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Domain generalization is an account of certain word-final phonological phenomena, such as devoicing, in which they originate as phrase-final patterns that become phonologized and generalized by learners from the phrase level to the word level. Myers & Padgett (2014) tested this theory empirically through two artificial language learning experiments. They show that participants can learn an utterance-final obstruent devoicing pattern, given relatively short exposure, and generalize it to a word-level final devoicing rule. Building upon Myers & Padgett (2014), this thesis explores whether the same type of domain generalization can account for syllable-final phenomena, or whether there is something special about the word that makes it the destination of generalization. Three artificial language learning experiments are presented, the third of which shows generalization from the word/utterance level to the syllable. Though syllables may differ from words in important ways, evidence from this study suggests that the syllable is accessible to the grammar for learning, generalization, and derivation of phonological rules.

論文 Articles

東京大学, The University of Tokyo, 本論文では日琉諸語（日本語諸方言および琉球語諸方言）の最西端で話されている与那国方言（ドゥナンムヌイ）の音韻変化と形態変化について整理し，特に先行研究で議論が少ない諸点について筆者の考えを提示し，今後の研究のための材料を提供することを目的とする。音韻変化について，与那国方言では次の変化が生じたと考える：狭母音の前での*/s/の重子音化（とそれに伴う破擦化），母音間の*/k/の有声化，*/i/の後での子音の順行口蓋化，および*/ni/の鼻母音化。形態変化について，与那国方言では次の変化が生じたと考える：シアリ形に由来する接続形の*-i+ari >*-je，非意志的自動詞の完了形での*-ai-uN > -aN，i語幹動詞のir語幹化への類推による*–is- > –ir-，および形容詞語幹における接辞*-sa > [-ha] > -a。, The purpose of this study is to describe the phonological and morphological changes of the Yonaguni dialect, which is spoken in the westernmost part of Japan, and present the author's ideas in order to provide materials for future research. Regarding phonological changes, the following changes can be reconstructed in the Yonaguni dialect: /s/ gemination before high vowels, voicing of intervocalic /k/, progressive palatalization of consonants after /i/, and the change from /ni/ to [ĩ]. As regards morphological changes, the following changes can be reconstructed: *-i+ari > *-je in the converb form, *-ai-uN > -aN in the perfect form of the non-accusative verb, *-is- > -ir- by analogy to the change from i-stem into ir-stem verb, and the reconstruction of suffix *-sa- within the stem of adjectives., application/pdf

The question of what types of units and domains are needed in order to capture phonological change is a reasonable one to ask. To answer this question, however, we first need to properly define how we understand phonological change, and the definition that we adopt for that clearly depends on the phonological framework that is assumed. I consider several influential frameworks here and then come to the conclusion that the same condition holds for all of them: change can only be described in terms of the same units (and domains) as are used for synchronic description. This leads to the following conclusion: the set of units for phonological change is a subset of the set of units that are needed for synchronic phonological description. However, it is also unlikely that some units needed for synchronic description can be fully ignored for all descriptions of changes, which leads us to the conclusion that the set of units that are needed for phonological change is also a superset of that set. The sets are thus equal: the phonological units needed for synchronic description are the units needed to account for phonological change, and the question above is meaningless.

