Search

Objective: Photobiomodulation therapy is recommended by multiple international societies for managing oral mucositis. These recommendations are based on extensive evidence. However, the search for an optimal photobiomodulation protocol continues. This mapping review focuses on a novel aspect of photobiomodulation therapy which is the immediate effect on pain levels associated with oral ulcerative conditions. Data sources: This literature review systematically compiles and evaluates the evidence about oral mucositis, alongside other oral ulcerative conditions, as the protocols that achieved pain relief for these oral conditions may have potential applicability to oral mucositis management. The scientific database used was PubMed. Conclusion: Whereas most of the randomized controlled trials about photobiomodulation therapy for oral mucositis and other ulcerative oral diseases reported delayed pain relief, certain photobiomodulation therapy protocols reported immediate pain relief. The results of this review highlight the concept of preemptive photobiomodulation therapy, in which photobiomodulation therapy is delivered early in the development of oral mucositis throughout the oncotherapy and may achieve immediate pain relief consistently in most of the patients and close to a negligible pain level. Photobiomodulation therapy, as a powerful nonpharmacologic tool for immediate pain relief, has a great beneficial value in patients suffering from oral mucositis and other painful oral ulcerative diseases such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis and chronic graft-versus-host disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Contusion and soft tissue injuries are common in sports. Photobiomodultion, light and laser therapy, is an effective aid to increase healing rates and improve function after various injury mechanisms. However, it is unclear how well photobiomodulation improves function after a contusion soft tissue injury. This study aimed to determine the effects of a pulsed red and blue photobiomodulation light patch on muscle function following a human thigh contusion injury. Design: Single-blinded randomized control trial design. Methods: We enrolled 46 healthy participants. Participants completed 5 visits on consecutive days. On the first visit, participants completed a baseline isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol at 60°/s and 180°/s. On the second visit, participants were struck in the rectus femoris of the anterior thigh with a tennis ball from a serving machine. Immediately following, participants were treated for 30 minutes with an active or placebo photobiomodulation patch (CareWear light patch system, CareWear Corp). Following the treatment, participants completed the same isokinetic quadriceps strength testing protocol. Participants completed the treatment and isokinetic quadriceps strength test during the following daily visits. We normalized the data by calculating the percent change from baseline. We used a mixed model analysis of covariance, with sex as a covariate, to determine the difference between treatment groups throughout the acute recovery process. Results: We found the active photobiomodulation treatment significantly increased over the placebo group, quadriceps peak torque during the 180°/s test (P =.030), and average power during both the 60°/s (P =.041) and 180°/s (P ≤.001) assessments. The mean peak torque and average power of 180°/s, at day 4, exceeded the baseline levels by 8.9% and 16.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The red and blue photobiomodulation light patch improved muscle strength and power during the acute healing phase of a human thigh contusion injury model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the molecular effects of near-infrared photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on HD10.6 human sensory neuron cell cultures. This study explores the utility of PBMT in modulating the functionality of sensory neurons in vitro with a potential translational effect on analgesia, a significant concern in clinical settings, particularly in pediatrics where non-invasive treatments are crucial. Methods: HD10.6 human sensory neuron cell model was employed in the study. The 800 and 970 PBMT was tested on the cells and mitochondria related parameters and TRP channel functionality were evaluated after irradiation. Results: We found that PBMT affects mitochondrial dynamics and reduces oxidative stress, influenced calcium ion flow, pivotal in nociception signaling, and modified the expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors post-irradiation. Conclusions: This study observed a potential impact of PBMT on sensory neurons through various cellular mechanisms. These findings may contribute to the understanding of PBMT's mechanistic effects on human sensory neurons, not yet explored in in-vitro model, pointing to its potential utility as a supportive treatment for non-invasive pain management in pediatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of selective caries removal in deep Class I cavities in posterior teeth followed or not by photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy at two different wavelengths on postoperative sensitivity. Baseline spontaneous and stimulated sensitivity scores of 33 vital permanent molars were determined by the participants using a numeric rating scale. The teeth had their affected dentine preserved and were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 11): selective removal of infected dentine (control), selective removal of infected dentine followed by infrared (IR; 810 nm) or red (R; 660 nm) laser irradiation. The teeth were restored with a two-step self-etch adhesive and nanoparticle composite layers, and followed by laser irradiation only for IR and R groups. Both spontaneous and stimulated sensitivity were recorded after 12 h, 7 days, and 14 days. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). The pulp of all teeth positively responded to cold a stimulus. The control group presented a significant increase in spontaneous sensitivity at 12 h (p < 0.05), which decreased to the preoperative level after 14 days. In both IR and R groups, the sensitivity levels remained stable over time (p > 0.05). At both 7- and 14-day follow-ups, the spontaneous sensitivity for the IR group was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). In addition to preserving tooth sensitivity, selective deep caries removal can be associated with R or IR to respectively attenuate or completely resolve postoperative sensitivity within one week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effects of tPBMT are from influencing compounds by triggering specific reactions, which stimulate Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis and neurogenesis. According to these effects, tPBMT has been applied as a potential treatment for various neural-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tPBMT on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing MMT. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial included two groups of substance-dependent patients undergoing MMT. They were randomly assigned to receive tPBMT or a sham tPBMT. The intervention group received PBM in the form of Light- Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for four minutes of light exposure at 810 nm wavelength producing 250 mW/cm2 when applied to 4 mm skin depth (totaling 60 J/cm2) in both forehead locations. The levels of anxiety, depression, and opioid craving were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-up assessments. Results: Both groups consisted of 32 (91.4%) males and 3 (8.6%) females, with the mean age of patients in the intervention group being 37.97 ± 10.58 years, and 39.66 ± 9.94 years in the control group (P = 0.495). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of depression, anxiety, and opioid craving scale scores before the intervention (p>0.05). However, the tPBMT group had statistically significant reductions in their scores compared to the sham tPBMT group. (p<0.05). Conclusion: tPBMT led to significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and opioid craving among individuals in MMT, and these improvements were sustained at one month and three months after treatment, indicating a long-lasting positive effect. Trial registration: Trial registration: IRCT code: IRCT20210502051162N1, Approval ID: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1400.111, registered on 01.06.2021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Comments on 'high-intensity versus low-level laser in musculoskeletal disorders'" published in Lasers in Medical Science discusses a study comparing high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for musculoskeletal disorders. The study raises methodological and statistical concerns that may impact its validity and interpretation, emphasizing the need for further examination. The article suggests improvements in transparency, reproducibility, and data analysis to strengthen the study's contribution to evidence-based practice. Additionally, discrepancies in reporting and the need for updated searches are highlighted, urging future reviews to address these limitations for a clearer comparison of laser therapies' efficacy in treating musculoskeletal disorders. [Extracted from the article]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. BACKGROUND: Low-level laser/LED therapy (LLLT) has been described as a treatment option for alopecia, but no study has comprehensively reviewed its efficacy in multiple alopecia types. OBJECTIVE: To review and evaluate LLLT for various alopecia types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL was conducted to identify studies assessing the effect of LLLT on patients diagnosed with alopecia. Prespecified outcome measure was the change in hair density. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the standardized mean difference in hair density before and after LLLT compared with placebo. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies were included that described 3,098 patients with androgenetic alopecia (2,930/3,098), scarring alopecia (49/3,098), alopecia areata (50/3,098), telogen effluvium (17/3,098), and chemotherapy-induced alopecia (32/3,098). The mean change in hair density increased significantly in androgenetic alopecia patients after LLLT for 4 to 26 weeks compared with placebo (<20 weeks: SMD = 1.14; 95% CI [0.51–1.78]; p =.000; I2 = 88.26%; >20 weeks: SMD = 1.44; 95% CI [0.97–1.91]; p =.000; I2 = 80.81%). Change in hair density was reported in 5 studies evaluating other alopecia types; however, statistical information was insufficient for meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: LLLT is a promising treatment option for patients with androgenetic alopecia, but future studies are needed to better understand its efficacy in other alopecia types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been demonstrated as a non‐invasive and painless technique with great potential to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, there is a great inconsistency among PBM protocols and reported outcomes, probably due to the poor translatability of preclinical knowledge into early clinical practice. Hence, this review aims to fill this gap by establishing the state‐of‐the‐art on both preclinical and clinical applications of PBM, and by comprehensively discussing the most suitable stimulation protocols described in the literature. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases using a combination of keywords. Only studies written in English were eligible and no time limit was applied. A total of 69 studies were selected for this review. The revised literature describes that PBM can effectively reduce orthodontic treatment time and produce analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects. We found that PBM of 640 ± 25, 830 ± 20 and 960 ± 20 nm, delivered at a minimum energy density per irradiation point of 5 J/cm2 daily or every other day sessions is robustly associated with increased tooth movement rate. Pain relief seems to be achieved with lower irradiation doses compared to those required for OTM acceleration. For the first time, the bioeffects induced by PBM for the acceleration of OTM are comprehensively discussed from a translational point of view. Collectively, the evidence from preclinical and clinical trials supports the use of PBM as a coadjuvant in orthodontics for enhancing tooth movement and managing treatment‐associated discomfort. Overall, the revised studies indicate that optimal PBM parameters to stimulate tissue remodelling are wavelengths of 830 ± 20 nm and energy densities of 5–70 J/cm2 applied daily or every other day can maximize the OTM rate, while lower doses (up to 16 J/cm2 per session) delivered in non‐consecutive days seem to be optimal for inducing analgesic effects. Future research should focus on optimizing laser parameters and treatment protocols customized for tooth and movement type. By fine‐tuning laser parameters, clinicians can potentially reduce treatment times, improve patient comfort and achieve more predictable outcomes, making orthodontic care more efficient and patient‐friendly, thus consolidating PBM usage in orthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is promising additional therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). In this regard, the purpose of this narrative review is to give a wide-ranging, objective, and judicious view of the current knowledge on PBMT as an additional TMD treatment modality, with summarised updated information. Although the results of most research studies report improvement of pain in TMD patients, some state that sustainability of absence of pain after PBMT of TMD is of concern. There has been a recent surge in research around the application of lasers for the management of TMD. Nonetheless, the scarcity of scientific clinical studies with structured laser parameters makes it difficult to draw a more concrete conclusion whether lasers in the treatment of TMD are more effective than traditional TMD treatments. In conclusion, since PBMT is becoming an additional treatment of choice for the management of TMD there is a need for more research especially involving clinical studies with better structured laser parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive therapeutic procedure that consists of irradiating a local area of the skin with red and near-infrared lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs). Local PBM has been studied as a method to improve exercise performance and recovery. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of whole-body PBM for exercise performance and recovery, comparing its findings to the established effects of localized PBM. Methods: This systematic review was conducted utilising PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EBSCO and Google Scholar, with the search terms (whole-body OR full-body) AND (photobiomodulation OR "light therapy"). We included studies on human participants that used whole-body PBM in the red or near-infrared spectrum, before or after exercise to enhance performance or recovery, and provided a qualitative synthesis of the findings. Results: A total of five studies were identified out of the 193 screened, with a total of 105 physically active participants, representing both sexes, engaging in different exercise modalities. Two studies reported better sleep quality, as determined by a subjective questionnaire and a commercial sleep tracker, including higher serum melatonin and lower nocturnal heart rate in participants using whole-body PBM. However, none of the five studies reported any benefit of whole-body PBM on biomarkers of fatigue and exercise performance. Conclusion: Whole-body PBM may improve sleep quality but shows no evidence of benefits for exercise recovery or performance. Further research is necessary to resolve discrepancies with the benefits observed in localized PBM studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the effects of aquatic training (AT) and its combination with photobiomodulation (PBM) on cytokine synthesis and plantar muscle morphology during compensatory hypertrophy (H) in Wistar rats. H was induced by bilateral ablation of synergistic muscles, and PBM using a laser (780 nm). AT involved 60 min sessions, 5 times/week, for 7 and 14 days. Muscle weight relative to body weight did not differ significantly between groups. TNF-α synthesis levels decreased in the H + AT + PBM group at 7 days compared to H Control. IL-6 and IL-1β levels showed no significant changes. Cross-sectional area (CSA) was higher in H + AT + PBM at 7 days and 14 days compared to H + AT and H Control. Fiber diameter increased in H + AT and H + AT + PBM compared to H at 14 days. AT with PBM decreased TNF-α expression, increased CSA and fiber diameter, whereas AT alone increased fiber diameter. In conclusion, the combination of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy and aquatic training (AT) effectively reduced TNF-α levels while increasing muscle fiber diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA). Furthermore, AT alone demonstrated the capacity to maintain fiber diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different types of low level laser treatment (LLLT) in reducing pain levels, changing oxygen saturation and bite force in patients with myofacial pain syndrome (MPS). 45 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: Group 1 (GRR laser, n = 15) received LLLT with Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser with a wavelength of 904 nm and red laser with a wavelength of 650 nm over masseter muscle region. Group 2 (Nd: YAG laser, n = 15) were treated with Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and the same protocol with Nd: YAG laser was performed in the Group 3 (placebo, n = 15) using sham device. Pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), change in oxygen concentration in the masseter muscle was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy- fNIRS and bite force was measured with Flexiforce sensors before and after treatment. There was a significant decrease in VAS scores after treatment in all three groups. When pain scores were compared, a greater reduction was seen in the Group 1 and Group 2. The change in oxygen saturation level was not statistically significant in all three groups (p > 0.05). Bite force values showed a significant decrease in treatment groups (p < 0.05), while there was no significant change in the placebo group (p > 0.05). Nd: YAG and GRR laser treatments were effective in reducing the pain caused by MPS and in reducing bite force values. Clinically, GRR laser system provides more effective results with its regional and practical application. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06442553. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of mankind's most common diseases with a nonspecific etiology. Lasers are gaining traction in dentistry due to their remarkable effects on pain reduction. Their convenience and lack of side effects have made them an attractive alternative to conventional interventions. This systematic review aims to summarize the current evidence on the efficacy of lasers in managing recurrent aphthous ulcers. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The databases PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOHost were electronically queried to retrieve trials published until July 2024 using the appropriate keywords. The outcomes evaluated include pain reduction, healing duration, and lesion size reduction. The bias assessment was conducted using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias method designed explicitly for randomized trials (Protocol Registration No: INPLASY2024110096). After evaluating the eligibility of 311 articles, 24 trials were included in the final review. Of 24 trials, data from 16 trials demonstrated that laser therapy is more efficacious in pain reduction than the control regardless of its power. Eleven of the included articles showed that low-level laser therapy had a shorter healing time than the control group. Six trials presented data indicating that low-level laser therapy results in a more significant reduction in ulcer diameter. Current evidence show that low-level as well as CO2 laser treatment are superior to conventional therapy for pain management in RAS. Future research should focus on determining the ideal laser treatment settings by standardizing parameters and outcome measurements to achieve maximum pain reduction and healing in RAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the role of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) in accelerating diabetic wound healing has been proven, their synergistic effect is still debated. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of LLLT and hADSC on wound healing and on biomechanical parameters in type 2 diabetic rabbits. In this experimental study, 40 rabbits with type 2 diabetes (induced by streptozotocin (STZ)) were included. Rabbits were randomly assigned with equal ratios to 4 groups, including the control group (group A), hADSCs alone (group B), the laser alone (group C), and the combined group of hADSCs cells with laser (group D). 30 days after diabetes, two wounds were created on the back of each rabbit. Immediately after creating a wound, hADSC was injected into two parts of the wound. In the laser groups, the wound site was treated with a low-power 660 nm laser for 4 weeks daily for 20–30 s. The number of closed wounds in the treatment group was evaluated 7, 15 and 30 days after the treatment. On the 15th and 30th days, a standard sample of each healing wound was sent for biomechanical evaluation. Thirty days after treatment, the combined effect of LLLT + hADSCs was superior to their individual effects on wound healing and biomechanical parameters (mean bending stiffness, maximum force, high-stress load, and energy absorption), while their individual effects were similar. Fifteen days after treatment, the effect of LLLT alone was superior to hADSCs alone for wound healing and improvement of biomechanical parameters. LLLT and hADSCs, individually and in combination, were superior in diabetic wound healing and biomechanical parameters compared to the control group in type 2 diabetic rabbits. The combined effect of LLLT with hADSCs was superior to their individual effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of lifelong disability, with no available disease-modifying treatments to promote neuroprotection and axon regeneration after injury. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising therapy which has proven effective at restoring lost function after SCI in pre-clinical models. However, the precise mechanism of action is yet to be determined. Here, we used an in-vivo model of SCI in adult rats that received daily PBM (660 nm, 24 mW/cm2, 1 min) and at three days post-injury, the injured spinal cord segment was harvested and subjected to whole transcriptome sequencing and subsequent pathway analysis (generally applicable gene-set enrichment (GAGE)). Pathway analysis demonstrated 1275 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after PBM treatment, of which 397 were upregulated and 878 were downregulated. Key pathways were significantly enriched, including 8.6-fold enrichment of "neuron projection morphogenesis" (adjusted p = 8.10 × 10− 14), with upregulation of Notch3, Slit1/Robo2 and Sema3g pathways. Ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and NADH dehydrogenase were downregulated, and there was upregulation of ATP-dependent activity, cAMP and calcium signalling pathways. Key genes in apoptotic pathways were downregulated, as were S100 and cyclo-oxygenase components. Together, our study supports the favourable effects of PBM in promoting neuroregeneration and suppressing apoptosis after neurological injury. Further findings from pathway analysis suggest that downregulation of metabolism-associated pathways is a mechanism by which acute post-injury mitochondrial dysfunction may be averted by PBM therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess and compare the effectiveness of adding low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation (NMES) to conventional physical therapy exercises, for stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP). Seventy-five stroke patients with shoulder pain were included in this prospective randomized controlled study. Participants were divided into three groups. All patients underwent a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program five days a week for four weeks for a total of twenty sessions with classical physical therapy exercises. In addition, Group 1 received LLLT for three days a week for four weeks. Group 2 received NMES for twenty minutes for five days a week for four weeks. Group 3 control group received classical physical therapy exercises. Brunnstrom (BRS) upper extremity, BRS Hand, Barthel index, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Fugl Meyer, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed, prior to the treatment and at the end of four weeks. After treatment, statistically significant improvements were found in BRS upper extremity, BRS Hand, Barthel index, SPADI, Fugl Meyer and VAS in all three groups (all p < 0.005). When the groups were compared, significant improvements in Bartel, SPADI and VAS in the LLLT and NMES groups than the control group(all p < 0.005), however the LLLT and NMES groups were statistically similar. LLLT, NMES and conventional exercise therapy have demonstrated efficacy in treating HSP and improving upper extremity functions and disability. Laser and NMES were more effective while the effects of laser and NMES were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an aquatic progressive resistance exercise (APRE) and PBM (associated or not) on morphology of skeletal muscle and biochemical markers using an experimental model of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 5 groups: control group (CG); OA control (OAC); OA submitted to APRE (OAE); OA submitted to PBM (OAL); OA submitted to APRE and PBM (OAEL). Trained rats performed a water-jumping program carrying a load equivalent to 50–80% of their body mass strapped to their chest. Laser irradiation (808 nm) was performed on 2 points of the knee joint. Treatments (3 days a week, for 8 weeks) started 4 weeks after the OA induction. The results showed that all OA groups presented a significantly increase in the muscle cross-section area (CSA) and a decrease in muscle fiber density compared to CG. Moreover, both trained groups presented a reduced expression of atrogin and an intense myoD immunoexpression in the laser exercised animals. The results demonstrate that APRE was effective in reducing muscle atrophy markers and its association with PBM could be effective in modulating molecules involved in muscle recovery in knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on implant stability and crestal bone loss placed in healed sites. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA (The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two investigators carried out the electronic search of Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Ebscohost for published literature from 2012 till March 2024. Handsearch for articles relevant to the topic was also carried out along with references. Only randomized controlled trials were included for systematic review. The assessment quality was done using the revised JBI checklist (Joanna Biggs Institute). After screening and eligibility assessment, Qualitative analysis was envisaged for 15 studies on implant stability and crestal bone loss, followed by quantitative analysis of 8 studies on implant stability and only 2 studies for crestal bone loss. Meta-analysis showed that overall implant stability was significantly higher in the control group (P < 0.00001). Crestal bone loss showed a significant difference after the therapy when observed after six months of implant placement (P = 0.03). Heterogeneity was high with the random effects model for implant stability, while it was acceptable for crestal bone loss. However, more studies with similar parameters concerning implant stability and PBM characteristics are required for further subgroup analysis and to reach conclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photobiomodulation, specifically high-energy photobiomodulation therapy (H-PBMT), is gaining recognition as a promising non-invasive intervention for managing knee osteoarthritis (KOA). While H-PBMT has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain and improving physical function, most evidence to date focuses on short-term symptomatic relief. The potential for H-PBMT to offer sustained benefits and modify the underlying progression of KOA remains insufficiently explored, warranting further investigation. Objective: This study aims to assess the short-term and sustained effects of H-PBMT combined with rehabilitation exercises in patients with mild to moderate KOA, focusing on knee radiographic morphological changes over a 3-month follow-up period. Methods: This protocol outlines a parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fifty participants with mild to moderate KOA (based on the Kellgren-Lawrence classification) will be randomly assigned to either the active H-PBMT plus exercise group (H-PBMT+E, n = 25) or the placebo photobiomodulation plus exercise group (PL+E, n = 25). Both groups will undergo an 8-week intervention, consisting of conventional rehabilitation exercises paired with either active or placebo photobiomodulation. H-PBMT will be delivered using the BTL-6000 HIL device with a 1064 nm wavelength, providing a total energy dose of 3190 J per 15-minute session. The treatment protocol includes both pulse mode (25 Hz, 5 W, 190 J) for analgesia and continuous mode (5 W, 3000 J) for biostimulation. Participants will be blinded to their group allocation through the use of a placebo device that mimics the active treatment without emitting therapeutic energy. Additionally, the outcome assessors will be blinded to the group allocations to ensure unbiased evaluation of the trial outcomes. The primary outcome is the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Secondary outcomes include the Timed Up-and-Go test, Numerical Pain Rating Scale, and knee X-rays. Outcomes will be evaluated at baseline, immediately post-intervention (week 8), and at 3-month follow-up (week 20). Data will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle, with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA used to assess time, group, and interaction effects. Conclusion: This study is expected to provide valuable insights into the sustained effects and potential disease-modifying properties of combining H-PBMT with rehabilitation exercises in managing KOA. The findings could inform more effective treatment protocols, improving rehabilitation outcomes and patient quality of life. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12624000699561p). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the potential contribution of Photobiomodulation (PBM) to the regeneration of the bone following the extraction of the first mandibular molar in rats. The study evaluates the efficacy of PBM, using both Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Light-Emitting Diode Therapy (LEDT), as promotors of osteoblastic activity and the formation of new bone. Study design, setting, and sample: 45 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups of 15 individuals – (i) control group (left lower molar removed only), (ii) the LLL group (molar removed, followed by LLLT), and (iii) the LED group (molar removed, followed by LEDT). Each of these groups was divided into three subgroups of five rats, which were monitored for 7, 14 or 28 days following the extraction of the tooth. For analysis, the bone of the right mandibular hemiarch was extracted and the specimens were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Microscopic morphological analysis revealed that the LED therapy had promoted greater bone remodeling activity at 7 and 14 days post-extraction, whereas the LLLT promoted the generation of more mature bone tissue, but more slowly overall. The quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in the area of bone activity and the osteoblast count in both PBM groups in comparison with the control. Photobiomodulation, using either low-level laser or LED therapy, is effective for both bone regeneration and osteoblast activity following dental injury in rats. While the LED therapy initially presented higher levels of remodeling activity, the laser produced more mature bone tissue over time. These findings indicate that PBM is a promising therapeutic alternative for healing bone, with the potential for the improvement of postoperative outcomes in dental practise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone regeneration is a complex process influenced by inflammation and pathological conditions. Efforts to enhance this process include chemical and physical interventions, with PBMT therapy showing promise in improving bone regeneration. Despite conflicting findings in existing literature, this review aims to synthesize clinical evidence on using therapy (PBMT) in bone regeneration and explore its potential clinical applications. A systematic search was performed on electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed from the beginning until May 2024 for randomized clinical trials that reported the result of PBMT on bone regeneration. The search strategy involved using a mix of relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) terms and pertinent keywords such as photobiomodulation therapy, low-level laser therapy, bone, regeneration, PBMT, and LLLT. From an initial search identifying 1920 articles, this review centered on 13 articles for analysis, predominantly utilizing radiographical or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) assessments. Among these, 7 studies indicated that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) did not have a significant impact on bone regeneration. Conversely, 4 studies showed a substantial enhancement in bone density and regeneration with PBMT. Furthermore, 2 studies investigated the impact of varying laser characteristics on case and control groups, concluding no significant difference. In spite of the conflicting results from studies mentioned above, it appears that photobiomodulation has shown positive effects on bone reconstruction. However, further research is necessary to optimize the selection of physical parameters of laser such as wavelength, energy density, and power, as they are crucial for optimizing the effectiveness of photobiomodulation for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle dysfunction, as one of the common extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), limits the exercise capacity, cardiorespiratory health, and quality of life of COPD patients, leading to poor prognosis. PBMT (photobiomodulation therapy) an emerging adjunctive treatment for COPD-related muscle dysfunction, has been widely promoted and utilized in clinical practice. It positively affects muscle inflammation, alleviates muscle fatigue, improves muscle metabolism, enhances muscle endurance, and accelerates muscle healing. The comprehensive review of the rehabilitation mechanisms and current application status of PBMT (photobiomodulation therapy) in addressing COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)-related muscle dysfunction, both domestically and internationally, is conducted to offer insights and guidance for the application of PBMT in the rehabilitation treatment of COPD-related muscle dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: RVVC is defined as four or more episodes of candidiasis in a 12-month period. Conventional treatment is complex and often involves long-term medication use or multiple treatments. ABL therapy is a promising treatment option as it is acceptable to women and has only rare side effects. We conducted a prospective study with the objective of assessing the effects of antimicrobial blue light (ABL) therapy for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) in drug-resistant women. Methods: Our study enrolled RVVC drug-resistant women (defined based on clinical non-response to standard azole therapies confirmed through culture or persistence of VVC symptoms (oedema, erythema, pruritus, burning, dysuria and leucorrhea)), who received ABL through 10 sessions for 20 min once a week from January 2023 to January 2024. The symptoms of Recurent VVC were assessed after 10 treatment sections and after 6 months. Results: We included 62 patients. The overall symptoms improvement were 79% immediately after treatment and 58% after 6 months, respectively. There was an improvement in the symptoms of pruritus, burning, oedema, erythema and leucorrhoea. Conclusion: ABL was an effective therapy to be employed in drug-resistant women suffering from RVVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of osteoarthritis and a leading cause of chronic pain in adults. This study aimed to compare the short-term effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) on pain, function, and quality of life in patients with knee OA. Methods: A hundred and twenty patients with Kellgren–Lawrence grade 2–3 knee OA were randomized into four groups: ESWT (once a week for three sessions), LLLT (twice a week for eight sessions), PEMF (twice a week for eight sessions), and a control group with 30 patients in each group. All participants were instructed in a daily exercise program, including knee joint range of motion, stretching, and strengthening exercises (3 × 10 repetitions). Outcome measures, including the visual analog scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Short Form-36 (SF-36), and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, were assessed at baseline after treatment and at the third month. Results: There were no significant differences between groups at baseline regarding VAS, WOMAC, SF-36, and TUG scores (p > 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in all parameters post-treatment for all groups (p < 0.001). However, the improvements in the PEMF group were significantly lower than in the ESWT and LLLT groups, particularly for VAS, WOMAC pain, and SF-36 physical function scores (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between ESWT and LLLT (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In the short-term, ESWT, LLLT, and PEMF effectively reduce pain, improve physical function, and enhance quality of life in patients with knee OA, though PEMF showed less pronounced improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromodulation stands as a cutting-edge approach in the fields of neuroscience and therapeutic intervention typically involving the regulation of neural activity through physical and chemical stimuli. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of different neuromodulation techniques, anticipating a clearer understanding of the future developmental trajectories and the challenges faced within the domain of neuromodulation that can be achieved. This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics) and non-genetic neuromodulation methods (including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, photobiomodulation therapy, infrared neuromodulation, electromagnetic stimulation, sensory stimulation therapy, and multi-physical-factor stimulation techniques). By systematically evaluating the principles, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and efficacy in modulating neuronal activity and the potential applications in interventions of neurological disorders of these neuromodulation techniques, a comprehensive picture is gradually emerging regarding the advantages and challenges of neuromodulation techniques, their developmental trajectory, and their potential clinical applications. This review highlights significant advancements in applying these techniques to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. The transformative potential of these neuromodulation techniques in neuroscience research and clinical practice is underscored, emphasizing the need for integration and innovation in technologies, the optimization of delivery methods, the improvement of mediums, and the evaluation of toxicity to fully harness their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dysfunction of mitochondria, the primary source of cellular energy and producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Scientific evidence indicates that light in the visible and near-infrared spectrum can modulate mitochondrial activity, a phenomenon known in medicine as photobiomodulation therapy (PBM-t). The beneficial effects of PBM-t on dementia and neurodegeneration have been reviewed in the literature. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings have yet to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the mechanism behind dose-dependent glutamate release in nerve terminals after irradiation with 810 nm, 1 W for 60 s continuous, 1 cm2, 1 W/cm2, 60 J, 60 J/cm2 (810 nm-1 W) or 810 nm, 0.1 W for 60 s continuous, 1 cm2, 0.1 W/cm2, 6 J, 6 J/cm2 (810 nm-0.1 W), focusing on mitochondrial activities. The results show that PBM modulated the mitochondrial metabolism of cortical nerve terminals and supported a power-dependent increase in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) activity when stimulated with pyruvate plus malate (P/M) or succinate (succ) as respiratory substrates. The PBM-induced increase in OxPhos was sensitive to adding rotenone (Complex I inhibitor) and antimycin A (Complex III inhibitor) when synaptosomes were stimulated with P/M, but only to antimycin A when stimulated with succ. This allowed us to observe that the glutamate efflux, disrupted in the presence of rotenone, was partially restored by PBM due to the increase in the OxPhos pathway led by Complex II. This evidence suggests that PBM, acting on mitochondria, could facilitate physiological communication within the neuron-astrocyte network through vesicular glutamate release, potentially regulating healthy brain function and brain dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) versus Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on shoulder pain and disability, shoulder Range of Motion (ROM), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT), and sleep quality of patients having Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SAIS). Forty-two patients with SAIS were randomly assigned into three groups, the HILT group (n = 14), the LLLT group (n = 14), and control group (n = 14). All groups received an exercise program consisted of shoulder muscles stretching and strengthening exercises. Along with the exercise program, the HILT group received HILT at 810 nm /980 nm, and LLLT group received LLLT at 904 nm, three times weekly for three weeks. The primary outcome was the change in shoulder pain and disability measured by Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Secondary outcomes included shoulder ROM using a standard goniometer, PPT measured by pressure algometer, and sleep quality by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Measurements were taken both before and after a 3-week intervention to assess the outcomes. After 3-wk intervention, both the HILT and LLLT groups exhibited significant improvements in all parameters when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were clinically significant differences between groups supported by a large ES favoring the HILT group for SPADI pain (ηp2 = 0.71), SPADI disability (ηp2 = 0.54), SPADI total (ηp2 = 0.82), PPT (ηp2 = 0.63), and PSQI (ηp2 = 0.42). The combination of HILT with exercises proved to be more beneficial in enhancing pain and function, PPT, and sleep quality compared to LLLT combined with exercises in treating patients with SAIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Colorectal adenocarcinoma is considered one of the major causes of cancer-related lethality among other type of malignancies. Given the several limitations and adverse outcomes of conventional therapeutic regimens against colorectal cancer, the focus of many investigations has been attributed to the introduction of a novel combined regimen with harmless agents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined doxorubicin (DOX) treatment and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Material and Methods: HT-29 cells were exposed to different concentrations of DOX, low-level (630 nm) diode laser, and methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer substrate separately and a combination of them. The cytotoxic effect of the DOX, laser, MB, and their combination and the IC50 value for each treatment group were calculated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content as a biomarker of the lipid peroxidation process and liberated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme into supernatant was determined. Results: The results of our study evidenced that a combination of photodynamic light (laser plus MB) and DOX caused a significant reduction in the percentage of HT-29 viable cells compared with control and other treatment groups. In addition, this mentioned combination led to a considerable decrease in IC50 of DOX. Increased cell membrane lipid peroxidation and cell destruction processes in the combination therapy group were proven through significant elevation of MDA content and LDH activity in the medium, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested that DOX combined with PDT had a better therapeutic impact on HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Hence, the simultaneous application of PDT along with antineoplastic drugs improves the chemosensitivity of cancerous cells via the disruption of their membrane and triggering death processes that lead to the decrease of chemotherapeutic agents required doses and undesirable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis main goal was to evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation as burn wounds treatment. Methods: Systematic review of literature available in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and gray literature in Google Scholar, Livivi, and Open Gray. SYRCLE's RoB tool was applied to determine methodological quality and risk of bias, and meta-analysis was performed using the software Review Manager. Results: Fifty-one studies, gathering more than three thousand animals were included in this systematic review, and four studies were selected to the meta-analysis due to their suitability. The results indicated that photobiomodulation was not effective to improve, statistical significantly, wound retraction (SMD = -0.22; 95% CI = -4.19, 3.75; p = 0.91; I² = 92%) or collagen deposition (SMD = -0.02; 95% CI = -2.17, 2.13; p = 0.99; I² = 78%). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that photobiomodulation, applied in burn wounds, accordingly to the protocols presented by the selected studies, was not effective over analyzed outcomes. However, this conclusion could be further discussed and verified in more homogeneous animal models and human clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is an injury that affects the brain structure and function. Traditional ABI treatment strategies, including medications and rehabilitation therapy, exhibit their ability to improve its impairments in cognition, emotion, and physical activity. Recently, near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a promising physical intervention method for ABI, demonstrating that low-level light therapy can modulate cellular metabolic processes, reduce the inflammation and reactive oxygen species of ABI microenvironments, and promote neural repair and regeneration. Preclinical studies using ABI models have been carried out, revealing the potential of PBM in promoting brain injury recovery although its clinical application is still in its early stages. In this review, we first inspected the possible physical and biological mechanisms of NIR-PBM, and then reported the pathophysiology and physiology of ABI underlying NIR-PBM intervention. Therefore, the potential of NIR-PBM as a therapeutic intervention in ABI was demonstrated and it is also expected that further work can facilitate its clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensory disturbances and acquired paresthesia constitute a significant proportion of complications following orthognathic surgery. This systematic review examines the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) in managing these complications and its efficacy in promoting sensory recovery. Methods: In November 2024, a comprehensive digital search was performed across reputable databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using carefully selected search terms: "orthognathic surgery" AND (physiotherapy OR physical therapy OR laser OR LLLT OR PBM OR light OR LED OR acupuncture) AND (nerve OR neurosensory OR paresthesia). The search adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Of the 424 articles initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: The review focused on diode laser therapy for treating inferior alveolar nerve injuries, with most studies targeting this nerve and exploring diverse wavelengths, protocols, and surgical contexts, including orthognathic surgeries. Significant improvements were observed in tactile sensitivity, pain perception, and mechanical responsiveness. Factors such as earlier initiation of therapy, younger patient age, and higher treatment frequency were associated with improved outcomes. Conclusions: Low-level laser therapy emerges as a safe and effective intervention for enhancing neurosensory recovery following orthognathic surgery. However, the development of standardized treatment protocols and the conduct of larger-scale clinical trials are essential to optimize their clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozonized olive oil with or without laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) on the healing process of traumatic ulcers in rat tongues. Sixty male Wistar rats underwent tongue ulceration using a six-mm diameter punch. Animals were divided into four experimental groups: control-G1, LPBM-G2, Ozonized olive oil-G3, and LPBM + Ozonized olive oil-G4. Euthanasia was performed on days three, seven, and 14. Clinical analysis of the wound size and histomorphological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining were conducted to identify edema, inflammatory infiltrates, fibroblastic cellularity, reepithelialization, and collagen characterization. Descriptive and exploratory analyses were performed using R and inferential statistics were calculated using Fisher's exact tests, with a significance level of 5%. G2 and G3 positively modulated the repair phases clinically (p < 0.05) and histologically, showing reepithelialization, fibroblastic population, and thick collagen fiber deposition from the 3rd day of the experiment. G4 exhibited a significant difference from G1 in the clinical parameters (p < 0.05), but did not demonstrate superiority in histomorphological terms of tissue repair. Isolated use of LPBM and ozonized olive oil improved tissue repair in rat tongues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic condition that causes gradual central vision loss, most commonly in patients 50 years or older. This disease is commonly classified as either dry (non-exudative) or wet (exudative). Most patients with AMD have the non-exudative form, characterized by the presence of drusen in the macula. These patients can be further subclassified based on drusen size into early, intermediate, or late stages. The pathogenesis of this disease is quite complex and has been linked to genetic variations, dysfunction of normal retinal homeostasis, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current treatment options for patients with intermediate dry AMD are limited to lifestyle modifications and vitamin supplementation. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) has been proposed as an additional therapy for this disease. Early animal and human studies have shown that PBT can alter many of the pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD including improving mitochondrial function, decreasing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. Clinical trials investigating the use of PBT in patients with non-exudative AMD have shown promising results. Many of these trials showed improvement in both clinical (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) as well as anatomic (drusen volume and area geographic atrophy) variables. Most, however, are limited by sample size, differences in treatment algorithm, and populations tested. Ongoing clinical trials aim to expand on this work with longer follow-up, larger sample sizes, and studying a global population. Further work is needed to determine ideal treatment algorithms and patient populations that may benefit the most from this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess and compare two techniques of low-level laser application—transgingival (TLLLT) and intrasulcular (ILLLT)—used in photobiomodulation as an adjunct to basic periodontal therapy (BPT) in patients with periodontitis. A randomized, split-mouth, double-blind clinical trial was conducted, selecting three diseased periodontal sites from different quadrants in each patient. These sites were assigned to one of three treatment groups: SRP (control), SRP + TLLLT (test 1), and SRP + ILLLT (test 2). Low-level laser therapy in the test groups was applied at 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days after full-mouth SRP. Clinical parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). Standardized periapical radiographs were used to assess radiographic bone density (RBD) 6 months post-treatment. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Significant reductions in PD (p < 0.001) and CAL (p < 0.001) were observed across all groups at 3 and 6 months, with no significant differences between groups. There were also no significant changes in BOP and RBD between groups at the follow-up intervals. Adjunctive photobiomodulation did not provide additional clinical or radiographic benefits over SRP alone, regardless of the laser application technique employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate and compare the effects of short and long-term application of low-level laser therapy on the mandibular alveolar process of osteoporotic rats. Forty adult male albino rats were included in this study. After animal grouping, the experimental group received dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg b.wt./day for 60 days) for the induction of osteoporosis, then the rats were treated using LLLT (830 nm, 100 mW, at 60 J/cm2). The lower jaw specimens were collected and processed for histological, molecular, and histomorphometric assessments. The osteoporotic group exhibited alveolar bone resorption, accompanied by significantly upregulated RANKL and downregulated OPG mRNA expression. The short-term application of laser group showed alveolar bone partial improvement with slightly downregulated RANKL and slightly upregulated OPG levels. The long-term application of laser group showed dramatic positive changes in the alveolar bone, with markedly downregulated RANKL and upregulated OPG levels. LLLT shows potential as a low-risk and impactful local management for osteoporosis, with long-term laser application demonstrably improving bone quality, quantity, and organization compared to short-term application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To critically evaluate the literature and answer the question, "How effective is photobiomodulation treatment on pain control in patients with TMJ disorder?". Methods: PRISMA, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were used for the personalized search strategy. For risk of bias, Rob 2.0 for randomized clinical trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomized clinical trials were used. Results: Eighty-four articles were found and, after removing duplicates, seventy one studies were included for titles and abstracts. For a full reading, 30 articles were selected and, according to the eligibility criteria, 24 remained for qualitative analysis. The studies showed a low risk of bias. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusion: Photobiomodulation is an effective adjunct for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders, being a less invasive approach, safe, low-cost, and without side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local anaesthetic injections, commonly used in dentistry and oral surgery, often cause discomfort. This review aimed to examine the impact of intraoral photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on pain associated with local anaesthesia. Up to March 2024, two independent reviewers searched four databases, ultimately screening 17 randomized controlled trials for meta-analysis using Stata 17.0. The results indicate that intraoral PBMT application significantly reduces the perception of pain associated with local anaesthetic injections (standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.27 to −0.52; P < 0.001). This analgesic effect remained consistent irrespective of concurrent topical anaesthetics, and PBMT was efficacious in paediatric (SMD −0.53, 95% CI −0.89 to −0.17; P = 0.004) and adult (SMD −1.46, 95% CI −2.32 to −0.61; P = 0.001) populations. Subgroup analysis provided very low to low-quality evidence that using a wavelength between 900 nm and 980 nm (SMD −0.87, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.39; P < 0.001) and an irradiation time of 13–40 s (SMD −0.94, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.53; P < 0.001) are associated with significant pain reduction. The use of PBMT could aid in reducing pain perception for patients during dental injections, encouraging earlier presentation for dental consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study assessed the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) by 808 nm and 660 nm alone and in combination for the treatment of paresthesia in rats. Methods: This animal study was conducted on 36 adult male Wistar rats. After general anesthesia, the facial nerve of the right side of the face of rats was surgically exposed and pinched, returned in place, and sutured. The rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6) of (I) no-intervention (control), (II) no-laser, (III) 808 nm laser (250 mW, 4 W/cm2, 20 s, 8 J/cm2, (IV) 660 nm laser (150 mW, 0.25 W/cm2, 32 s, 8 J/cm2, (V) 808 nm plus 660 nm laser with the original settings, and (VI) 808 nm plus 660 nm laser with half of the time and energy density. After 16 days, a biopsy sample was taken from the nerve injury site and underwent histological, histometric, and immunohistochemical assessments. Results: Significantly lower edema and congestion were seen in the combined laser group with original settings (p < 0.05); this group had no significant difference with the control group regarding degenerative changes of the nerve fibers and Schwann cells (p > 0.05). The 660 nm, and combined laser groups, had a significantly lower accumulation of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). The number of blood vessels in combined laser groups was significantly lower than that in the no-laser group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results showed the positive efficacy of PBM by 808 nm and 660 nm lasers in resolution of inflammation and reduction of degenerative changes of Schwann cells and nerve fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of laser technology has revolutionized dentistry, offering complementary and alternative approaches to traditional techniques. Lasers have been successfully integrated into various dental procedures, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. Several types of lasers can increase the acid resistance of enamel, thus preventing caries. Laser fluorescence has been utilized for the pre-operative diagnosis of dental caries, enabling early detection and effective treatment planning. The therapeutic application of lasers in caries treatment aligns with the contemporary philosophy of minimally invasive procedures. Clinicians can use laser Doppler flowmetry as a supplementary tool for pulp vitality testing by detecting pulpal blood flow. Lasers are also employed in various pulp-related interventions, such as managing dentine hypersensitivity and performing root canal therapy. These procedures benefit from the precision and reduced invasiveness provided by laser technology. Furthermore, laser fluorescence serves as an additional tool for subgingival calculus detection. High-power and low-power lasers are used in both nonsurgical and surgical therapies to treat periodontal and peri-implant diseases, oral mucosa conditions, and even cancer based on their specific properties. Lasers are also utilized to accelerate bone regeneration, promote adhesive strength, and remove ceramic brackets. In summary, laser technology has significantly impacted contemporary dentistry by facilitating early diagnosis, minimally invasive treatments, and precise operative procedures, ultimately improving patient outcomes and expanding the scope of dental practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the antimicrobial effects of an 810-nanometer diode laser, utilizing or not utilizing toluidine blue as a photosensitizer, in the management of peri-implant mucositis. Settings and Design: The present study was carried out in 30 implant sites in 15 patients with peri-implant mucositis with a specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. 15 sites were treated utilizing a diode laser (control group) and 15 with photodynamic therapy (test group) in a split-mouth format. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from the gingival sulcus with the help of plastic curettes from control and test sites both at baseline and at 3 months for microbiological analysis. Statistical Analysis Used: Shapiro-Wilk Test was used to check deviation from normality. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyse the two dependent groups. Results: Intragroup comparison was found to be statistically significant when compared at baseline and at 3 months in the photodynamic (P = 0.001) and diode laser groups (P = 0.001), respectively. No statistically significant reduction in bacterial count was found at baseline (P = 0.1) and at 3 months (P = 0.5) when the diode laser group and photodynamic group were compared with each other (intergroup). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that there is a definitive reduction in pathogenic bacteria with both interventions and PDT offers clinically visible benefits in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soft tissue anesthesia (STA) following inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) anesthesia lasts 3–5 h. It is important to reverse STA after treatment to prevent soft tissue injury (STI). Aim: This study evaluated photobiomodulation using a 660 nm diode laser on STA reversal and its impact on STI following IANB anesthesia. Design: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 32 children, aged 5–8 years, allocated into the test and control groups. Anesthesia was administered; the operative procedure was performed followed by exposure to laser. STA reversal was monitored through lip tapping, current perception threshold (CPT) tests, and paediatric Functional Assessment Battery. Results: The test group showed significantly faster recovery to normal sensation following exposure to laser than the control group which did not undergo any reversal (p <.0001), with a median time of 115 and 60 min according to lip tapping and CPT tests, respectively. The test group also showed significantly faster recovery to normal function (p =.016). The incidence of STI in the form of redness was significantly higher in the control group (p =.022). Conclusion: Photobiomodulation using a 660 nm diode laser can be considered as an efficient approach to minimize STA and STI after dental interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caesarean section (CS) is the most common inpatient surgical procedure performed in Canada. CS is known to cause moderate-to-severe pain, which is suggested to be associated with postpartum depression and persistent pain. Existing limitations in multimodal analgesia and conscious attempts to avoid opioids highlight the need for non-pharmacological strategies. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) uses light-emitting diode (LED) and laser and has suggested potential for improving pain control and wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PBMT as part of existing multimodal analgesia after elective CSs. Methods: This placebo-controlled, two-arm, multi-centre, parallel-design randomized controlled trial includes women aged ≥16 years with planned CS under spinal anesthesia (Clinical Trials Registration: NCT05738239). Patients will be randomized post-CS to intervention (n = 90) or placebo (n = 90). Study interventions will be carried out using equipment supported by Meditech International Incorporated (approved by Health Canada for pain relief). Patients will receive a maximum of 5 post-surgical treatment sessions of active PBMT (intervention: LED therapy: DUO 240 [red at 660nm and near-infrared at 840nm] applied parallel to the abdominal incision scar, followed by BIOFLEX LDR-100 laser probe (660nm red light) and the LD1-200 laser probe (825nm near-infrared light), applied at the incision wound edges) or non-effective doses of LED array and laser therapy (placebo), 4–6 hrs post-CS, and at 8am and 7pm of postoperative days 1 and 2. Patients, research assistants involved in patient recruitment and follow-up, health care providers, and data analysts will be blinded. All patients will have access to routine multimodal analgesia. Patients will be followed up in hospital on the evening of surgery and on postoperative days 1 and 2 (morning, noon, and evening); at 6 weeks; and at 3 months by telephone. Primary outcome is pain intensity with movement (elicited by asking the patient to move from supine to sitting position) using 0–10 Numerical Rating Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). Significance: The results of this study may result in improved pain control, maternal satisfaction and wound healing; decrease the use of perioperative opioids; potentially decrease the incidence of postpartum depression and persistent pain; and overall lead to better postoperative outcomes thereby decreasing healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alveolar osteitis is a type of small-scale osteomyelitis of the alveolar bone that occurs after tooth extraction, the etiology of which remains unknown, and alternative methods are being investigated for its treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), photobiomodulation (PBM), and Alveogyl (butamben, idoform, eugenol), which have shown success in the treatment of alveolar osteitis, with that of pentoxifylline (PTX) to determine whether PTX could be an alternative treatment for alveolar osteitis. Methods: This study included 80 healthy volunteers diagnosed with alveolar osteitis in the extraction sockets of their mandibular first, second, and third molars. The patients were divided into four groups, with 20 patients in each group: A-PRF, PBM, PTX, and Alveogyl. After physiological saline irrigation, the patients were treated according to their respective group. The patients were followed up on the 2nd, 4th, 7th, and 14th days. Primary outcomes included pain assessment and the evaluation of soft tissue healing. Pain was assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS), soft tissue healing was evaluated via the Landry Healing Index (LHI), and granulation tissue was measured. Age and sex were used as study variables. The data were analyzed via ANOVA and post hoc tests to compare the treatment groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean VAS score between the groups (p > 0.05). However, the degree of reduction in the VAS score increased in the following order: A-PRF, PBM, PTX, and Alveogyl. In the LHI data, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean scores between the groups, with Alveogyl being favored preoperatively and PBM being favored at the 2nd week (p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in granulation tissue measurements on the preoperative day, as well as on Days 4 and 7, in favor of Alveogyl on Day 4 and PBM on Day 7 (p < 0.05). The greatest increase in granulation tissue scores was observed in the A-PRF group, whereas the greatest change in LHI scores was observed in the PBM group. PTX did not produce a statistically significant difference in soft tissue healing, although there were periods when it showed results similar to those of Alveogyl and PBM. There were significant differences between the VAS score, granulation tissue score and LHI score in terms of age and sex within the time periods followed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that although PTX has similar efficacy in terms of wound healing and analgesic properties to the methods used, it does not offer significant advantages. Compared with other methods, A-PRF and PBM have provided better results in the treatment of alveolar osteitis, particularly regarding pain and soft tissue healing. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the clinical trial registry with the number TCTR20231014003 on 14.10.2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional (3D) multicellular cell aggregates that are derived from stem cell and play a pivotal role in regenerative medicine. They recapitulate many crucial aspects of the early stages of embryonic development and is the first step in the generation of various types of stem cells, including neuronal stem cells. Current methodologies for differentiating stem cells into neural embryoid bodies (NEBs) in vitro have advanced significantly, but they still have limitations which necessitate improvement. Photobiomodulation (PBM) a low powered light therapy is a non-invasive technique shown to promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods: This in vitro study elucidated the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the differentiation of immortalized adipose-derived stem cells (iADSCs) into NEBs within a 3D cell culture environment. The study utilized PBM at wavelengths of 825 nm, 525 nm, and a combination of both, with fluences of 5 and 10 J/cm2. Morphology, viability, metabolic activity, and differentiation following PBM treatment was analysed. Results: The results revealed that the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) are dose dependent. PBM, at 825 nm with a fluence of 10 J/cm2, significantly enhanced the size of neural embryoid bodies (NEBs), improved cell viability and proliferation, and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, indicating minimal cell damage. Interestingly, the stem cell marker CD 44 was upregulated at 5 J/cm2 in all treatment groups at 24 and 96 hpi, CD105 increased with 825 nm at 10 J/cm2 at 24 hpi, which may be attributed to a heterogeneous cell population within the NEBs. Pax6 expression showed transient activation. Nestin was upregulated at 825 nm with 10 J/cm2 at 96 hpi, suggesting a promotion of neural precursor populations. GFAP an intermediate filament protein was upregulated at 825 nm at 10 J/cm2 at both 24 and 96 hpi. SOX2, a pluripotency marker, was expressed at 5 J/cm2 across all wavelengths. Neu N a neuronal nuclei marker was expressed at 5 J/cm2 in all treatments at 24 hpi and over time the expression was observed in all treatment groups at 10 J/cm2. Conclusion: In conclusion, the application of PBM at 825 nm with a fluence of 10 J/cm2 during the differentiation of iADSCs into NEBs resulted in optimal differentiation. Notably, the neuronal marker Nestin was significantly upregulated, highlighting the potential of the PBM approach for enhancing neuronal differentiation its promising applications in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is common among patients who have completed their cancer treatment. Although low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been explored as a treatment option for BCRL, we could not find a regimen that is more effective than others. This meta-analysis aimed to organize existing research and determine the optimal combination of LLLT parameters for BCRL treatment. Studies were collected from four online databases: Embase, Ovid Medline, Cochrane, and Cinahl. The collected studies were reviewed by two of the authors. We focused on the aspects of the treatment area, treatment regimen, and total treatment sessions across the included studies. The comparisons between LLLT and non-LLLT were performed through a meta-analysis. Post-treatment QOL was significantly better in the axillary group. The group treated "three times/week with a laser density of 1.5–2 J/cm2" had significantly better outcomes in terms of swelling reduction, both immediately post-treatment and at 1–3 months follow-ups. The group with > 15 treatment sessions had significantly better post-treatment outcomes regarding reduced swelling and improved grip strength. According to these results, LLLT can relieve the symptoms of BCRL by reducing limb swelling and improving QOL. Further exploration found that a treatment approach targeting the axilla, combined with an increased treatment frequency, appropriate laser density, and extended treatment course, yielded better outcomes. However, further rigorous, large-scale studies, including long-term follow-up, are needed to substantiate this regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) rates rising significantly, concerns about conventional treatments like thyroidectomy and radiotherapy highlight the need for non‐invasive options. Our study explores photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which uses specific light wavelengths to evoke cellular responses in PTC treatment. Our research utilized a custom‐designed optical system to investigate PBMT, finding that blue light at a wavelength of 465 nm can safely and effectively inhibit the proliferation of the TPC‐1 PTC cell line by inducing cell cycle arrest. Additionally, we developed a wirelessly powered wearable PBMT device, which is equipped with an advanced light delivery system that ensures precise and consistent dosage. This device designed for optimal patient comfort, effectively suppressed tumor growth in mouse models without adverse effects. PBMT indicates thyroid tissue's light responsiveness as a non‐visual organ. Our study's innovative approach integrates the disciplines of oncology, biophysics, and medical device technology, thereby advancing the treatment paradigms for PTC. This interdisciplinary bridge not only highlights our groundbreaking findings but also paves the way for future research in cancer therapy and photomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]