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The competitiveness between photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) and transparency would be the bottleneck of transparent device for actual applications, as well as the high maintenance cost. In this work, the self-cleaning transparent device in interfacial Tb:Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 QDs modified Cu 2 Y 2 O 5 /Bi 2 O 3 pn junction is prepared via a simple approach of sol-gel-hydrothermal method. The obtained Cu 2 Y 2 O 5 /Tb:Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 QDs/Bi 2 O 3 exhibits high transmittance of ∼85 %, obvious photovoltaic enhancement of ∼2.0 × 103-folds (PCE of ∼1.17 %), stable output in 5 months cycles and a good self-cleaning via the hydrophobicity (contact angle of ∼123.4°). It's mainly attributed to the Tb:Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 QDs and lamellar Bi 2 O 3 array. Besides appropriate potential and high quantum yield, the Tb:Bi 2 Sn 2 O 7 QDs, with the synergism of up-conversion fluorescence and interface/surface optimization, can improve the carrier kinetic equilibrium for achieving PCE-transparency balance, as well as increasing p-type conductivity through the synergism of Cu+/Cu2+ and interstitial oxygen. Moreover, the regular lamellar array can enhance solar efficiency via optimized surface, meanwhile achieving self-cleaning via the surface hydrophobicity and enhancing structural stability via the regular interval, making it being advantageous in actual applications of energy and information field, including windows, smart devices, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a high‐gain step‐up DC/DC converter based on the Cuk topology for renewable energy applications. The converter employs an auxiliary circuit to achieve less input current ripple, significantly reducing the input inductor size compared to conventional converters. Therefore, the inductor's equivalent series resistance (ESR) will be substantially lowered to improve power efficiency. Introducing passive clamp capacitors further enhances efficiency by alleviating voltage stress on the main power switch. Comparative studies with other similar converters highlight the unique benefits of converter design. This converter uses a coupled inductor (CI) and a voltage multiplier circuit to achieve high voltage gains. The following article introduces the principle of operation for a proposed topology and analyzes voltage gain, voltage stress, and efficiency. A comprehensive comparison with the most recent counterparts is also included. Finally, a theoretical analysis is verified using a 200‐W (30 V/310 V) sample prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of multicomponent metal halide perovskites (MHPs) by cationic and/or halide alloying allows band gap tuning, optimizing performance and improving stability. However, these multicomponent materials often suffer from compositional, structural, and property inhomogeneities, leading to uneven carrier transport and significant non‐radiative recombination losses in lead halide perovskites. While many researchers have focused on the aggregation of perovskite halide ions, the impact of the surface potential has received relatively less attention. In this study, the multifunctional ionic liquid 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazole dicyanamide (AMI) is introduced into the perovskite precursor to effectively regulate the surface potential of the perovskite layer. This approach inhibits non‐radiative recombination, enhances carrier injection, and improves device performance. Surface potential homogenization within the perovskite layer leads to simultaneous improvements in both the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. For wide‐bandgap perovskites (1.81 eV), the optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaches 20.44%, with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.339 V, a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 17.92 mA cm−2, and a high fill factor (FF) of 85%. This strategy also proved effective for conventional bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) (1.53 eV), leading to a significant increase in performance, with the PCE increasing from 23.22% to 25.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of photovoltaic (PV) system performance has been intensively studied as it plays an important role in the context of sustainability and renewable energy generation. In this paper, a digital twin (DT) model based on a domain-matched transformer is proposed using convolutional neural network (CNN) for domain-invariant feature extraction, transformer for PV performance prediction, and domain adaptation neural network (DANN) for domain adaptation. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated using a PV power prediction dataset. The results indicate an accuracy improvement of up to 39.99% in model performance. Additionally, experiments with varying numbers of timestamps demonstrate enhanced PV power prediction performance as parameters are continuously updated within the DT framework, offering a reliable solution for real-time and adaptive PV power forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a theoretical investigation into the photovoltaic efficiency of InGaN/GaN quantum well-based intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) under the simultaneous influence of electric and magnetic fields. The finite element method is employed to numerically solve the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation within the framework of the effective-mass approximation. Our findings reveal that electric and magnetic fields significantly influence the energy levels of electrons and holes, optical transition energies, open-circuit voltages, short-circuit currents, and overall photovoltaic conversion performances of IBSCs. Furthermore, this research indicates that applying a magnetic field positively influences conversion efficiency. Through the optimization of IBSC parameters, an efficiency of approximately 50% is achievable, surpassing the conventional Shockley–Queisser limit. This theoretical study demonstrates the potential for next-generation photovoltaic technology advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a photovoltaic module coupled with thermoelectric generator, a unique wavy cooling channel is proposed, and its performance is numerically assessed by using three-dimensional computations. The cooling channel uses nanofluid of alumina–water with various shaped nanoparticles (spherical, cylindrical and brick). Numerical simulations are performed for a range of parameters for the corrugation amplitude ( 0 ≤ Amp ≤ 0.1 ), wave frequency ( 2 ≤ Nf ≤ 16 ), nanoparticle loading quantity ( 0 ≤ SVF ≤ 0.03 ), and nanoparticle shape (spherical, brick, and cylindrical). We analyze the photovoltaic module's average temperature