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Abstract. Work anxiety is a common mental health problem that is often overlooked and often causes long periods of sick leave. This is the first representative survey on the distribution of work-phobic anxiety in Germany. Of the 2,030 working-age participants (18 – 67 years), 7 % had increased work-phobic anxiety of a moderate (5 % with scores >1.5 – 2.5 on a scale from 0 – 4) or high (2 % with scores >2.5 – 4) degree. People with high levels of work-phobic anxiety reported the longest sick leave durations during the past 12 months (8 weeks) and the most periods of unemployment in their professional lives. The three groups were similar in age, sex, and partnership status. People with high work-phobic anxiety perceived themselves least competent in almost all dimensions of psychological capacity. Occupational health must consider work-phobic anxiety as a specific mental health problem closely linked to work-ability problems.

The current study examines the direct relationship between psychopathic leadership and work alienation while incorporating the mediating role of work phobic anxiety. The study sustains that work phobic anxiety mediates the relationship between leader psychopathy and employee work alienation. In addition to this, as grounded in Affective Events Theory, the study further establishes that Hostile Attribution Bias (HAB) as employee-centric dispositional factor moderates the relationship of leader psychopathy an affect inducing event and work phobic anxiety, an employee's behavioral outcome a reaction concerning stimulus workplace. The study employs a quantitative time-lagged design with multisource data collected in three waves through the survey method. Results of the data analysis established all hypotheses of the research in the proposed directions. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were also performed to ensure, reliability and validity of the scales employed in the study; the mediation & moderation were analyzed using SPSS Process Macro, using the "Bootstrapping Method" (Hayes, 2017).

We aimed to assess the impact of POLG disease on mental health and quality of life in 15 patients using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and Short-Form 36 Health Survey (RAND-36). We found increased scores in all nine subscales of SCL-90-R, particularly phobic anxiety, depression and somatization. Further, patients reported considerably lower scores in all RAND-36 domains. This study revealed a global decline in mental health and poor quality of life in patients with POLG disease and highlights the need for increased awareness and systematic assessment in order to improve their quality of life and mental health. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.

Internet addiction has gained increased scientific attention during the last decades. However, theoretical models explaining mechanisms underlying Internet addiction are scarce, impeding further development of prevention and treatment approaches. In the present study, we applied the principles of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (RE&CBT) to gain insight into relevant predictors of Internet addiction. We hypothesized that irrational beliefs are positively, and rational beliefs negatively related to Internet addiction, and that these relationships are mediated by psychopathological tendencies. A sample of 300 adolescents (151 girls and 149 boys, age range 15–18 years, M = 16. 21, SD = 1. 03) completed the following questionnaires: Internet Addiction Test, Serbian Version of the General Attitude and Belief scale, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Irrational beliefs were positively correlated with Internet addiction, while rational beliefs were unrelated to Internet addiction. The relationship between irrational beliefs and Internet addiction was partially mediated through phobic anxiety and obsessive–compulsive tendencies. The results suggest that the RE&CBT approach might be useful in the prevention and treatment of Internet addiction.

Resumen Objetivo. Indagar la prevalencia de síntomas clínicos en pacientes y verificar posibles relaciones con algunas variables vinculadas al contexto psicoterapéutico. Método. Se diseñó una investigación de carácter cuantitativa, a nivel exploratorio, con un diseño descriptivo y correlacional. El Cuestionario de Evaluación de Síntomas (Sandín, Valiente, Chorot, Santed, & Lostao, 2008) y un cuestionarioad hocfueron aplicados a una muestra no probabilística de 90 sujetos (M= 33.80 años,DT= 12.88). Resultados. Existe una marcada prevalencia de síntomas depresivos, ansiedad y conductas obsesivas-compulsivas; los pacientes con mayores niveles de Hostilidad tienden a vincularse con terapeutas más jóvenes y permanecen menor tiempo en tratamiento; los pacientes de menor edad tienden a manifestar menores niveles de Somatización y mayores niveles de Depresión, Sensibilidad interpersonal e Ideación paranoide. Las mujeres obtuvieron puntajes más elevados en Somatización, Depresión y Ansiedad Fóbica, en tanto se encontró que las terapeutas mujeres tienden a asistir a personas con mayores niveles de Depresión, Ansiedad e Ideación paranoide. Abstract Objective. Inquire the prevalence of clinical symptoms in patients and verify possible relationships with some variables linked to the psychotherapeutic context. Method. A quantitative research was designed, at an exploratory level, with a descriptive and correlational design. The Symptom Evaluation Questionnaire (Sandín, Valiente, Chorot, Santed, & Lostao, 2008) and anad hocquestionnaire were applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 90 subjects (M= 33.80 years,DT= 12.88). Results. There is a marked prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behaviors; Patients with higher levels of Hostility tend to be linked to younger therapists and remain shorter in treatment; Younger patients tend to show lower levels of Somatization and higher levels of Depression, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Paranoid Ideation. The women obtained higher scores in Somatization, Depression and Phobic Anxiety, while it was found that female therapists tend to assist people with higher levels of Depression, Anxiety and Paranoid Ideation.

