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This paper analyzes a model of aid allocation equalizingthe opportunity between recipient countries to reach acommon poverty reduction goal. We propose a fair andefficient aid allocation based on a multicriteria principle.The model considers structural handicaps in recipientcountries in terms of lack of human capital and economicvulnerability, their initial poverty, and the naturalgap between the growth rate required to reach a developmentgoal and the observed one. We show that ourproposed aid allocation favors poor and vulnerablecountries with our multicriteria principle. It substantiallydiffers from the observed allocation. Analyses alsoshed light on the impact of the donors' aversion to thelow natural growth gap in recipient countries on theoptimal aid allocation and the marginal efficiency of aid.

International audience

Papiliotrema huenov was previously reported to be highly tolerant of a range of extremely toxic heavy metals. This study aimed to identify the potential of P. huenov to remove manganese and copper from aqueous solution. Physical conditions which affect removal of Mn(II) and Cu(II) were determined. Optimal temperature for adsorption of both metal ions was 30 °C, and optimal pH for maximum uptake of Mn(II) and Cu(II) were 5 and 6, respectively. Under these conditions, living cells of P. huenov accumulated up to 75.58% of 110 mg/L Mn(II) and 70.5% of 128 mg/L Cu(II) over 120 h, whereas, the removal efficiency of metal ions by dead cells over 1 h was 60.3% and 56.5%, respectively. These results indicate that living cells are more effective than dead biomass for bioremediation, but that greater time is required. The experimental data extends the potential use of P. huenov in biosorption and bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals to copper and manganese, two of the most common industrial contaminants.

Les attendus d’une approche d’économie comportementale pour les décisions individuelles face à la pandémie de COVID-19 : succès et déceptions.Dans le cadre du premier appel à projet « Flash-COVID-19 » de l’Agence nationale de la recherche, nous avons mobilisé des méthodes récentes de l’économie comportementale afin de mieux comprendre les décisions des individus face à la crise sanitaire due à la pandémie de COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) et d’identifier les paramètres pouvant influencer le respect des mesures sanitaires. Cet article introduit brièvement l’économie comportementale, présente un compte rendu des attendus du projet CONFINOBS (Observance et observation des mesures barrières et du confinement : une approche d’économie comportementale) et de ses méthodes, puis il propose une synthèse des résultats obtenus.

International audience; This study examines factors determining farmers' investment in organic farming using a contextualized lab-in- the-field experiment with 220 small household farmers in Northern Vietnam. We focus on the role of network structure, information nudge, and social comparison between farmers using three types of networks: circle, star and complete. Our results suggest that, on average, around 64% of the land is invested in organic farming in the complete network in which each farmer is connected to all of the others, while only about 57% of the land is invested in the circle and star network. Moreover, social comparison (i.e., information about the average in-vestment) performs better in a circle network than in a star network. Finally, information nudges about the socially optimal investment could encourage farmers' coordination in all three networks, particularly in the complete network with an increase in organic investment up to 76%.

International audience; We test the effectiveness of a social comparison nudge to enhance lockdown compliance during the Covid-19 pandemic, using a representative sampleof metropolitan French adultpopulation(N=1154). Respondents were randomly assigned to a favourable/unfavourable informational feedback (daily road traffic mobility patterns, in Normandy -a region of France) on peer lockdown compliance.Our dependent variable was the intention to comply with a possible future lockdown. We controlled for risk, time, and social preferences and tested the effectiveness of the nudge. We found no evidence of theeffectiveness of thesocial comparison nudge among the wholepopulation, butthe nudgewas effective when its recipient and the reference population shared the same geographical location(Normandy). Exploratory results on this subsample (N=52) suggest that this effectiveness could be driven by non-cooperative individuals.

It is nowadays accepted that labour market institutions matter in economic development. However, empirical studies on unions’ effect are not univocal. We provide new insight into the impact of unio...