This paper investigates the phenomenon of contact-induced phonological change of the phoneme /s/ in the speech of EFL learners and teachers at the secondary schools and even Higher Education in Algeria. It is perceived that the letter ‘s’ is recurrently pronounced /z/ whenever it is positioned between two vowel sounds and that the double –ss- between two vowels is simply uttered /s/ in many words. This fact is attributed to the overgeneralization of French phonological rules however this is not the case in English. Such phonological aspects have become prominent symptoms within English as Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms prior to French overuse within Algeria’s speech repertoire due to historical and practical reasons. This study seems as a departure from the meeting point of looking at such phenomenon in teachers and/or learners’ natural conversations in EFL classrooms to a critical examination of its uses in numerous English terms. To attain this, Labov’s “observer’s paradox” (1972) was considered to overcome problems while collecting spontaneous speech data. Two different strategies were employed, structured and unstructured observations, throughout thirteen years. A total random sample of 257 respondents had been included, 204 of whom are secondary school pupils and university students, and the remaining are secondary school (trainee) teachers and university lecturers. The first group was intentionally asked to derive either nouns or adjectives from a range of words containing phoneme /s/, classify some words in a table according to the final ‘-d’ pronunciation or give the opposites –especially using the prefix ‘dis_’ – to certain words keeping the same root as well pronounce them at the end. The second group was recorded. Outstandingly, the study concludes that 98% of our informants mispronounce the given words. At last, some recommendations have been suggested to alleviate the problem.

The development of the Egyptian palatals ḏ and ṯ has long been a thorny issue in Egyptian linguistics. No convincing phonological rule for it has been identified so far. In the present paper I argue that the distribution of these phonemes is the result of inter-dialectal borrowings between a pre-Coptic dialect (C‑Dialect) in which ḏ , ṯ → c = ϫ and a pre-Coptic dialect (T‑Dialect) in which ḏ , ṯ → t = ⲧ. It is then argued that the attested Coptic dialects derive from T‑Dialects with lexical borrowings from C‑Dialects. A preliminary discussion of the sociolinguistic contexts of these dialects is presented in the second part of the article, where it is suggested that the C‑Dialect may have been associated with the area of the cities of Avaris/Pi-Ramses/Tanis and may have become a prestigious dialect and thus a source of lexical borrowings starting from the 19th dynasty.

Phonological change is a language phenomenon that occurs because language users change the distribution of phonemes in a language. The aims of this study are to explain the phonological processes that occur in English and Indonesian and to explain the differences in phonological forms between English and Indonesian. The method used in this study is a contrasting-descriptive method by comparing two languages, namely English and Indonesian. The data were taken from the speech of students taking Indonesian and English courses at the University of Bengkulu, totaling 40 students in the first semester. The results show that five types of phonological change processes occurred in English and Indonesian, namely assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, epithesis, and deletion. The phonological change in English often occurred when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /ea/ shift to /e/, or /i/, phoneme /y/ shift to /i/. Phoneme /e/ was pronounced when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /s/ and /n/ becomes /sen/. Phoneme /g/ is pronounced multiply when it meets the sound/ng/. Phoneme /u/ is pronounced when it meets phoneme /o/ + a consonant. Phoneme /h/ is unpronounced when it meets a vowel phoneme or more vowel phonemes in the words. Meanwhile, phonological changes in Indonesian often occurred from consonant phonemes to other consonant phonemes that have almost the same sound such as phoneme /z/ shift to /s/ and /j/. Phoneme /k/ was pronounced after phoneme /u/ and phoneme /h/ is pronounced after phoneme /a/at the end of words. Phoneme /y/ was pronounced between phonemes /i/ and /a/. Phoneme /h/ was unpronounced when it meets phonemes /a/, /i/, and /u/ in words. In conclusion, the process of phonological change that occurs in English and Indonesian is due to the influence of adjacent phoneme sounds that resemble nearby sounds.

