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The primary objectives of this study were to 1) prepare a map from Landsat imagery of the Upper Susitna River Basin drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, 2) identify possible faults and lineaments within the upper basin and within a 100-km radius of the proposed Devil Canyon and Watana dam sites as observed on Landsat imagery, and 3) prepare a Landsat-derived map showing the distribution of surficial geologic materials and poorly drained areas. The EROS Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) provided computer- enhanced images of Landsat-1 scene 5470-19560. The EDIES false color composite of this scene was used as the base for mapping drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, six surficial geologic materials units and poorly drained areas. We used some single-band and other color composites of Landsat images during interpretation. All the above maps were prepared by photointerpretation of Landsat images without using computer analysis, aerial photographs, field data, or published reports. These other data sources were used only after the mapping was completed to compare and verify the information interpreted and delineations mapped from the Landsat images. Four Landsat-1 MSS band 7 winter scenes were used in the photomosaic prepared for the lineament mapping. We mapped only those lineaments related to reported regional tectonics, although there were many more lineaments evident on the Landsat photomosaic., Orginal contains color plates: All DTIC and NTIS reproductions will be in black and white.

Examination of Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) photographs suggests intersecting faults within 10-20 kilometers of the NEIS epicenters of a cluster of low M sub s - m sub b events in Tibet. This suggests that the low Ms values may be due to some tectonic cause, for example dip slip thrust faults having high stress drop and small fault plane areas dipping about 45 deg which have been shown by Douglas to have low M sub s - m sub b. Therefore, unless the faults are steeply dipping, the low M sub s values cannot be traced to attenuation of the Rayleigh waves due to great depths of the hypocenters., Includes envelope with figure and overlay.

Information from precise leveling, sea level observations, geomorphology, photogeology, the sedimentary record, igneous activity, faulting, and theoretical geomechanics are brought to bear on understanding intraplate tectonics, especially in the eastern United States and China. Releveling data indicate vertical movements much faster than average geologic rates and possible movements on concealed faults. Intraplate faulting in the eastern U.S. and China extend the seismic record through Quaternary and earlier times.

Contents: Geologic Lineations in Dickey-Lincoln area; Surficial Geology and Drainage; Surficial Geology of Eastern Portion; Drainage of Eastern Portion; Boring Data Locations in Eastern Portion; Surficial Geology of Central Portion; Drainage of Central Portion; Surficial Geology of Western Portion; Drainage of Western Portion., See also Part 1, AD-A023 276.

Published criteria for identifying metamorphic rocks by air photo patterns were systematically tested on regionally metamorphosed rocks in west-central Vermont and near West Point, New York, and were found inadequate for use a predictive tools. Mapping units were discriminated on the air photos by evaluating the pattern elements of landform, drainage-plan, drainage-cross section, photo tone, and photo texture. They were identified by comparing each pattern element to its counterpart for each rock type in the published criteria. The most common pattern element rock name was selected as the name for the mapping unit. To avoid bias, geological data were not obtained until after the identification process was completed. The predicted rocks names were then compared to geologic maps and field data to determine their accuracy. Only 20 of the 74 verifiable predictions were correct. Probable causes for these results are (1) that the published criteria are incomplete and internally inconsistent and do not include all the rocks types found in the study areas; (2) that climatic and structural, or tectonic, factors, apparently not considered in the published criteria, play a significant role in determining rock type photo pattern; and (3) that the glacial history of these areas has affected the characteristic photo patterns of the rocks encountered. Moderate success was achieved, however, where lithologic diversity and morphic rocks of higher grade and/or sedimentary origin. Similar techniques have proven successful for identifying igneous and sedimentary rocks on air photos, so development of more accurate criteria for metamorphic rocks, taking these factors into consideration, is continuing.

This report discusses a field investigation at Fort Greely, Alaska, conducted by the Geographic Sciences Laboratory (GSL) of the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (USAETL) as part of the Test and Analyze Experimental Color and Multiband Photography project. Field teams were deployed to collect terrain information in the areas of soils, vegetation, hydrology, and cultural features; various types of aerial imagery missions were flown coincident with the acquisition of ground data. A discussion of each of the areas of terrain data is presented., See also ADA001464.