The deposition velocities of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 radionuclides from the atmosphere at Ninh Thuan and Dong Nai monitoring stations of Vietnam were investigated. The deposition velocity was calculated based on it’s specific radioactivity in aerosols and deposition density in fallout samples. The data of the deposition velocities of radionuclides from the atmosphere are needed as input data for the models to simulate atmospheric radioactive dispersion and assess the public dose around nuclear facilities. The radioactivity of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 nuclides in aerosols and fallout samples were analyzed by using a low level background gamma spectrometer equipped with HPGe detector of high resolution. The results show that the deposition velocities of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 nuclides from the air are in ranges of 0.04÷1.71; 1.84÷27.46; 1.46÷23.63; 0.80÷26.13 and 0.06÷1.53 (cm/s), with average values of 0.55; 13.81; 8.22; 8.12 and 0.58 (cm/s), respectively. The deposition velocities of the radionuclides in the survey areas are comparable with those found in tropical and subtropical regions and these results could be served as the database of the World radioactive transport parameters.

International audience; The public acceptability of a policy is an important issue in democracies, in particular for anti-COVID-19 policies, which require the adherence of the population to be applicable and efficient. Discrete choice experiment (DCE) can help elicit preference ranking among various policies for the whole population and subgroups. Using a representative sample of the French population, we apply DCE methods to assess the acceptability of various anti-COVID-19 measures, separately and as a package. Owing to the methods, we determine the extent to which acceptability depends on personal characteristics: political orientation, health vulnerability, or age. The young population differs in terms of policy preferences and their claim for monetary compensation, suggesting a tailored policy for them. The paper provides key methodological tools based on microeconomic evaluation of individuals’ preferences for improving the design of public health policies.

International audience; Do institutional and geographical characteristics matter for energy consumption similar to the case of economic development? Why do coastal Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries appear to be more energy-consuming than inland ones? To answer these questions, surprisingly rarely addressed in the existing literature, we empirically assess the determinants of primary energy use across SSA, exploiting spatial analysis methods. Our results highlight the existence of positive geographical spillovers in primary energy use. We also derive factors (income, exports, population dynamics and urbanization) explaining the reasons coastal countries are more energy-intensive. Furthermore, good political institutions and geographical location enhance primary energy use, connoting a “two sides of the same coin” role played by both factors. Our results impel SSA countries to develop alternative energy strategies and deploy energy resources management policies since adverse environmental consequences associated with increasing fossil energies use are to expect in the near future.

International audience; Increasing consumer awareness on sustainable and healthy food choices has given rise to a growing demand for organic tea in past decades. Most of this demand is met by imports from developing countries. This article examines the main factors affecting the choice of farm households to adopt organic tea production in Northern Vietnam. We apply a logit model to survey data from 241 Vietnamese tea farming households. We assess the robustness of the results by addressing three important statistical issues: (i) regressor endogeneity, (ii) unobserved heterogeneity at farm level and (iii) missing values. The main results are chiefly robust and largely in line with the theory. We find that farm households with higher revenues, located in rich natural and physical environments, are significantly more inclined to adopt organic tea production. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that farm households who are consulted by extension agents and belong to a tea association increase the odds for the adoption of organic tea cultivation.

International audience; We propose a structural approach to investigate total factor productivity (TFP) and economic growth of 58 provinces and municipalities of Vietnam (known as one of the most dynamic emerging economies in the last few years). The analysis is applied to the provincial data that are available to us for the period 2000–2007. TFP is composed of three components: an autonomous technological change, an observed deterministic part depending on external factors, and an unobserved stochastic part. Estimation results do not show any evidence regarding the impacts of national and local public spending on TFP and economic growth of Vietnam’s provinces. On the contrary, human capital and industry share (compared to shares of agriculture and services) significantly increase the provincial TFP, helping to explain the cross-province differences in terms of productivity. Finally, TFP of Vietnam’s provinces does not converge in the long run as it displays a polarization feature around two main groups of provinces, a large group with low TFP levels and a much smaller group with high TFP levels. This bipolar pattern of TFP distribution supports the competitiveness disparity among the Vietnam’s provinces.