The main purpose of the study is to determine whether the level of emotional expression is a predictor of psychological symptoms. The study was performed with 338 participants, including 170 women and 168 men. Data were collected by “Expressing Feelings Scale” and “SCL-90 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised”. Data was analyzed with Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and regression analysis was performed. According to results, emotional expression was significantly related to psychological symptoms. While the levels of emotional expression have increased, psychological symptoms have decreased. The levels of psychological symptoms was predicted significantly by emotional expression. Finally, emotional expression predicted higher levels of somatization and lower levels of phobic anxiety.

Background and Object: Mental disorders affect various groups, including children, adolescents, and adults, imposing heavy socioeconomic costs on communities. Therefore, the dynamism and efficiency of countries could be guaranteed by improving the mental health level, which leads to enhanced academic levels of students. This study aimed to evaluate the psychopathological indices in students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 400 students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2016-2017. After selecting the subjects by available sampling method, the symptoms checklists 90 revised (SCL-90-R) were provided to students and recollected after completion. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In this study, 79% of students were suspected of mental disorders (61.5% mild, 15.3% moderate, and 2.3% severe). Physical complaints and phobic anxiety were significantly higher in female students, compared to male students (P less-than 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, mental disorders are considerably common among students. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these disorders in the design of prevention and treatment programs.

Objectives: The objectives were to investigate psychological symptoms in patients’ relatives (PR), coming into the ED with their patient and to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and psychological symptom scores. Methods: PR in the ED of Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine aged 18 years and older were included into the study. Symptom Check List- Revised (SCL-90-R) was administered to 120 PR and sociodemographic characteristics of all were recorded. Results: The majority of the PR were female (n = 66, 55%), graduate of high school (n = 46, 38.3%) and self-employed (n = 22, 18.3%). The highest mean score on SCL-90-R was found on obsessive-compulsive disorder and the lowest scores were found on phobic anxiety. The mean score was higher than 1.0 on obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and paranoid ideation. There was no correlation between education level, duration of hospitalization and SCL-90 scores. Mean general, somatization, obsessive-compulsive and depression scores of females were found to be significantly higher than of males. Conclusion: High scores in psychological symptoms were observed in PR in the ED. Therefore, besides assessment of the psychological status of patients; it is recommended that PR should be evaluated carefully in this regard and given necessary psychosocial support in the emergency setting.

Because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the public is unable to maintain a proper balance between work and leisure, and an increase in community-based infections is causing severe phobic anxiety. Therefore, the present study investigated the differences in phobic anxiety between work and leisure activities according to optimistic bias among 533 South Korean citizens. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-tests, and a one-way analysis of variance were conducted to examine the data. The results showed that for leisure activities, women showed a higher perception of phobic anxiety. In addition, the group showing high optimistic bias had a higher perception of phobic anxiety in both work and leisure activity situations. Therefore, support measures to lower phobic anxiety among women are needed at the government level, while support and interest from family members are needed at home. Moreover, local governments must ensure active involvement to mitigate phobic anxiety among individuals, and measures are needed to more actively implement infectious disease prevention behaviors.