and temperature uniformity for a variety of parameter variations. When nanofluid and greater channel corrugation amplitudes are utilized, the average panel surface temperature is decreased more. A wavy shape of the cooling channel at the maximum corrugation amplitude yields a cell temperature reduction of 1.88 o C, while frequency has little impact on average cell temperature and its uniformity. The best-performing particles are those with cylindrical shapes, and the drop-in average photovoltaic temperature with solid volume fraction is essentially linear. As utilizing cylindrical-shaped particles, the average temperature of corrugated cooling channels decreases by around 1.9 o C as compared to flat cooling channels with base fluid at the greatest solid volume fraction. As compared to un-cooled photovoltaic, cell temperature drops by around 43.2 o C when employing thermoelectric generator. However, temperature drop value of 59.8 o C can be obtained by using thermoelectric generator and nano-enhanced wavy cooling channel utilizing cylindrical-shaped nanoparticles. An hybrid computational strategy for the fully coupled system of photovoltaic with cooling system is provided, which reduces the computational time by a factor of 75. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pernicious and stability concerns of lead based perovskite solar cells have limited the commercialization. The lead-free Cesium based double perovskite could be a viable answer to these issues. It exhibits encouraging optoelectronic properties, high environmental stability and low toxicity. In this present work a theoretical analysis of Cesium based double perovskite solar cell using Spiro-OMETAD as hole transport layer and SnO2 as ETL has been studied. The double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 has good optical and electronic features. For this study, a device structure of FTO/SnO2/Cs2AgBiBr6/Spiro-OMeTAD/Cu was simulated. The Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) was used for one dimensional simulation and analysis. The optimized active layer of 0.3 µm was used for the study. PCE, Voc, Jsc and FF were obtained using Spiro OMETAD as HTL and SnO2 as ETL. The maximum PCE of 10.6675% and the maximum quantum efficiency of 86.17025% were found at 275 K working temperature. The simulation results obtained in this study are encouraging. It will provide insightful guidance in replacing commonly used toxic Pb-based perovskite with eco- friendly, highly efficient inorganic double perovskite solar cell [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Power quality is improved by utilizing solar inverters in electrical grids and this study probes it. A combination of the solar power system with wind energy management using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (CMOPSO) algorithm is employed in this system. Control calculations are based on Clark and reverse Clark transformations and facilitated by a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. STATCOM helps maintain voltage levels and mitigate power quality issues. Power quality (PQ) monitoring tracks voltage variations and noise. Conversely, the study addresses challenges in integrating renewables using the multi-objective multi-verse optimization (MOMVO) algorithm. MATLAB is used for control, monitoring, and analysis. Results show voltage distortion, but the proposed method achieves 92% higher efficiency, demonstrating its effectiveness. This validates the importance of photovoltaic (PV) technology for integrating renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores spillover into advanced energy conversion technologies as an oil industry response to US energy and environmental policies from the last third of the twentieth century. These policies initiated the ‘quasi-planned’ renovation of energy infrastructure through an uncoordinated mixture of regulation and innovation/industrial stimulus intended to develop all forms of primary energy and the technologies that could efficiently and cleanly convert that energy. Influenced by this sweeping public policy objective as well as the global consumer electronic industry’s increasing demand for petroleum-derived inputs from the late 1970s, Western oil interests doing business in the US engaged the technoscience of advanced energy conversion. Big Oil researched, developed, and in some cases manufactured materials and components associated with power sources including fuel cells, galvanic batteries, and photovoltaic arrays in projects that illustrate the affinities and antagonisms between enterprises of naturally stored primary energy, energy conversion, and flows and carriers of energy. Case studies of Big Oil’s involvement with these technologies illustrate how public policies supporting all-of-the-above energy and energy conversion limited the extent of oil spillover into advanced energy conversion systems and complicated the transition to a fossil fuel-free future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully sustainable hydrogen production demands renewable energy sources. This study uses an approach that combines solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with batteries to tailor the energy supply to the unique demands of anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. An open source DC-DC adjustable converter is designed, prototyped, and tested to enable an AEM to operate at its optimum efficiency without disrupting the continuous operation of existing loads. A structured operating schedule is simulated to align PV performance with AEM electrolyzer characteristics. The results show the >90% efficiency open-source converter was able to directly power the electrolyzer while taking advantage of solar energy surplus for hydrogen production. By strategically scheduling the electrolyzer to maximize output and minimize waste the system only utilizes excess solar energy. By employing this sustainable method, the study highlights a scalable solution that not only enhances the efficiency of hydrogen production, but also promotes the deployment of PV. • Surplus PV energy is used via structured AEM electrolyzer schedules for H₂ production. • 75% of AEM is PV-powered, reducing energy waste, with batteries covering the rest. • Open-source adjustable DC-DC converter ensures optimal AEM electrolyzer performance. • Custom DC-DC converter achieves 90% efficiency, cutting power loss for the electrolyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) without hole transport layer (HTL) based on organic and inorganic metal halide perovskite have received vast consideration in recent years. For predigestion of device structure and construction process, the exclusion of the HTL is a marvelous way. By detaching the HTL part of the devices, we could reduce the cost and complexity of the structures. Currently, a novel 2D material named Ti3C2 MXene with high electron mobility, excellent metallic conductivity and functionalized surface groups applied for tuning the energy offsets has been reported to be added in the perovskite absorber layer, leading to a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement. In this work, the role of MXenes in controlling the work function of the involved layers to modify the band alignment towards better performance of the cells is explained. Two HTL free structures of FTO/mTiO2/cTiO2/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au named as HFRC, and FTO/mTiO2+MXene/cTiO2+MXene/MXene/MAPbI3+MXene/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au named as HFMC were simulated by SCAPS-1D software to study the response of the photovoltaic devices and obtain the highest possible efficiency considering the physics behind. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such structures and the results of the current simulation are studied that may be used as a guideline for other practical purposes. We present a modeling procedure that optimizes the thickness of the involved layers and specifies the optimum level of the doping concentration. We also show that by optimizing the work function of the back contact, the device performance witnesses a significant improvement, proving the considerable role of the back contact in these cells. The simulated HTL-free devices illustrate attainably PCEs of about 20.32% and 21.04% for the cells without and with MXene, under AM 1.5G illumination and absorption up to 760 (nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, as a critical global concern, has fueled our efforts to address it through different strategies. In response to the critical worldwide issue of climate change, we suggested a Photovoltaic (PV) system at the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad, Pakistan (latitude: 33.724530 N, longitude: 73.046869, terrain elevation: 552 m). Islamabad is located in a region blessed with enormous solar resources, boasting a daily horizontal solar irradiance of 1503.45 kWh/m2 and an average daily solar irradiance of 5.89 kWh/m2, with an exceptional solar fraction of 98.99%. The ambient air temperature, averaging 23.21 °C, reaches its maximum in June and its minimum in December. Our research thoroughly evaluates the system's performance, accounting for various losses and utilizing modern PVsyst software. Over the course of 18 years, our PV system is expected to save 75,478.60 tons of CO2, the equivalent of planting 348,754 teak trees. Furthermore, the cost of energy generation is an affordable 0.0141 US $/kWh, much lower than traditional rates, including the Sherif cost of 0.028$/kWh. Along with the performance research, we conducted a detailed cost analysis, projecting the starting cost and cash flow, and discovered that the plant would be in surplus within 12 years of installation. Our system is positioned to generate 11,270,771 kWh/year with a respectable performance ratio (PR) of 76.2% and a Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) of 16%. Our findings not only highlight the potential of renewable energy but also provide important insights for future sustainable energy programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial "Neuromodulation technology: advances in optics and acoustics" published in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience discusses the transformative potential of neuromodulation technologies in treating neurological disorders and advancing neuroscience research. The article highlights recent innovations in optical and acoustic methods that offer minimally invasive neuromodulation with higher spatial and temporal resolution. It also explores the use of optical tools like retinal prostheses and optogenetics, as well as acoustic modulation through sonogenetics, to manipulate neural activity for therapeutic and research purposes. The integration of these technologies shows promise for more effective treatments and deeper insights into brain function, although challenges in research translation and regulatory processes remain. [Extracted from the article]

The insatiable demand for lithium in portable energy storage necessitates a sustainable and low-carbon approach to its recovery. Conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods heavily involve hazardous chemicals and significant CO2 emissions. Herein, by integrating electrode oxidation with electrolyte oxidation, we establish a photovoltaic-driven “dual-oxidation” seawater electrolyzer system for low-carbon footprint and high lithium recovery. A 98.96% lithium leaching rate with 99.60% product purity was demonstrated for lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 cathode materials. In-depth mechanism studies reveal that the electric field-driven electrode oxidation and in situ generated oxidative electrolyte synergetically contributes to lithium ions leaching via a structural framework elements oxidation and particle corrosion splitting synergy. This dual-oxidation mechanism facilitates rapid and efficient lithium extraction with broad universality, offering significant economic and environmental benefits. Our work showcases a promising strategy for integrating dual oxidation within a photovoltaic-driven seawater electrolyzer, paving the way for low-carbon lithium recovery from diverse solid wastes and minerals within a sustainable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructure thin film was synthesized on glass and FTO glass substrates at 450∘C with flow rates of Argon and oxygen (8L/h) using the atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. The surface morphology, structure and optical properties of SnO2 film were depicted by Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, respectively. The optical band gap of SnO2 film was found to be 3.72eV. In addition, a layer of titanium oxide was deposited on the SnO2 film using a screen printing method. Then, the anodic electrode was immersed in the dye to complete cell manufacturing. It was found that the short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor in the case of the prepared dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) were 8.7mA/cm2, 0.85V and 0.583, respectively, which led to the efficiency of 4.3. It was also found that the optical response speed of the prepared photoanode showed a periodic response and a high on/off ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades photovoltaic solar energy has continuously increased its share in the electricity mix and has already surpassed 5% globally. Even though photovoltaic (PV) installations are considered to require very little maintenance, their efficient exploitation relies on accounting for certain environmental factors that affect energy generation. One of these factors is the soiling of the PV surface, which could be observed in different forms, such as dust and bird droppings. In this study, visible spectrum