The relationship between the Arabic language and the Turkish language is a historical relationship that extends to centuries since the Turks entered Islam. Contact began between Turks and the Arabs; they interact affected the two languages. Still, the Turkish language influenced by many Arabic words and adapted, and that Because of the Turkish reverence for the Arabic language as the language of their religious rites, the number of common words between Arabic and Turkish has reached more than six thousand words, which is approximately 10% of the Turkish dictionary words. The study seeks to search in the Turkish dictionary for the Arabic words, and deals with them in the study in terms of quantity and quality, intending to reveal the meaning of these semantic developments and their phonological change after entering the Turkish dictionary. The study relied on the descriptive approach supported by the historical approach in some chapters.. The study of Arabic words in the Turkish dictionary has excellent importance for the language learner in linguistic competence, through developing their vocabulary and enriching their linguistic repertoire, as the wording is an essential component of language learning, especially since the study has concluded that the Arabic language Embedded in the Turkish conscience, and emphasized the civilized role they played towards it., إن العلاقة بين اللغة العربية واللغة التركية علاقة تاريخية تمتد إلى قرون منذ أن دخل الأتراك إلى الإسلام، وبدأ الاحتكاك المباشر بينهم وبين العرب، الذي أثر بدوره على اللغتين، فأخذت كل لغة من أختها، بيد أن اللغة التركية أدخلت العديد من الألفاظ العربية إليها، وذلك بسبب تقديس الأتراك للغة العربية باعتبارها لغة شعائرهم الدينية، وقد بلغ عدد الألفاظ المشتركة بين العربية والتركية أكثر من ستة آلاف لفظة، أي ما يقارب 10% من ألفاظ المعجم التركي. لذلك تسعى الدراسة إلى البحث في المعجم التركي عن الألفاظ العربية، وتتناولها بالدراسة كما وكيفا، وذلك بغرض الكشف عما لحق بهذه الألفاظ من تطور دلالي وتغيُّر صوتي بعد دخولها إلى المعجم التركي، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة في ذلك على المنهج الوصفي، مع الاستعانة في بعض المباحث بالمنهج التاريخي. ولا شك أن دراسة الألفاظ العربية في المعجم التركي لها أهمية بالغة لدى دارسي العربية من الطلاب الأتراك في تحقيق كفايتهم المعجمية، وذلك من خلال تنمية مفرداتهم، وإثراء ذخيرتهم اللغوية، فالمفردات عنصر أساسي من عناصر تعلم اللغة، لا سيما أن الدراسة انتهت إلى أن اللغة العربية راسخة في الوجدان التركي، وأكدت الدور الحضاري الذي قاموا به نحوها, Arap dili ile Türk dili arasındaki bağ, Türklerin İslamiyet’i seçtiği ve Araplar ile iki dile de etki etmede rolü olan direkt temasın başladığı asırlara dayanan tarihi bir bağdır. Her biri bir diğerinden yararlandı. Ancak Türkler, dini sembollerinin dili olması ve bu dili kutsal görmelerinden dolayı Türkçeye birçok Arapça kelimeler dahil etmiştir. Arapça ile Türkçe arasındaki ortak kelimeler 6 bini geçkin kelimeye ulaştı ki bu da Türkçe sözlüğündeki toplam kelimelerin yaklaşık yüzde 10’udur. Bundan dolayı bu çalışma, Türkçe sözlüklerden Arapça kelimeleri araştırmayı, ne ve nasıl soruları ile konuyu işlemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu da bu kelimelerin, Türkçe sözlüğüne girdikten sonraki anlam gelişimi ve ses değişimlerini ortaya çıkararak yapılacaktır. Bu çalışmada tanımlayıcı metot kullanılarak bazı araştırmalarda tarihsel metottan da yararlanılmıştır. Türkçe sözlüğünde Arapça kelimeler çalışması, Türk öğrencilerinden Arapça üzerine çalışmalar yapanlar için sözlük yeterliliklerini gerçekleştirme konusunda son derece önemlidir. Bu da kelime hazinelerinin geliştirilmesi ve dilsel kaynakların zenginleştirilmesi ile gerçekleşir. Kelimeler, Arapçanın öğrenilmesinde temel bir öğedir. Bu çalışmada özellikle Arapçanın Türk zihninde derin yeri olduğu sonucuna varılmış ve buna yönelik gerçekleştirdikleri tarihsel rolüne vurgu yapılmıştır.

All over the world, linguistic minorities are losing ground to dominant and more prestigious languages. Cultural practices contract, and language use dwindles. As a traditional language is "retreating, contracting, as it gradually falls into disuse" (Dixon 1991:199), the changes it undergoes may be drastic. Language endangerment, attrition and, ultimately, obsolescence and loss are primarily caused by social factors. A major reason is intensive pressure from another group whose language is perceived as offering greater political and economic prestige and advantages.

