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Background: Choline supplements may provide potential improvements to health outcomes and exercise performance, yet the bioavailability of choline supplements is poorly understood. Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to examine the levels of serum Choline and Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) after two dose of Alpha Glyceryl Phosphoryl Choline (A-GPC) in comparison to common choline salts. Methods: High-dose and low-dose A-GPC along with choline salt supplements were administered to participants over the course of four weeks in a randomized double-blind fashion. Serum levels of choline and TMAO, the gut byproduct of choline were examined acutely over the course of four hours and again following one week and four weeks of supplementation. Results: High-dose A-GPC and the choline chloride supplement yielded significantly higher choline levels compared to low-dose A-GPC and choline bitartate (F=31.31, p Conclusion: A-GPC increases serum choline similar to that seen with high-dose choline chloride ingestion without a concomitant increase in TMAO levels and therefore, may be a desirable option as a dietary supplement.

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention as carriers for drug delivery. However, one of the main factors limiting their transition to the market is their premature degradation and release of the payload during the storage. Therefore, for increasing the formulation shelf-life, the removal of water is of paramount importance. In this work, we synthesized both polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized and zwitterionic NPs via Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. We demonstrated that lyophilization leads the PEGylated NPs to irreversible aggregation, while the stability of the zwitterionic NPs was preserved only using a cryoprotectant. Therefore, we developed an alternative method for the NP concentration, based on the dialysis against a concentrated PEG solution. This method was optimized in terms of concentration factor (Fc), the ratio between the final and initial NP concentration, by acting on the PEG concentration in the dialysis medium, on its volume and on the initial NP concentration. With this approach, Fc up to 40 can be achieved in less than 10 h, preserving the possibility of redispersing the NPs to their original particle size distribution. Therefore, the dialysis proposed herein is a valuable alternative to lyophilization for the concentration of polymer NPs preserving their stability.

Surface modification of PDMS, polycarbonate, and acrylic resin was examined using various methacryl polymers bearing sulfobetaine, phosphoryl choline, and oligoethylene glycol units. We have found that zwitterionic polymers are adsorbed on the PDMS surface treated with plasma. The surface of PDMS is stable to keep high hydrophilicity after a month of the modification. On the other hand, one of sulfobetaine polymers showed distinguished adsorption behavior in the case of polycarbonate surface treated with plasma. Suppression effect for nonspecific adsorption of BSA was evaluated using polycarbonate and acrylic resin modified with the polymers. The modified surfaces showed suppression effect for nonspecific adsorption of BSA compared with the surface only treated with plasma.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and various modified SWCNTs have drawn a lot of attention due to their potential applications in biomedical field. Before further moving on to real clinical applications, hydrophobicity and toxicity of SWCNTs should be investigated thoroughly. In this paper, 2-methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was adopted to modify SWCNTs and phosphoryl choline was grafted onto SWCNTs as small molecule moieties and polymeric chains, which made SWCNTs dispersed stably both in water and in cell culture medium for a long time. Cytotoxicity of pristine and modified SWCNTs were assayed upon successful preparation of the designed modified SWCNT. Furthermore, the internalization of SWCNTs by three cells was investigated using a live cell station under normal culture temperature (37°C) and low temperature (4°C). The results showed that the internalization of modified SWCNTs was related to both the active transport and the passive transport. Although the modification with phosphoryl choline remarkably reduced the cytotoxicity of SWCNTs, the results were probably due to other reasons such as the decrease in the ratio of cells which internalized modified SWCNTs since the cells without SWCNTs occupation still exhibited normal states.