data and machine learning algorithms were used for the identification of soiling. A methodology for preprocessing the images is proposed, which puts focus on any soiling of the PV surface. The performance of six classification machine learning algorithms is evaluated and compared—convolutional neural network (CNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), naïve-Bayes, and decision tree. During the training and validation phase, RF proved to be the best-performing model with an F1 score of 0.935, closely followed by SVM, CNN, and kNN. However, during the testing phase, the trained CNN achieved the highest performance, reaching F1 = 0.913. SVM closely followed it with a score of 0.895, while the other two models returned worse results. Some results from the application of the optimal model after specific weather events are also presented in this study. They confirmed once again that the trained convolutional neural network can be successfully used to evaluate the soiling state of photovoltaic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method based on machine learning with improved power production efficiency for application to photovoltaic (PV) systems. Power loss occurs in the incremental conductance (InC) method, depending on the size of the voltage step used to track the maximum power point. Additionally, the size of the voltage step must be specified by the initial user; however, an appropriate size cannot be determined in a rapidly changing environment. To solve this problem, this study presents a gradient descent InC (GD InC) method that optimizes the size of the voltage step by applying an optimization method based on machine learning. The effectiveness of the GD InC method was verified and the optimized size of the voltage step was confirmed to produce the largest amount of power. When the size of the voltage step was optimized, a maximum difference of 4.53% was observed compared with the case when the smallest amount of power was produced. The effectiveness of the GD InC method, which improved the efficiency of power production by optimizing the size of the voltage step, was verified. Power can be produced efficiently by applying the GD InC method to PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial sector of Pakistan is currently facing severe load-shedding, which ultimately affects its unit production. The greater dependency on conventional energy resources (Thermal, Nuclear, etc.) results in higher production costs and environmental pollution. A sustainable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly solution can help the industrial growth of Pakistan. This article proposes an optimal hybrid energy system (HES) for the industrial sector of Pakistan to overcome the mentioned challenges. The proposed HES is developed in HOMER Pro. Three different energy cases (Case I: Existing energy system including a utility grid and diesel generator, Case II: On-grid Biogas system, and Case III: On-grid PV system with batteries) are considered for the Gourmet food Industry in the Sundar Industrial estate, Pakistan. The Load profile of the selected site was calculated through on-site visits and data provided by the designated utility grid feeder. The analysis shows that Case III is more effective than other cases, indicating reduced Net Present Cost (NPC), Cost of Energy (COE), and Operating Cost (OC) to $ 19.2 million, $0.034/kWh, and $ 573,371/year respectively. Moreover, the On-grid PV system with batteries (Case III) provides an environmentally friendly solution by reducing 63.82% by and 62.22% . Comparing the sensitivity analysis for various grid sell-back prices ($0/kWh, $0.043/kWh, $0.061/kWh, and $0.09/kWh), Case III is more cost-effective than Case II. The revenue generation in Case III is $128,499.41/yr, considering the supply of excess electricity into nearby small industrial loads at $0.065/kWh, this indicates that installing optimal HES in industries will not only help in overall cost reduction but also support in mitigating environmental pollution and load shedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study synthesized triazine-based covalent organic framework (COF) materials (TPTP-COF, TPBT-COF, and TPBTz-COF) to be used as defect passivation additives in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)-based inverted perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The frameworks of the COFs in the MAPbI3 layer can serve as a template for the crystal growth of perovskite, repairing crystal defects, enhancing the quality of the crystal film, and stabilizing perovskite materials. In addition to the conjugation intensity of the COFs, the average particle size of the COF in the precursor solution of the perovskite significantly influences the morphology, optical properties, and photovoltaic characteristics of the COF/MAPbI3 blend films used in PVCs. The crystal grain size, X-ray diffraction intensity, PL intensity, carrier lifetime, and charge mobility were improved in the MAPbI3 films when the COF was incorporated, particularly with the TPBTz-COF, compared to the original MAPbI3 film. The photovoltaic performance and stability of the PVSCs containing the COF were enhanced compared to the PVSCs based on pristine MAPbI3. The structure of the inverted PVSCs included indium tin oxide/NiOx/COF (TPTP-COF, TPBT-COF, or TPBTz-COF):MAPbI3/PC61BM/bathocuproine/Ag. TPBTz-COF exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) among the COF additives, achieving a PCE of 20.04%, an open-circuit voltage of 1.04 V, a short-circuit current density of 24.26 mA cm–1, and a fill factor of 79.40%. The TPBTz-COF-based PVSC maintained 80% of its original power conversion efficiency after being stored for 400 h under ambient conditions (30 °C; 60% relative humidity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of renewable energy on a broad scale into power grids increases the complexity to the issue of transient voltage stability in power systems. This research presents a rapid evaluation technique for assessing the stability of voltage fluctuations in power grids that receive electricity from photovoltaic sources. At first, a receiving‐end system model was developed, which includes photovoltaics, and an alternative circuit of the virtual induction motor (IM) is obtained by utilizing the Thevenin equivalent. Second, the torque balance equation and the Kirchhoff voltage equation are interconnected to determine the unstable slip of the IM following a malfunction. Finally, by merging the unstable slip with the conventional transient stability discriminant index, the effects of different photovoltaic outputs, IM ratios, and system contact impedances on transient voltage stability are investigated. The proposed method avoids the computational burden of solving the differential‐algebraic equations describing the complex transient processes of the IM. It also obviates the