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The Russian Far East (RFE) is an important hotspot of biodiversity whose insect fauna remains understudied, particularly its Microlepidoptera. Here we explore the diversity of leaf-mining micromoths of the family Gracillariidae, their distribution and host plant associations in RFE using a combination of field observations and sampling, DNA barcoding, morphological analysis and literature review. We collected 91 gracillariid specimens (45 larvae, 9 pupae and 37 adults) in 12 localities across RFE and identified 34 species using a combination of DNA barcoding and morphology. We provide a genetic library of 57 DNA barcodes belonging to 37 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), including four BINs that could potentially represent species new to science. Leaf mines and leaf shelters are described and illustrated for 32 studied species, male or female genitalia as well as forewing patterns of adults are shown, especially for those species identified based on morphology. Three species, Micrurapteryx caraganella (Hering), Callisto insperatella (Nickerl), and Phyllonorycter junoniella (Zeller) are newly recorded from RFE. Five species previously known from some regions of RFE, were found for the first time in Amurskaya Oblast: Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke), Primorskii Krai: Ph. sorbicola Kumata and Sahkalin Island: Caloptilia heringi Kumata, Ph. ermani (Kumata) and Ph. ulmifoliella (Hübner). Eight gracillariid–plant associations are novel to science: Caloptilia gloriosa Kumata on Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cameraria niphonica Kumata on A. caudatum subsp. ukurundense, Parornix ermolaevi Kuznetzov on Corylus sieboldiana, Phyllonorycter ermani (Kumata) on Betula platyphylla, Ph. nipponicella (Issiki) on Quercus mongolica, Ph. orientalis (Kumata) and Ph. pseudojezoniella Noreika on Acer saccharum, Ph. sorbicola on Prunus maakii. For the first time we documented the “green island” phenotype on Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller) mines on Betula platyphylla. Two pestiferous species have been recorded during our surveys: Micrurapteryx caraganella on ornamental Caragana arborescens in urban plantations in Amurskaya Oblast, and the lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata), a species known to be native to RFE and invasive elsewhere in Russia and in European countries. A revised checklist of RFE gracillariids has been compiled. It accounts for 135 species among which 17 species (13%) are only known to occur in RFE. The gracillariid fauna of RFE is more similar to the Japanese fauna (49%), than to the fauna of the rest of Russia (i.e European part and Siberia) (32%).

Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller, 1846) (Figs 4B, 6B, 11 G–H) Material examined. Russia: PK, Gornotaezhnoe, forest around MTS, 43.68N, 132.15E, 224 m alt., Betula platyphylla, 23.VII.2016, 1 larva, NK541, MK 403713, deposited in INRA; same location, B. dahurica, 25.VII.2016, 1 male (reared from leaf mine), 111.1 / [11-2016-male] (Fig. 4B, 6B), deposited in SIF. Leaf mine. The mine is initially a flat elongated blotch between the two secondary veins or along the main vein on the lower side of the leaf; later gets significantly contracted, with 5–7 pronounced folds (Fig. 11G). From the upper site the leaf is significantly bent. At the late stage, the larva consumes deeper layers of parenchyma so that from the upper side of the leaf, the mine gets white (eaten area), with still some green dots (uneaten tissue) (Fig. 11H). Frass in loose grains, accumulated in the middle part of the mine. Pupation is in the mine. Trophic specialization. Commonly monophagous on Betula spp. (Betulaceae) (Ellis 2018). Records of Alnus (Betulaceae), Cerasus (Rosaceae), Salix (Salicaceae) and Ulmus (Ulmaceae) (Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova 1998) need confirmation. European subspecies Ph. cavella milleri (Povolný et Gregor) feeds on Prunus padus (Povolný & Gregor 1950). Distribution. Russia: RFE—AO, KK, PK, SO (Sakhalin Island) (Baryshnikova & Dubatolov 2007; Baryshnikova 2008, 2016), Siberia (Kuznetsov & Baryshnikova 1998), including new record for Omsk Oblast (Knyazev et al. 2018), European part; Japan, Central Asia, Europe (De Prins & De Prins 2018). Remarks. For the first time in RFE, we recorded the “green island” phenotype in Ph. cavella mining leaves of Betula platyphylla (Fig. 11H)., Published as part of Kirichenko, Natalia, Triberti, Paolo, Akulov, Evgeniy, Ponomarenko, Margarita, Gorokhova, Svetlana, Sheiko, Viktor, Ohshima, Issei & Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, 2019, Exploring species diversity and host plant associations of leaf-mining micromoths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Russian Far East using DNA barcoding, pp. 1-55 in Zootaxa 4652 (1) on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4652.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3363475, {"references":["Zeller, P. C. (1846) Die Arten der Blattminierergattung Lithocolletis. Linnaea Entomologica, 1, 166 - 261, pl. I.","Ellis, W. (2018) Leafminers and plant galls of Europe. Plant parasites of Europe: leafminers, gallers and fungi. Available from: http: // bladmineerders. nl / (accessed 2 August 2018)","Povolny, D. & Gregor, F. (1950) Contributions to the knowledge of genus Lithocolletis Hb. Entomologicke Listy, 13, 33 - 36.","Baryshnikova, S. V. & Dubatolov, V. V. (2007) To knowledge of small moths (Microlepidoptera) of the Nature Reserve \" Bolshekhekhtsirskii \" (Khabarovsk District). 2 nd report. Bucculatricidae, Gracillariidae, Lyonetiidae. Zhivotnyi mir Dal'nego Vostoka [Animal world of the Far East], 6, 47 - 50. [in Russian]","Baryshnikova, S. V. (2008) Gracillariidae. In: Sinev, S. Yu. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia. KMK Scientific Press, St. - Petersburg & Moscow, pp. 38 - 45. [in Russian]","Kuznetsov, V. I. & Baryshnikova, S. V. (1998) A brief catalogue of leafmining moths Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) of the fauna of Russia and neighboring countries. Procceedings of Zooogical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1998, 1 - 60. [in Russian]","Knyazev, S. A., Kirichenko, N. I., Baryshnikova, S. V. & Triberti, P. (2018) The first records of the taxonomic diversity of leafmining micromoths, Gracillariidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) in Omsk Province. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 17, 261 - 272. [in Russian] https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / euroasentj. 17.4.04","De Prins, J. & De Prins W (2018) Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). Available from: http: // www. gracillariidae. net / (accessed 2 August 2018)"]}