This paper examines the phonological behaviour of the causative morpheme –i- in Tonga, using the Plateau and Valley Tonga varieties. It identifies the various segments in radical final positions of different verbal forms and seeks to establish how the introduction of the causative morpheme in their environment affects the segments. The paper finds that in some cases the morpheme induces phonological change to the segments preceding the morpheme, with more phonological ‘activity’ noted in Plateau Tonga. The influence of the morpheme identified in the study is that it induces fricativisation, palatalisation, or glottalisation to radical final segments of the verbs where it is introduced, depending on the nature the concerned segment. The conclusion drawn in the paper is that the influence of the morpheme is more pronounced in Plateau Tonga than in Valley Tonga.

This article revisits, extends and interrogates the position advocated in Honeybone (2019) — that phonotactic constraints are psychologically real phonological entities (namely: constraints on output-like forms), which have a diachrony of their own, and which can also interfere with diachronic segmental change by inhibiting otherwise regular innovations. I focus in the latter part of the article on the role of one phonotactic constraint in the history of English: *Rime-xxŋ. I argue that we need to investigate the emergence of such constraints in the history of languages and I show how this particular constraint, once innovated (which occurs through constraint scattering), can be understood to have inhibited the patterning of ash-tensing in certain varieties of American English (and also that it may now have been lost in some varieties). To do this, I adopt a phonological model which combines aspects of Rule-Based Phonology and aspects of Constraint-Based Phonology, and which is firmly rooted in the variation that exists when changes are innovated. Finally, I evaluate the extent to which the type of phonotactically-driven process-inhibition that I propose here involves prophylaxis in phonological change (I show that it doesn't), and I consider the interaction of these ideas with the proposal that all change occurs in language acquisition (‘acquisitionism’).

To what extent is it possible to interpret the data of pronouncing dictionaries of the 18th century in sociolinguistic terms? Several answers are provided by resorting to Labov’s concepts of change from above and change from below the level of awareness. A systematic investigation of John Walker’s Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791, 1809), the most complete and cumulative of all such dictionaries of the time, makes it possible to show that an orthoepist like Walker often reflects the pressure in favour of change from above for vowel quality and resistance to such a change in matters of stress placement. By preferring analogy to conservative pronunciations due to his bias in favour of a rational pattern, Walker also links analogy to the “vernacular instinct”, promoting variant forms witnessing a change from below. And many other changes under way in his time, which pass unnoticed in the orthoepist’s discourse and transcriptions, properly deserve to be treated as changes from below, thus making his dictionary the common ground for pressures from above and pressures from below. Walker’s prescription is a complex combination of both promotion of, and resistance to pressures from above according to criteria that reflect the ideals of the upper middle class.

This article deals with structure and change of the nominal case systems of two isolated Germanic varieties, Visperterminen Alemannic (Valais, Switzerland) and Övdalian (Älvdal, Sweden). As both varieties inherited and retained the full vocalism in unstressed syllables of their predecessors (Old High German and Old Swedish, respectively), they provide a suitable testing ground for the examination of processes of morphological change independently of phonological processes. By comparing the particular changes in nominal inflection we analyse syncretisms, inflectional reductions and (purely morphological) strategies for compensating syncretisms in both varieties. Despite different trajectories of case loss, both varieties yield strikingly parallel results in terms of compensation at the level of the noun phrase. The modern noun system displays nominative-accusative syncretism in the singular (minor exceptions in Övdalian) and plural, as well as nominative/accusative-dative syncretism in the singular (minor exceptions in both varieties), caused by one of two factors: We can observe that a new, non-phonologically conditioned collapse and reorganisation of inflection developed, but there is also inherited syncretism, dating back to the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, at the level of the full noun phrase (i. e. including the article and the adjective), the dative is still clearly marked as an oblique case, whereas nominative and accusative syncretise. The diachronic comparison of these two isolated varieties with their historical precursors shows that these changes in the respective case systems – towards a ± dative system – are to be regarded as a process that is largely internal to morphology, as it is neither a side effect of phonological change nor the result of contact.