The Conference on the Use of Orbiting Spacecraft in Geographic Research outlined in a three-day session the principal benefits to the science of geography expected from operating cameras, infrared scanners, imaging radars, and other remote sensors in earth-orbiting spacecraft. The benefits from the new data on earth-surface phenomena include both scientific advances and practical applications in the civilian economy. General recommendations made by the Conference include the following: a vigorous effort should be made to plan the management of the great quanity and variety of data to be obtained; the international nature of a geographic spacecraft program and the need for cooperation of scientists in many countries should be emphasized; and field testing programs in well-known areas are needed to explore capabilities of specific sensors. Specific detailed recommendations were made by separate working panels in each of eight subfields: Energy and Water Budget; Geomorphology and Glaciology; Plant Cover and Soils; Resource Utilization; Settlement, Population, and Historical Geography; Urban Data and Data Systems; Transportation and Linkages; and Mapping, Imagery, and Data Processing. (Author), Rept. of a Conference on the Use of Orbiting Spacecraft in Geographic Research, held at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, Jan 28-30, 1965.

Large scale (1:10000, 1:50000) mapping, involving mainly descriptions of 'key sections' by geobotanists, soil scientists, geomorphologists, landscape scientists and others, as well as topographic surveys initially (and aerial photo interpretation subsequently) is discussed, with reference to production of landscape and geobotanical maps. Detailed data were gathered on over 1400 plots of 25 m radius in a 13 sq cm section. Map-diagram and statistical analysis was applied to the data to develop the areas and boundaries of the geobotanical fascies and associations., Trans. of mono. Krupnomasshtabnoe Kartograf Rovanie Rastilelmosti, Novosibirsk, n.p., 1970 p26-55.

Photographic and infrared scanning surveys were made over Harper Lake, California, on three occasions during 1970 to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of aerial techniques for assessing ground conditions on dry lakebeds. The surficial geology of the lakebed was mapped and ground measurements were made for soil moisture, salt content, strength, and radiometric temperature. Infrared imagery in the wavelength region of from 1 to 5 micrometers is well-suited for detecting and mapping zones of soft or moist soils on playa surfaces, although spatial resolution is a limiting factor. The effects of surface soil conditions and micromorphological features on aircraft operations were also evaluated. (Author)

Investigations on the shore and offshore morphology of the volcanic island of Surtsey off the southeastern coast of Iceland are reported. The volcanic activity that started as a submarine explosion in November 1963 ended in June 1967. A photogrammetric map of the island is in preparation. During the winter 1967/68 there was a rapid retreat of the lava cliff on the southern coast. The cliff is 10-15 m in height. The maximum retreat was 140 m and the average retreat about 75 m. The amount of lava removed by erosion is estimated at 2 million cubic meters. The shoals of former cinder-cone islands (Surtla, Syrtlingur, and Jolnir), contemporaneously built up, were found to have been abraded during the last winter. The plateaus of Jolnir and Surtla had been lowered several meters. The submarine slopes of Surtsey were investigated by SCUBA diving down to a maximum of 40 m in depth. The sandy material of the slopes of the northern point is deposited at the frictional angle of repose. There is active avalanching on these slopes. On the slopes of the southern coast angular blocks dominate. (Author), Trans. of Upsala Univ. Geografiska Institutionen. Meddelanden Ser. A (Sweden) n239 p60-69 1969.

A comparative study was made of ground-controlled aerial photography over the Phoenix, Arizona, test area for soils determination. Three separate emulsions were studied: Plus-X (panchromatic) film; Ektachrome-MS (color) film; and Ektachrome (color) Infrared film. (Author)

The region described is located on the Amazon-Essiquibo divide and forms a tectonic depression in the heart of the Guiana Shield. The major physical aspects, including geology, tectonics, climate, geomorphic processes, drainage and relief conditions are mapped and analyzed. The surficial deposits of the area are identified and mapped and their origin postulated. Special attention is given to the evolution of laterites and laterite landforms. It is suggested that dissection of the laterite plateau and lowering of local base-level in early- and mid-Pleistocene times resulted in a change of vegetation from former forest to the present savanna. The significance of terrace and dune sands, cobbles and boulders of various rock-types, climatic and vegetative changes during the Pleistocene, and erosion surfaces, are evaluated as factors in the evolution of the present northern Rupununi landscape. (Author)