Objectives The general objective of this article is to study the unclear and overlapping relationship between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) from an interpersonal perspective. The first specific objective is to compare the disorders with regard to interpersonal problems and general symptom distress. The second specific objective is to examine interpersonal subgroups and pathoplasticity. Design In a cross-sectional design, patients from an outpatient psychotherapy clinic diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD, n = 299), avoidant personality disorder (AvPD, n = 180), or the comorbid condition of both disorders (AvPD + SAD, n = 29) were assessed before treatment. Methods Patients filled out the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) and the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-R-90) before treatment. Results and conclusions From an interpersonal perspective, the relationship between the diagnostic groups is well described by the severity continuum hypothesis, with similar interpersonal problems related to Nonassertiveness and lower levels of general interpersonal stress in the SAD group compared to the two AvPD groups. However, other differences in severity do not fit the severity continuum hypothesis, as there are no differences in severity on the global severity index, and, moreover, the SAD group has the most severe problems on the SCL-90 phobic anxiety scale. Interpersonal pathoplasticity is not found in the diagnostic groups or in the full sample. However, three interpersonal subgroups are identified in the full sample, designated as Nonassertive, Friendly-submissive, and Cold-submissive. Implications for treatment are discussed. Practitioner points SAD is characterized by a lower level of interpersonal distress compared to AvPD, but the two disorders are similar in having Nonassertiveness as their general interpersonal problem. Contrary to expectation, SAD and AvPD did not differ in general level of symptom severity, and patients with SAD reported more problems with phobic anxiety than AvPD patients did. When understanding SAD and AvPD as different conceptualizations of the same disorder and analysing all patients together, three distinct interpersonal subgroups emerge, which can be identified as Nonassertive, Friendly-submissive, and Cold-submissive.

Background Psychological distress and suicidal behavior are important mental health problems among university students and warrant research to inform strategies for effective prevention in this young population. The present study aimed to assess psychological distress and suicidal behavior and to unravel their associations among university students. Methods A total of 5972 undergraduate students, randomly selected from six universities in central China, comprised the sample. The Chinese version of the Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assess various psychological symptoms. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between psychological distress and risk for suicidal behavior. Results 40.7% of the university students reported positive in a least one of the 9 psychological symptom dimensions assessed by the SCL-90-R. 7.6% of the students reported suicidal behavior in the previous twelve months. The risk of suicidal behavior was significantly associated with psychological symptoms of all types, but there were notable differences by sex. For male students, depression and phobic anxiety increased the risk of suicidal behavior. Meanwhile, depression and obsessive-compulsiveness were positively associated with suicidal behavior in female students. Furthermore, increasing risk of suicidal behavior was associated with increasing positive symptom total (PST) score and a statistically significant trend was observed. Limitations Data collected from a cross-sectional survey does not allow any examination of causal inference. Conclusions Psychological distress and suicidal behavior were both common among university students; and psychological distress was highly associated with suicidal behavior. The findings underscore the importance of mental health care for university students.

• Claustrophobia, a phobic anxiety disorder, is a well-known relative contraindication for MR, and anxiety or fear is triggered by confinement or the prospect of confinement in the MR environment. • Within the field of MR, claustrophobia is generally counteracted by reducing or deflecting attention from triggering stimuli in the MR environment by technical means, which increases relaxation and comfort and thus improves compliance. • Psychological interventions and self-empowerment of patients might become the next level of coping strategies.