Commercial, industrial pig production requires from manufacturer, to produce a large number of fatteningpigs per sow per year, with most rational business, smaller losses in all production stages, greater growth andachievement the desired o€inal weight in the shortest possible time. To make production economically viable in theconditions present on most domestic commercial pig farms with regard to the accommodation and environmentalconditions, the present technology and health status is important to allow such animal nutrition that will satisfy thenutritional and health requirements and allow the animals adequately respond to the physiological burdensomeconditions of intensive production in the body and exert maximum existing genetic potential in farm conditions.In our study conducted on a large commercial farm, inclusion hepatoprotective preparation based on o€lavonoidsfrom plant extracts and phosphoryl choline chloride as an feed additives several signio€icant improvements inproduction are realized: reducing mortality, increased weight gain in fattening the higher meat yield in a shortertime and to improve health status of fattening pigs cono€irmed through lower losses (deaths and forced to slaughter.In the study followed the production parameters, metabolic proo€iles of the test animals, the clinical observation ofinternal organs on the slaughter and histopathological examination of a sample of 90 fattening pigs. Based on theseresults we consider that the introduction of hepatoprotective preparation as a supplement in animal feed is fullyjustio€ied and that further research in this direction can bring great beneo€its to domestic producers of pigs.

to evaluate and compare the interaction of silicone oil-intraocular lens (IOLs) biomaterial in 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphoryl-choline (MPC) -modified IOLs and various widely used IOLs in vitro.Five groups of foldable IOLs, including 3-piece hydrophobic silicone IOLs, MPC-modified silicone IOLs, 3-piece hydrophilic hydrogel IOLs, one-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOLs and one-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOLs were photographed after immersion in silicone oil. The silicone oil coverage of the anterior and posterior surfaces of each IOL was measured using EPCO Image-analysis software. The hydrophilicity of the IOL surface was characterized by the water contact angle.hydrophilic IOLs, such as MPC-modified silicone IOLs, hydrophilic acrylic IOLs and hydrogel IOLs having a lower contact angle exhibited less silicone oil adherence than hydrophobic IOLs, including both silicone IOLs and hydrophobic acrylic IOLs (p = 0.000, p0.05).MPC-modified hydrophilic silicone IOLs reduce silicone oil adherence, and thus may meet the need of a foldable IOL suitable for vitreoretinal patients.

A novel stereospecific synthesis of biologically active ether-phospholipids (PAF) is reported, involving chemoenzymatic approach.

We use polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to monitor wound healing processes in-vitro and in-vivo, which are affected by various drugs. Five rabbit subjects are used for the in-vitro studies and another five are used for in-vivo studies. The in-vitro studies are conducted to compare the PS-OCT images with histopathology. For each subject, three biopsy lesions are created on each ear: one site is not treated (control), the second site is treated with sphingosyl phosphoryl choline (SPC), which is known to promote healing, and the last is administered with tetra acetyl phytosphingo sine (TAPS), which negatively affects the healing process. Each site is examined with a PS-OCT system and conventional histopathology at 1-, 4-, 7-, 10-, and 14-days after wound generation. The phase retardation values are quantified for all cases and our results suggest that PS-OCT may be a useful tool for visualization of collagen fiber regeneration during the healing process; therefore, various drug effects can be noninvasively monitored.

Oil and water emulsions containing alkylphosphoryl choline or alkylglycerophosphoryl choline surfactants are disclosed. The surfactants have the following general structures: ##STR1## In the above general structures, R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, fluoroalkyl and alkenyl; and PC is the phosphoryl choline. The emulsions are useful as oxygen transport agents, artificial bloods or red blood cell substitutes. The emulsions are also useful as contrast agents for biological imaging by the modalities of nuclear magnetic resonance, x-ray and ultra sound.

1. 1. The enzymic synthesis of dCDP-ethanolamine, CDP-ethanolamine, dCDP-choline, CDP-choline, P-choline, and P-ethanolamine was studied in supernatant fractions of rat liver. 2. 2. Under optimum conditions, labeled precursors were converted to the desired products in yields raning from 50 to over 90%, and the compounds were isolated in highly purified form.