LXVIIe Congrès Annuel de l’Association Française de Science Économique; International audience; This paper analyzes the determinants of the households’ welfare perception using the data from surveys on rural households in Thailand and Vietnam. Welfare perception corresponds to the households’ subjective assessment of their general situations. We focus on the social comparison and take into account relative poverty, harsh living conditions, economic and natural risks as well as the households’ degree of risk acceptance. Our study shows that households, in both countries, are sensitive to income and relative poverty, but only Thai households appear to care about social comparison regarding their wealth. In particular, this comparison is asymmetric. Natural risks as well as households’ attitude to risks affect households’ well-being differently in the two countries, while we observe a similarity in the impact of economic shocks.; Cet article analyse les déterminants du bien-être subjectif des ménages en utilisant une base de données d’enquêtes auprès des ménages habitant dans les zones rurales en Thailand et Vietnam. Le bien-être subjectif des ménages correspond à leur évaluation subjective de la situation générale au moment présent comparé au passé. Nous mettons l’accent sur la comparaison sociale en prenant en compte la pauvreté relative, les conditions de vie, les risques naturels ainsi que l’attitude des ménages face aux risques. Notre étude montre un effet significatif du revenu et de la pauvreté relative. Seuls les ménages Thaïlandais sont concernés par la comparaison en termes de richesse, qui est asymétrique. Les effets des risques naturels ainsi que ceux de l’attitude des ménages face aux risques sont différents entre deux pays, alors que ceux des risques économiques sur le bien-être subjectif sont plutôt similaires.

International audience; This paper analyzes the relationship between government expenditure, tax on returns to assets, public debt, and growth in an endogenous growth model. Public debt is composed of two components, domestic debt and external debt. We show conditions for existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of the steady states. More precisely, existence of steady state requires a sufficiently high productivity and a sufficiently low tax on returns to assets. We also provide the effects of an increase in the tax rate on returns to assets on the steady state. In particular, the relation between public spending and the tax rate has a bell shape. Domestic debt unambiguously increases with tax whereas external debt displays an inverted U-shaped curve. A high tax rate leads to a reallocation of public debt in favor of domestic debt (to the detriment of external debt). The effect of taxation on consumption (and production) also displays a nonlinear pattern when the output elasticity of capital is lower than unity (the effect is monotonously increasing if this elasticity is unity). We also derive the conditions under which a tax increase can boost or reduce the balanced growth rate.

FERDI Working paper P239, October; This paper proposes a model of aid allocation which aims to equalize the opportunity between recipient countries to reduce the poverty. The model takes into account the natural growth deviation which is defined by the gap between the growth rate required to reach a development goal and the growth rate observed in the recipient countries. The resulting optimal aid allocation is computed using the estimation of a growth equation. Said equation includes effects of aid and structural handicaps to growth in recipient countries (which are represented by the economic vulnerability index and lack of human capital). To illustrate the interest of our approach, we perform a simulation which shows a substantial difference between the aid allocation obtained with our multi-criteria principle and the observed allocation. Moreover, we also shed light on the impact of the donors' sensitivity with respect to the natural growth deviation on the optimal aid allocation.

International audience; Existing studies disjointly addressed the environmental convergence and environmental Kuznets curve hypotheses, though these research lines are theoretically interconnected. This paper proposes a unified empirical methodology to simultaneously investigate both hypotheses, relying on a semiparametric dynamic panel data model that accounts for regressor endogeneity. The approach, when applied to CO2 emissions in 106 countries, suggests that there is no global level evidence supporting the environmental Kuznets hypothesis, while a convergence process is taking place. Our results imply that current international agreements have not been sufficiently binding to globally curb CO2 emissions, especially in high-income countries, as aimed by Sustainable Development Goals.

Organizational innovation favours technological innovation. Yet the question of which organizational practices should be combined – that is, their compatibility – remains unanswered. This empirical investigation of patterns of complementarity considers three organizational practices: business practices, workplace organization, and external relations. Firm-level data drawn from the 2008 French Community Innovation Survey and supermodularity tests confirm the crucial role of organizational innovation in increasing firms’ innovation. The pattern of complementarity among organizational practices differs according to the type of innovation (i.e. product or process), as well as the type of measure used to assess technological innovation performance. These results highlight the complexity of managing organizational practices to encourage firm innovation.

International audience; This article analyzes households’ choice on tea varieties in Vietnam by using a multinomial logit model. The modeling takes into account the issue of unobserved individual heterogeneity and the endogeneity of some explanatory variables (use of chemical and organic fertilizers). The results show that important factors influencing the decision to adopt one type of tea varieties include income, age, household size, farming contract, and use of organic fertilizers, but also membership of professional associations such as the Tea Association and the Farmers Union.

