad changes due to the overexpression of PeDREB28. Furthermore, 628 genes that may act as the direct PeDREB28 downstream genes were identified by combining DAP‐seq and RNA‐seq analysis. Moreover, we confirmed that PeDREB28 could bind to the promoter of pyrabactin‐resistance‐like gene (DlaPYL3), which is a homolog of abscisic acid receptor in Arabidopsis, and activates its expression. In summary, our study provides important insights into the DREB gene family in Moso bamboo, and contributes to their functional verification and genetic engineering applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass accumulation is an important stand characteristic because it provides critical information for bamboo forest management. The purpose of this study was to predict aboveground biomass (AGB) for moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) plantations based on the diameter distribution model (DDM). The study was conducted on 24 stands, with intensive management (IM) and extensive management (EM), located in the lower mountain area of central Taiwan. Quantifying stand diameter distribution is a critical step in the process of the DDM. The Weibull function effectively quantified stand diameter distribution in this study. The AGB of each diameter at breast height (DBH) class was predicted based on a combination of the Weibull function and an allometric equation. The AGB of the whole stand was obtained from the summation of the numbers obtained from each DBH class and was predicted to be 87.53 ± 23.06 and 74.62 ± 5.76 Mg ha−1 for the IM and EM stands, respectively. To assess this model, the same data predicted by the allometric model were compared to the DDM. The results showed a difference of less than ± 1% in the predicted AGB between these 2 methods, regardless of stand type. Therefore, the DDM is recommended for use in predicting AGB for bamboo forests because it shows AGB yield at both the DBH class and stand levels. However, the DDM requires stand diameter distribution to be quantified. If stand diameter distribution is not quantified, the DDM will not be suitable for predicting AGB. It provided detailed information of AGB for moso bamboo plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc finger-homeodomain (ZF-HD) proteins play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, knowledge of the expression and evolutionary history of ZF-HD genes in moso bamboo remains limited. In this study, a total of 24 ZF-HD genes were found unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PeZF-HDs were divided into two subfamilies: ZHD and MIF. The ZHD subfamily genes were further classified into seven groups according to their orthologous relationships among the rice and Arabidopsis ZF-HD gene family. The gene structures and conserved motifs of PeZF-HDs were analyzed. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) or segmental duplication promoted the evolution and expansion of the moso bamboo ZF-HD gene family. Ka/Ks ratios suggested that the twenty-four duplication pairs had undergone purifying selection. Promoter analysis showed that most PeZF-HDs contained cis-elements associated with stress responses and hormones. Expression analysis demonstrated that many PeZF-HDs were responsive to abiotic stress treatment. Overall, this work investigated PeZF-HD genes in moso bamboo using bioinformatic approaches. The evolutionary research on gene structure, motif distribution and cis-regulatory elements indicated that PeZF-HDs play distinct roles in biological processes, which provides a theoretical basis for exploring the physiological functions of ZF-HDs and selecting candidate stress-related genes in moso bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]