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre apego y psicopatología se han centrado en población infantil, y más recientemente en adultos y jóvenes adultos. Pocos estudios han considerado la relación entre apego y psicopatología en la adolescencia, a pesar de su relevancia para la salud mental. La escasez de este tipo de investigaciones con población adolescente es notable considerando que la adolescencia es un período crítico de ajuste psicológico. En la presente investigación se describen los patrones de apego en una muestra no-clínica de adolescentes chilenos y su relación con sintomatología psicopatológica. Los participantes fueron 1042 adolescentes escolarizados entre 13 y 17 años (M =14.83; DT = 1.19; 57.4% eran mujeres) de la Ciudad de Arica en el Norte de Chile. El estilo de apego se evaluó con la Escala de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas (ECR-RS) y la sintomatología psicopatología con el Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI). Los resultados evidencian una gran proporción de adolescentes con estilos de apego inseguro, específicamente estilo de apego evitativo. Se observó que los adolescentes clasificados con estilo de apego temeroso presentaron una mayor presencia de indicadores de sintomatología psicopatológica (somatización, obsesión-compulsión, depresión, ansiedad, hostilidad, ansiedad fóbica, paranoia, sensibilidad interpersonal y psicoticismo). En conclusión, se establece que los adolescentes chilenos de la ciudad de Arica presentan con mayor frecuencia estilos de apegos inseguros, siendo el apego temeroso el que asocia con mayor frecuencia con sintomatología psicopatológica. Estos resultados apoyan el modelo de desarrollo de psicopatología basado en la influencia de las experiencias tempranas con los cuidadores, y aportan evidencia de utilidad para la planificación y ejecución de programas de prevención de psicopatología durante la etapa infanto-juvenil. Attachment and psychopathology in adolescents from the North of Chile. Most research on attachment and psychopathology has focused on children, and more recently on adults and young adults. Few studies have considered the relationship between attachment and psychopathology in adolescence, despite its relevance for in mental health. The shortage of this type of research within adolescent samples is unusual despite that adolescence is a critical period of psychological adjustment. The present study describes attachment patterns in a non-clinical sample of Chilean adolescents and their relationship with psychopathological symptomatology. The participants were 1,042 adolescents aged 13 and 17 (M = 14.83, SD = 1.19, 57.4% were women) from the City of Arica in northern Chile. The attachment style was evaluated through the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-RS) and the psychopathology symptomatology through the Brief Inventory of Symptoms (BSI). The results reveal a high percentage of adolescents with insecure attachment styles, specifically attachment avoidant style. Adolescents classified with fearful attachment style showed a greater presence of indicators of psychopathological symptomatology (somatization, obsession-compulsion, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoia, interpersonal sensitivity and psychoticism). In conclusion, it is established that Chilean adolescents from the city of Arica are more likely to exhibit insecure attachment styles, fearful attachment being the most frequent association with psychopathological symptomatology. These results support the model of psychopathology based in the influences of early relationships with caregivers and provide evidence for the planning of programs for prevention of psychopathology during child and adolescent stages.

This study was to determine the relationship between anxiety disorder and deviant behavior among senior secondary school students in Obubra Local Government Area of Cross River State. Various deviant behaviours of varying degrees ranging from truancy, lateness, fighting, bullying, cheating in examination, vandalism, drugs abuse, rape, disrespect to authority etc. leading to inadequate preparation towards academic test and examinations. Based on the above, hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. The study was delimited to Obubra Local Government Area and SS two students were used for the study. Anxiety disorder was delimited to phobic anxiety disorder. The instrument use was the Anxiety Disorder and Deviant Behavior Questionnaire (ADDBP) and it contained forty 40 items. A sample population of 247 students distributed among the five secondary schools in Obubra Local Government Area of Cross River State – Nigeria were used for the survey. Pearson product correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. Based on the research findings recommendations were made.

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between shadow and psychological symptoms by analyzing shadow miniatures in sandplay therapy. A total of 121 subjects were invited to complete an initial sand tray. The category of shadow miniatures was defined by a questionnaire administered to 22 trained sandplay consultants with practical experience, through their recollection of completed cases. The results showed that the use of shadow figures was positively related to psychological symptoms; those who used shadow miniatures were likely to have psychological symptoms, especially anxiety and phobic anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression equation showed that participants with phobic anxiety symptoms tended to use the shadow figures in the initial sand tray, but those with depression tended to refuse to use the shadow figures. In conclusion, the use of shadow miniatures in an initial sand tray can indicate clients' psychological symptoms. Sandplay therapists can observe how clients use shadow miniatures in the initial sand tray as an auxiliary tool to understand their clients’ psychological states.