International audience; AbstractThe objective of this paper is to apply the stochastic production frontier methodology to a survey database collected in northern Vietnam. Our study finds that the average technical efficiency of tea production is only about 41 %. Among extension policy measures available to farmers, only training on production inputs has an improving impact on technical efficiency. Other features of policy have no significant effect, contrary to the expectation. The adoption of the oldest variety “Trung-Du” is not a source of inefficiency while the effects of other new varieties are insignificant. The results indicate that there is a great potential for improving production efficiency in the region of the study.

International audience; This paper examines the relationship between per capita energy consumption and per capita income and the determinants of this relationship using a panel data sample of 29 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period from 1980 to 2011. We explicitly account for country heterogeneity by using a panel data heterogeneous coefficients model. The findings suggest that the energy-income nexus is very heterogeneous and an environmental Kuznets curve is found for only four countries. This heterogeneity is also emphasized in the effects of variables that influence this relationship.; En el presente documento se investiga la relación entre el consumo de energía per cápita y el ingreso per cápita, así como los determinantes de esa relación, en una muestra de datos de panel de 29 países de África Subsahariana observados durante el período comprendido entre 1980 y 2011. Nuestra aportación específica es la consideración explícita de la heterogeneidad entre países utilizando un modelo de datos de panel con coeficientes heterogéneos. Los resultados muestran que la relación entre energía e ingresos es, en efecto, muy heterogénea, y que la curva de Kuznets ambiental solo existe en cuatro países. Esta heterogeneidad se observa también en los efectos de las variables que afectan a esta relación.; Cet article étudie la relation entre consommation d’énergie par habitant et revenu par habitant, ainsi que les déterminants de cette relation, sur un échantillon de données de panel de 29 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne observés sur la période 1980-2011. Notre spécificité est la prise en compte explicite de l’hétérogénéité entre pays à l’aide d’un modèle de données de panel à coefficients hétérogènes. Les résultats montrent que la relation énergie-revenu est effectivement très hétérogène et que la courbe de Kuznets environnementale existe dans seulement quatre pays. Cette hétérogénéité est également observée dans les effets des variables affectant cette relation.

International audience; Relying on a structural nonparametric estimation, we show that co2 emissions clearly increase with income at low income levels. For higher income levels, we observe a decreasing relationship, though not significant. We also find that co2 emissions monotonically increases with energy use at a decreasing rate.; À l’aide d’une modélisation non paramétrique structurelle, nous montrons que les émissions de co2 augmentent clairement avec le revenu pour de faibles niveaux de revenus. Cette relation est décroissante bien que non significative pour des niveaux de revenu élevés. Nous observons également que les émissions de co2 augmentent de manière monotone, mais à un taux décroissant, avec la consommation d’énergie.

International audience; This paper analyzes the determinants of international trade of wood products, considering three main groups: woodworking products, pulp and paper and wooden furniture. We extend the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) framework in order to take into account the forest resource endowment as well as industrial performance factors. Empirical tests are based on data on European countries between 1995 and 2007. The HOV hypothesis is partially confirmed in that the forest resource endowment is a significant determinant for explaining differences in net trade of two products (pulp and paper and furniture) but not for woodworking products. In addition, empirical tests also show the limits of the HOV model for explaining international trade of wood products. Indeed, factors reflecting industrial performance of wood sectors, including total factor productivity and average labor cost, have a significant role in determining differences in net trade of wood products.

This paper considers an optimal endogenous growth model where the production function is assumed to exhibit increasing returns to scale and two types of resource (renewable and nonrenewable) are imperfect substitutes. Natural resources, labor, and physical capital are used in the final goods sector and in the accumulation of knowledge. Based on results in the calculus of variations, a direct proof of the existence of an optimal solution is provided. Analytical solutions for the planner case, balanced growth paths, and steady states are found for a specific CRRA utility and Cobb–Douglas production function. It is possible to have long-run growth where both energy resources are used simultaneously along the equilibrium path. As the law of motion of the technological change is not concave, reflecting the increasing returns to scale, so that the Arrow–Mangasarian sufficiency conditions do not apply, we provide a sufficient condition directly. Transitional dynamics to the steady state from the theoretical model are used to derive three convergence equations of output intensity growth rate, exhaustible resource growth rate, and renewable resource growth rate, which are tested based on OECD data on production and energy consumption.