necessity of iteratively modifying the receiving load or fault clearance time in the simulation platform to achieve the constrained stability condition of the system's transient voltage. The transient stabilization of voltage results is efficiently obtained by directly solving algebraic equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial photovoltaic modules typically convert only 5-25% of solar radiation into electricity, wasting excess energy as heat. To improve efficiency, integrating photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems is forward-thinking. These systems generate electricity while using absorbed heat for practical purposes, enhancing efficiency and providing thermal energy for heating. This study analyzes a PV/T module with phase change material (PCM) and metal foam (MF) throughout the typical day of two winter months and two summer months. It investigates how thermal storage affects energy production. Simulations assume heat transfer fluid flow during daylight hours, controlling flow when necessary. Simulations use a heat transfer fluid at 20℃, typical for PV/T systems, with paraffins wax RT25. Performance is simulated for January, June, July, and December in Aversa (IT), with a 30° panel inclination, using data from PVGIS. The study evaluates the reliability of the simulation model and accuracy in representing thermal behavior, using Fluent software. Anticipated outcomes include PV operational hours, electrical and thermal efficiency, and energy output. This research advances efficient PV/T systems, offering insights for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is vital for meeting global renewable energy demands efficiently. Perovskite optical absorbers hold significant potential for high efficiency, innovative optoelectronic devices. Current study provides a detailed computational analysis to explore Potassium tin bromide (KSnBr3) as a possible absorber material for hybrid photovoltaic cell and its module by using density functional theory (DFT), solar capacitance simulator SCAPS-1D and PVSyst software. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of KSnBr3 were explored using mBJ potential in Quantum ESPRESSO. The proposed perovskite absorber has an energy band gap (Eg) of ~ 2.27 eV, showing strong potential for optoelectronic applications supported by its capability to absorb wide electromagnetic spectrum. Based on the optoelectronic properties a hybrid double absorber solar cell, Au-CuSbS2-FASnI3-KSnBr3-TiO2-AZO was designed and simulated in SCAPS-1D, incorporating TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL), CuSbS2 as hole transport layer (HTL) Formamidinium (FA) tin iodide CH(NH2)2SnI3 and KSnBr3 as active absorbers. The device performance was evaluated and optimized through variation in layers thickness, interface defects, bandgap tuning, metal work function, and temperature. The optimally yielded electrical parameters include a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.37%, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 31.4521 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.9406 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 79.60%. Single cell refined parameters were used in PVSyst to analyze the solar module. The optimized input produced a power output of 547.50 watts from a 72-cell module. The findings of this study are expected to advance the development of high-performance, environmentally sustainable solar cells and their modules with better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rule‐based energy management system (EMS) designed for a standalone DC microgrid incorporating solar photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, battery energy storage system (BESS), and electric vehicle. The unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources and the instability of loads pose challenges for maintaining DC bus voltages and power‐sharing arrangements, impacting the microgrid's smooth operation. The proposed EMS aims to ensure power balance between generation and demand, mitigating vulnerabilities of the DC bus to voltage instability caused by fluctuations from both the load and source sides. This is achieved through an autonomous DC bus voltage stabilization strategy, involving the maintenance of a nominal state of energy (SoE) for the BESS and hydrogen fuel consumption for the fuel cell within predefined lower and upper limits. By regulating these two factors, the EMS algorithm facilitates optimal performance of the PV, battery, and fuel cell components. Consequently, the EMS provides decision‐making instructions to each individual energy source, ensuring efficient operation under various conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed EMS is evaluated through hardware‐based testing on a DC microgrid and simulations in the MATLAB Simulink environment across multiple operating scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of hybrid systems has become very common all over the world. In this study, the aim is to minimize the use of grid energy to provide heating and cooling energy with the help of a hybrid heat pump equipped with a flat solar collector, phase change material (PCM), and photovoltaic (PV) panels. To achieve the best results, a numerical dynamic model consisting of different solar PV panels in three models, batteries, inverters, and hybrid heat pump along with collector and PCM has been modeled by solving Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and TRNSYS software. According to the proposed scenarios, multi‐objective optimization has been done to simultaneously improve the study answers in several sections by multi‐objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with MATLAB software. Also, economic and environmental optimization is also presented separately for comparing and reviewing solutions. The results of multi‐objective optimization show that the amount of lifecycle cost (LCC) when using polycrystalline panel is 21.26% lower than monocrystalline panel and 38.71% higher than thin film panel. As a result, according to the specific conditions and attitude, you can choose the desired system. Also, in the economic optimization, it was found that the best system is related to the polycrystalline panel, the volume of PCM used in the system is equal to 1 m3 , the number of panels used is 18, and the minimum amount of LCC is $3929.08. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels has triggered a search for renewable energy. Electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen using solar energy from photovoltaic (PV) is considered one of the most promising ways to generate renewable energy. In this paper, a coordination control strategy is proposed for the DC micro-grid containing PV array, battery, fuel cell and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. For electrolytic cell, the maximum efficiency is obtained by deducing the energy conversion efficiency of PEM electrolyzer. Combined with the storage of hydrogen in hydrogen storage equipment, an adaptive power conversion control approach is proposed. For the battery and supercapacitor (SC), the state of charge (SOC) and over charging and discharging power are considered to avoid the influence of excessive power and over charge and discharge on the device life span. For fuel cells, when the battery and SC cannot meet the power demand, the power supply is carried out with constant power control scheme. The validity and correctness of modeling and control strategies referred in this paper are verified through simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink software platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient operation, monitoring, and maintenance of a photovoltaic (PV) plant are intrinsically linked to data accessibility and reliability, which, in turn, rely on the robustness of the communication system. As new technologies arise and newer equipment is integrated into the PV plants, the communication system faces new challenges that are described in this work. Newer integrated equipment in PV plants includes the battery energy storage system (BESS) that transforms the PV plant into a dispatchable plant and the all-sky camera (ASC) that enables the prediction of shading events. In this paper, two communication systems were developed using only open-source software, in which the first was designed for seamless communication between the PV and BESS equipment, while the second was tailored to collect photographs from ASC devices. The requirements of the communication systems were defined based on the applications that control the PV plant, and on the industry-standard IEC-61724-1 norm for PV data. After being developed, the communication systems were installed in a PV plant, and the interaction between the data obtained from these two systems is discussed and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic is one of the best low-cost alternative energy sources. In this paper, organic semiconductors were explored as light harvesters due to their extraordinary properties, but initially, the scientific community focused on synthesizing the large bandgap organic semiconductors, which were unsuitable for photovoltaic applications. Wide bandgap organic semiconductors can capture light only from the UV–Vis region of the solar spectrum, thus showing solar cells' power conversion efficiency (PCE) of less than 5%. By reducing the bandgap, organic semiconductors can show good compatibility with the air mass (AM) of 1.5 solar spectrums. So, the attention came toward synthesizing low bandgap semiconductors, which led to the enhancement of PCE from 5% to 17%. This review summarizes the overall development of the last 15 years in the field of organic photovoltaic semiconductors. The significant parameters in organic semiconductors are their bandgap, the position of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) that can easily be tuned chemically by molecular designing. One of the issues in organic photovoltaic solar devices is the need for absorbers with a narrow bandgap to maximize power conversion efficiencies to a great extent. Moreover, several factors, such as conjugation length, bond length alteration, intermolecular interaction, donor–acceptor charge transfer, planarity, and physical states, are responsible for tuning the bandgap. This review also classifies low bandgap semiconductors based on the core skeleton with their bandgaps, structures, and power conversion efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-driven CO2 conversion into high-value-added chemicals, powered by photovoltaics, is a promising technology for alleviating the global energy crisis and achieving carbon neutrality. However, most of these endeavors focus on CO2 electroreduction to small-molecule fuels such as CO and ethanol. In this paper, inspired by the photosynthesis of green plants and artificial photosynthesis for the electroreduction of CO2 into value-added fuel, CO2 artificial photosynthesis for the electrocarboxylation of bromobenzene (BB) with CO2 to generate the value-added carboxylation product methyl benzoate (MB) is demonstrated. Using two series-connected dye-sensitized photovoltaics and high-performance catalyst Ag electrodes, our artificial photosynthesis system achieves a 61.1% Faraday efficiency (FE) for carboxylation product MB and stability of the whole artificial photosynthesis for up to 4 h. In addition, this work provides a promising approach for the artificial photosynthesis of CO2 electrocarboxylation into high-value chemicals using renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased significantly over the past few decades, and related technologies have advanced significantly. The electrical characteristics of a PV system change nonlinearly based on irradiation and temperature, and the I–V characteristic curve, expressed in terms of the voltage and current, is used to verify these characteristics. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method was applied to maximize the performance of the PV system. Voltage and current sensors are used to control the I–V characteristic curve and MPPT; however, current sensors have various disadvantages in terms of price and system configuration. Therefore, this study presents a method for calculating the current of a PV system using the charging characteristics of a capacitor. The method presented in this paper analyzes the I–V characteristic curve's qualities through simulations and experiments under normal, shaded, and mismatched conditions of the PV module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of energy conversion from renewable sources to distribution grids (insulated or not), a converter is often required to transfer energy from a low voltage source towards three-phase grids. This paper presents the HW design, the simulation results, and the conversion performance of a CSI converter intended to interface low-voltage renewable sources to three-phase grids. The main focus of this paper is to obtain the best performance in terms of voltage increase towards the output stage while maximizing the conversion efficiency. In comparison with the currently used energy conversion systems for small photovoltaic systems, hereafter some solutions were adopted to level and maximize the energy flow from the source to the DC-link and improve the quality of current supplied in terms of harmonic distortion. The proposed system is composed of two conversion stages: the first, voltage-to-current, the second current-to-current via a three-phase CSI bridge modulated with the SVM technique. The stages are not completely decoupled from an electrical point of view; therefore, in order to mitigate the effects of these interactions, synchronization strategies have been adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are complementary sunlight collectors for photovoltaics (PVs). Emissive fluorophores embedded in a transparent waveguide collect solar radiation over a large area and convert it into luminescence directed to the PV cells that frame the waveguide's edges. Among various fluorophores, perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) show considerable potential for LSCs thanks to their wide size/composition/shape tunable broad absorption spectrum ranging from UV to near‐infrared, which significantly overlaps with the solar spectrum. They also feature high brightness with a photoluminescence quantum yield of up to 100% and ease of fabrication through wet chemistry approaches. In addition, PNCs can be engineered to minimize the absorption/emission overlap, which is the key to suppressing energy losses caused by reabsorption. Here, the structure and properties of PNCs and then correlate them with LSC performance is presented. The synthesis of PNCs using wet‐chemistry approaches and summarize the latest developments of PNCs‐based LSCs, categorized by the engineering strategies of PNCs and the design of the LSC configurations is critically reviewed. Finally, it is described major challenges and perspectives for future work, outlining the rational design, synthesis, PNC loading, surface engineering, and machine‐learning‐based tuning of PNC‐LSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems, to obtain the best energy conversion efficiency, effective DC‐DC converters must balance the solar panels output voltage with the voltage on the DC bus. The converter is designed to have low voltage stresses on each device, and it has the characteristics of a wide input range and high gain. The following actions were done to confirm that the proposed converter had a number of features appropriate for PV systems and an experimental verification platform was established based on theoretical analysis and small‐signal modeling. The input range of the scaled‐down experimental prototype is 40–80 V, with a rated output of 400 V and a rated power of 200 W. The experiment confirms the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical analysis for the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation is conducted on the characteristics of LiScSn and LiYSn half Heusler materials for their potential application as future photovoltaic materials. We provide an analysis of the structural, electronic, mechanical, and optical characteristics of the Li-based half Heuslers. These compounds have favourable electronic and optical properties, suggesting their potential value in photovoltaic and other optoelectronic applications. Density functional theory (DFT) has been extensively used to investigate and accurately characterize several aspects of condensed matter systems by computer simulations of electronic structure and optical characteristics. The structural optimization, energy band structure, density of states, and optical properties for these compounds are investigated using the exchange-correlation potential PBE-GGA and TB-mBJ techniques, implemented in the WIEN2k algorithm. The optical character of the compounds is determined by analyzing the components of the real and imaginary dielectric function, as well as the optical absorption, and refractive index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, the installed capacity increment with regard to solar power generation has been highlighted as a crucial role played by Photovoltaic (PV) generation forecasting in integrating a growing number of distributed PV sites into power systems. Nevertheless, because of the PV generation's unpredictable nature, deterministic point forecast methods struggle to accurately assess the uncertainties associated with PV generation. This paper presents a detailed structured review of the state-of-the-art concerning Probabilistic Solar Power Forecasting (PSPF), which covers forecasting methods, model comparison, forecasting horizon and quantification metrics. Our review methodology leverages the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach to systematically identify primary data sources, focusing on keywords such as probabilistic forecasting, Deep Learning (DL), and Machine learning (ML). Through an extensive and rigorous search of renowned databases such as SCOPUS and Web of Science (WoS), we identified 36 relevant studies (n=36). Consequently, expert scholars decided to develop three themes: (1) Conventional PSPF, (2) PSPF utilizing ML, and (3) PSPF using DL. Probabilistic forecasting is an invaluable tool concerning power systems, especially regarding the rising proportion of renewable energy sources in the energy mix. We tackle the inherent uncertainty of renewable generation, maintain grid stability, and promote efficient energy management and planning. In the end, this research contributes to the development of a power system that is more resilient, reliable, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of photovoltaic, energy storage, direct current, and flexible load (PEDF) technologies in building power systems is an important means to address the energy crisis and promote the development of green buildings. The friendly interaction between the PEDF systems and the power grid can promote the utilization of renewable energy and enhance the stability of the power grid. For this purpose, this work introduces a framework of multiple incentive mechanisms for a PEDF park, a building energy system that implements PEDF technologies. The incentive mechanisms proposed in this paper include both economic and noneconomic aspects, which is the most significant innovation of this paper. By modeling the relationship between a PEDF park and the power grid into a Stackelberg game, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these incentive measures in promoting the friendly interaction between the two entities. In this game model, the power grid determines on the prices of electricity trading and incentive subsidy, aiming to maximize its revenue while reducing the peak load of the PEDF park. On the other hand, the PEDF park make its dispatch plan according to the prices established by the grid, in order to reduce electricity consumption expense, improve electricity utility, and enhance the penetration rate of renewable energy. The results show that the proposed incentive mechanisms for the PEDF park can help to optimize energy consumption and promote sustainable energy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photovoltaic (PV) inverter is a vital component of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system. Photovoltaic (PV) inverter failure can mean a solar system that is no longer functioning. When electronic devices such as photovoltaic (PV) inverter devices are subjected to vapor condensation, a risk could occur. Given the amount of moisture in the air, saturation occurs when