Manduro Village has a similar name to Madura Island. The similarity of the name positively correlates with the likeness of language and local culture. They call themselves Oreng Manduro 'Madurese'. The language used by residents is the Madurese Language (after this referred to as ML). This study aims to look at variations of language from the social perspective, in the form of age and ethnic main variables. Of the two variables, changes in ML spoken by adults with what children say and how social contact affects these changes are also examined. This research is descriptive-qualitative research with the leading theory of socio-dialectology. The research data was taken from the informants selected by purposive sampling using the Swadesh list. Data retrieval technique is by recording and note-taking. The results show that ML that is spoken by adults and children has a difference. Differences are seen in phonological terms so that they appear to cause the differences and changes in both. From the total data found, phoneme changes significantly occur in phonemes / ? / to phonemes / ? /. Phonemes / ? / are phonemes spoken by ML speakers of adult age, while phonemes / ? / are phonemes spoken by children in the same lexicons.DOI:10.24071/ijhs.2019.020206

In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto-Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds probably were stops, not fricatives.

Do individual differences affect sound change? Traditional approaches to phonetic and phonological change typically downplay differences between the individuals who make up a speech community that is undergoing change, but this has been questioned in recent years in a number of ways from within several distinct traditions of research. The articles in the Glossa Special Collection to which this article is an introduction consider the extent to which individual differences (at a psychological, sociological, physiological, genetic and/or behavioral level) between the members of a speech community might or might not be important in explaining the general properties of sound change. This introduction places these articles in context, considers what we might mean by ‘sound change’ and ‘individual differences’, and aims to build a synthesis of the current research landscape in the area.

International audience; This paper looks at intra-speaker phonetic micro-variation patterns in four dyads, recorded in the 1980s in the working-class community of Glasgow. We present the importance of this kind of interaction-based variation in sociolinguistic studies, since short-term speech accommodation is considered to be one of the mechanisms for community-level sound change over time. We consider two examples of sound change which have taken place in vernacular Glaswegian English, one phonetic (vowel quality) and one phonological (vowel quantity). We predict that intra-speaker variation in quality and timing alternations for /i/ and /ʉ/ during conversations will reflect the trajectory of real-time sound change, and that this variation will relate to convergence towards the speakers closest to the future norm. Our results do not validate these hypotheses; however, they highlight the relevance of unresolved issues about the very nature of speech accommodation and the role played by social factors such as speaker age.; Ce travail se propose d'observer les trajectoires de microvariation phonétique individuelle dans quatre discussions dyadiques enregistrées dans les années 1980 dans la communauté ouvrière de la ville de Glasgow. Après avoir exposé l’importance de cette microvariation, dont il est souvent fait abstraction en sociolinguistique, dans l’étude du changement phonétique, cette étude se consacrera à la variation dynamique inter-locuteur pour des variables ayant subi un changement dans l’anglais vernaculaire de Glasgow au XXème siècle : les caractéristiques articulatoires (aperture, antériorité) et temporelles (longueur) dans la réalisation des voyelles /i/ et /ʉ/. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que la variation à très court terme (durant les enregistrements) possède une trajectoire similaire à la variation déjà notée à long terme (durant le XXème siècle). Nous supposons également que la convergence inter-locuteur se fera en direction du locuteur dont les caractéristiques phonétiques (qualité vocalique) et phonologiques (oppositions de quantité vocalique) sont les plus proches de la future norme. Si nos résultats ne permettent de valider aucune de nos prédictions, ils soulèvent de nouveau des questions quant à la nature du mécanisme d’accommodation linguistique et le rôle des facteurs sociaux tels que l’âge.