An interaction between DDT and lecithin is indicated by the reciprocal effects of each compound on the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the other. The phosphoryl choline moiety of the lecithin and the benzylic proton of the DDT seem to be involved. The most pronounced response in the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the lecithin produced by increasing concentration s of DDT was a change in the chemical shift of the resonance peak due to the protons of the choline methyl groups. Increasing concentrations of lecithin produced changes in the chemical shift of the resonance peaks of the benzylic proton and adjacent ring protons of the DDT. Equilibrium constant of 0.597 +/-0.015 molal(-1) was obtained for this interaction.

1. 1. 31 P NMR examination of isolated calf gray and white matter reveals that white matter contains higher levels of the phosphodiester glycerolphosphoryl choline (GPC) than gray. 2. 2. It is suggested that GPC may play a role in maintaining the level of phospholipids present by inhibition of phospholipases. 3. 3. The spectra also reveal a skewed peak whose maximum is at −11 ppm which is inferred to arise from myelin-like structures. 4. 4. The results show that phosphorus spectra from the brain must be carefully considered whether they arise from the same type tissue or represent a mixed sample since variation in results may represent anatomy as well as physiology.

The structure of the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chains has been a major interest of our laboratory during the past four years. Recently, we have begun the determination of the complete amino acid sequence of two IgA myeloma proteins. Other sequence studies have permitted an analysis of the distribution of heavy chain variable region subgroups among the IgA immunoglobulins.

Intrinsic properties of acidic sphingomyelinase cause major difficulties in attempts to produce a satisfactory antibody. The only two published papers do not carry conviction: the monoclonal antibody described by Freeman et al. (1983) was not demonstrated to precipitate sphingomyelinase activity while monospecificity of the polyclonal antibody prepared from a urine source by Weitz et al. (1985) is questionable.

The activities of the immune system are customarily divided into specific functions mediated by immunoglobulin, and a range of other functions which are loosely classed by “non-specific”. Many of these latter do however exhibit a degree of specificity. Thus phagocytic cells can recognise and engulf a variety of foreign particles and yet ignore host cells, natural killer cells will lyse certain targets and not others; and, as will be mentioned later, there are grounds for supposing that there is some specificity in the recognition of different adjuvants. The purpose of this paper is to bring together some diverse observations which appear to be moving towards the identification of a system of non-immunoglobulin molecules as being responsible for some low-specificity recognition phenomena, and to focus on the question of whether adjuvanticity is, like antigenicity, recognised by specific receptors.

It has been demonstrated that phospholipids and their lyso - derivatives are capable of stimulating the incorporation of 32Pi into the phospholipids of various tissues.

[2-14C,2-3H]1,2-Heptadecanediol administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats was found to be incorporated as such into phospholipid Chemical and enzymic degradation of the choline phosphatide fraction showed that an appreciable amount of radioactivity was associated with 2- O -acyl heptadecanediol phosphoryl choline.

1. 1. The main aim of this work was to test the controlling effects of essential cofactors on lipid biosynthesis. The effects of ATP, Mg2+, CTP, CMP, phosphoryl choline and cytidine diphosphate choline on the incorporation of [14C]glycerol into lipids of rat-liver homogenates have been studied. ATP promotes [14C]glycerol incorporation into all lipids and this incorporation is preferentially directed into phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin when Mg2+ is added. The effect of CTP, in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, is concentration-dependent; 0.001 M CTP does not affect phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin labeling but stimulates incorporation into diglycerides and triglycerides, whereas 0.01 M CTP suppresses phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin labeling and promotes incorporation into diglycerides and triglycerides. The effects of 0.01 M CTP are Mg2+-dependent. CMP has effects similar to those of CTP. Phosphoryl choline and cytidine diphosphate choline inhibit the labeling of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin in the rat-liver system studied.

THE rate of incorporation of acetate labelled with carbon-14 into the liver phospholipids of rats treated with growth hormone is reduced to about 50 per cent of that found in normal animals1. On the other hand the rate of incorporation of orthophosphate labelled with phosphorus-32 in similarly treated animals is increased by about 30 per cent2. It thus appeared that growth hormone might affect the rates of synthesis of the fatty acid skeleton and the phosphoryl-base moiety separately.