the temperature drops to the dew point, and condensation may form on surfaces. Numerical simulation with "COMSOL Software" is important for obtaining knowledge relevant to preventing condensation by using two steps. At first, the assumption was that the device's water vapor concentration was homogeneous to evaluate the amount of liquid water accumulated on the internal walls of the photovoltaic (PV) inverter box. Second, by considering the effect of external wind velocity on moisture transport at the air interface to evaluate water vapor transport outdoors and reduce condensation. General factorial designs are utilized for analyzing the nature of the relationship between the vapor condensation response and the variables. Reducing vapor condensation inside the solar inverter by the effect of external wind speed on diffusion as a process of transporting moister air outside the inverter box is the main solution for this problem. During the movement and assessment of the flow of water vapor, the impact of vapor condensation is reduced. The saturation period was determined by using a Boolean saturation indicator. The saturation indicator was set to 1 when saturation was detected (relative humidity greater than or equal to 1) and 0 otherwise. Calculating the flow and dispersion of moist air as a function of wind speed helped solve the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuel supplies are driving the rapid integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the electrical grid and electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation sector. Issues like unpredictable power outages and shifts in demand require a cost-benefit analysis and efficient scheduling. In order to optimize PV power consumption and EV charging while taking seasonal variations into consideration, this study offers a novel solar-based grid-tied charging station with an improved scheduling technique. The existing charging station connected to the grid and solar promises not only reduced grid demand and cost savings, but also energy independence and environmental benefits. In the actual case in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, it is carried out using a Homer Grid case study. Bangladesh may promote environmental sustainability and resource conservation with this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conducting polymers have attracted significant interest due to their unique properties, including metal-like conductivity, ionic conductivity, optical transparency, and mechanical flexibility. Poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfone) (PEDOT:PSS) is commonly utilized as the hole transport layer (HTL) in optoelectronic devices. However, its high acidity, primarily attributed to the low pH of PSS, poses challenges such as counter electrode etching, detrimental interactions with the photoactive layer, and device instability. To address these issues, researchers are exploring alternative HTL materials and deposition methods. Oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) has emerged as a promising technique to fabricate high-quality PEDOT thin films without PSS, enhancing device stability. The selection of an appropriate oxidant is crucial in oCVD, as it significantly influences film properties and performance. The utilization of liquid oxidants enables direct integration of conductive polymer thin films into devices through a one-step, dry process, eliminating the need for post-deposition rinsing and ensuring compatibility with solvent-sensitive and temperature-sensitive substrates. Moreover, precise control over liquid oxidant flow rates provides advantages over solid oxidants. This prospective article provides an overview of recent advancements in engineering the texture and nanostructure of conducting polymers to boost electrical conductivity and enhance optoelectronic performance. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in oCVD method, focusing on the use of liquid oxidants. Furthermore, the prospective article underscores the significance of oCVD in the efficient fabrication of PEDOT thin films without PSS, thus playing a pivotal role in the development of stable optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic technology has proven to be a reliable, economical, and clean energy source that is capable of adapting to diverse geographical conditions. However, factors such as soiling overshadow these qualities, thus leading to production losses and affecting the profitability of this technology. For these reasons, soiling is a highly studied topic, which involves considering the physicochemical characterization of the deposited material, mitigation strategies, effect predictions, and cleaning mechanisms. However, there is a relatively unexplored area related to the microbiological contribution to soiling. The surface of photovoltaic modules, along with the deposited material and local atmospheric factors, fosters favorable conditions for the colonization of microorganisms. These microorganisms influence the soiling mechanisms and optical properties of photovoltaic modules. This work presents a detailed characterization of the microbial diversity present in the soiling deposited on photovoltaic modules installed in the Atacama Desert. Two study sites were defined: Antofagasta and the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, which have warm and cold desert climates, respectively. Mineralogical characterization tests, heavy metal analyses, TOC, and inorganic element analyses were conducted on the deposited material. Additionally, the culturable isolates and the metagenomic DNA of the soiling samples and biofilms grown on standard PV glass were characterized using next-generation sequencing. The results show that the deposited soiling contained a microbiological component that had adapted to extreme desert conditions. The presence of the genera Arthrobacter, Kocuria, and Dietzia were identified in the culturable isolates from Antofagasta, while Arthrobacter and Dietzia were obtained from the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert. The metagenomic DNA was mainly represented by the genera Pontibacter, Noviherbaspirillum, Massilia, Arthrobacter, Hymenobacter, and Deinococcus at Antofagasta. However, at the Solar Platform of the Atacama Desert, the analyzed samples presented DNA concentrations below 0.5 ng/µL, which made their preparation unviable. At the PSDA, the biofilms formed by the genera Peribacillus and Kocuria were identified, whereas the UA showed a greater abundance of bacteria that favored biofilm formation, including those that belonged to the genera Bacillus, Sporosarcina, Bhargavaea, Mesaobacillus, Cytobacillus, Caldakalibacillus, and Planococcus. Based on these results, we propose a soiling mechanism that considers the microbiological contribution to material cementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)