Observed data and current theories were studied to explain the selenologic character and engineering properties of the lunar surface. Formation of the moon by accretion of cold particles, followed by internal heating, complete melting, magmatic differentiation and planetary cooling and degassing is postulated. Principal lunar surface features resulted from infall of space debris, magma flows, crustal deformation and surface erosion by sputtering, meteoroid impact and ejecta from primary impacts. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis. Engineering properties of the lunar surface are postulated for an average marial topographic province. The lunar surface is composed principally of granular material varying as to granular gradation. Soil bearing strength, compaction, adhesion, excavation procedures, trafficability, dust propogation and surface temperatures are considered. Similar engineering data for the highlands may not be induced at this time because of their more heterogeneous character. (Author)

This report presents the results of an investigation of the potential value of spectral multiband photography, and multiband imagery in general, for increasing the depth at which underwater objects and/or disturbances can be observed by aerial photography. The program included the collection of multiband photography over a series of selected targets, the special processing of this photography, and the analysis of the resulting displays. Special techniques developed by Itek Corporation for extracting spectral information from multiband photography are described and the results obtained with various techniques are illustrated. The special techniques suppress surface reflections while enhancing spectral differences among submerged objects, resulting in increased depths at which objects of bottom features can be differentiated. The most successful procedure tested made use of four spectral band and comparatively simple masking procedures to suppress surface reflections. The problem of observing subsurface disturbances such as produced by underwater explosions was considered, and theoretical calculations were carried out which indicate a limiting depth of approximately 30 feet for observing such a disturbance under optimum conditions in typical ocean waters. (Author), Document contains color; but will be reproduced in black and white only after original stock is exhausted.

Giant desiccation fissures observed on 39 playas (dry lakes) in the Great Basin are greater in size and causative rupture stress than are the typical, small, surface mud cracks. Giant open fissures may be a meter wide and more than 5 m deep, whereas the typical shallow mud cracks are a few centimeters wide and about 25 cm and more deep. The fissures form polygonal patterns that range from 15 to 100 m and more across, with intersections predominantly at approximately right angles. The fissures themselves follow sinuous, irregular lines. Thus, the patterns are for the most part 'irregular random orthogonal polygons'. The fissures form on hard, dry, compact playa crusts where desiccation has been rigorous and ground water is fairly deep. The contractive stress producing the fissures results from loss of moisture and appears to develop over a period of several years; however, the rupture probably takes place in minutes. The greatest release of stress frequently appears to occur below the surface. Tectonic forces and basin subsidence may be a factor in fissure formation. Fissures follow a cycle of growth and destruction: fresh, sediment filled, vegetated, and relict fissures comprise the major geomorphic forms. The patterns can be easily identified on airphotos, and can thus, through inference, offer reconnaissance information on the playa environment. (Author)

The development of air-photo interpretation in Canada is traced from the earliest times to the present day. The major milestones are identified, and an attempt is made to show the pattern of development and the trends in photo-interpretation work in Canada since the first air photos were obtained in 1883. Separate sections are devoted to air-photo interpretation in forestry, agriculture and crop inventory, engineering, physiography and terrain analysis, wildlife, and social studies. An extensive reference list is an integral part of the review. (Modified author abstract), Summary in French. See also AD-783 372.

Photogeologic analysis of TIROS photography of the Sahara and Kalahari regions of western Africa demonstrate the limited applicability of such satellite photography to geologic studies of Earth. (Author)

The topographic mapping possibilities of radar have been investigated almost since radar was developed. The geological interpretation of P.P.I. scope photography is discussed with possible explanations for the geological expression of certain features. The example of radar ice mapping is given and the radar geology of part of Eastern Canada described. The radar geology of Scotland is briefly described. The application of radar photography to the study of geological structures is recommended as a new and possibly unique method. (Author)

The program consisted of 52 papers treating applications for remote sensing in space programs; atmospheric research and meteorology; geology and geography; vegetation, forestry, and agricultural studies; and oceanography; as well as treating methods of handling and interpreting data from electromagnetic, acoustical, and force sensors employed in these various roles.

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