The psychopathological features of patients with excoriated acne are analysed. An integrative anx-iety test among 43 patients (mean age 24.7±7.1 years) demonstrated borderline values and a high level of personal anxiety in 46.5% of cases; assessment according to the Beck Depression Inventory revealed subdepression among 25.6% and depression among 13.9% of patients; the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) was in the zone of elevated and high val-ues among 31.1% of patients. The greatest deviations from the norm were observed in the areas of interpersonal sensitivity among 34.9% of patients; dev phobic anxiety – 30.2%; paranoia – 30.2%; while somatisation of complaints was observed among 27.9% of patients. The obsessive-compulsive subscale exceeded normative values among 21% of patients.

We examined the effects of home-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression on anxiety symptoms in an ethnically diverse, low resource, and medically frail sample of rural, older adults.This was a secondary analysis of a randomized clincial trial with 134 rural-dwelling adults 65 years and older with decreased quality of life and elevated psychological symptomatology. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with the anxiety and phobic anxiety subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R).Compared to a minimal support control condition, CBT for depression resulted in significantly greater improvements in symptoms of anxiety and phobic anxiety from pre-treatment to post-treatment.Home-delivered CBT for depression can be an effective treatment for anxiety in a hard-to-reach older populations.Additional research should explore integrated anxiety and depression protocols and other treatment modalities, including bibliotherapy or telehealth models of CBT, to reduce costs associated with its in home delivery. Flexibility in administration and adaptations to the CBT protocol may be necessary for use with vulnerable, rural older adults.

Purpose of Review: Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders with a lifetime prevalence of over 20%. Clinically, anxiety is not thought of as a homogenous disorder, but is subclassified in generalized, panic, and phobic anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are moderately heritable. This review will explore recent genetic and epigenetic approaches to anxiety disorders explaining differential susceptibility risk. Recent Findings: A substantial portion of the variance in susceptibility risk can be explained by differential inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic risk. Available data suggest that anxiety disorders are highly complex and polygenic. Despite the substantial progress in genetic research over the last decade, only few risk loci for anxiety disorders have been identified so far. Summary: This review will cover recent findings from large-scale genome-wide association studies as well as newer epigenome-wide studies. Progress in this area will likely require analysis of much larger sample sizes than have been reported to date. We discuss prospects for clinical translation of genetic findings and future directions for research.

The purpose of the investigation was to clarify the importance of gender factor in the clinical picture of recurrent (RD) and bipolar depression (BD) with somatization. Total of 99patients had taken part in the testing including 70(70.7%) women and 39(39.3%) men. The general trend identified was intensive anxious and somatized signs in clinical structure of depression. In comparison with the men the female patients with RD had predominantly “psychic” and “physical” signs of anxiety, and men had more “typical” traits (depressive somatization). In the clinical picture of BD gender differentiation had shown the signs of anxiety again. In other words, the women with BD had mostly the signs of “mental” anxiety and neurosal (phobic anxiety and hysterical conversion) somatized signs, while male patients with BD more often had vegetal equivalents of anxiety (anxiety disorder) making hypochondriac ideational abnormalities (ideational somatization) in combination with physical signs of depression. In both testing groups women had the common traits – frequent complaints about paracenesthesia over extended periods (SSI); it can show some inclination to formation of a morbid personality, exacerbating a patient’s condition. The findings indicate that gender differentiation expresses mainly in bipolar course of an affective disease in the clinical picture of somatized depression. The study outcome suggests the improvement of diagnostics and somatized depression treatment.

The projective test is not only helpful to find the potential psychological crisis, but also to overcome the language barrier and make up for the deficiency of the questionnaire test to a certain extent.In this study, 403 college students (205 Tibetan students and 198 Han students) from a national college were selected to test their mental health with Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and House-Tree-Person test (HTP).By comparing the results of questionnaire test and drawing projection test, it is found that SCL-90 and HTP test are significantly related to the positive screening results of four factors: Somatization, Depression, Anxiety and Phobic Anxiety. Both HTP test and SCL-90 test results show that the scores of Somatization, Depression, Anxiety and Phobic Anxiety of Tibetan and Han college students were significantly different; the scores of Anxiety and Phobic Anxiety of different gender college students were significantly different. Using HTP test as a supplementary test of questionnaire test can effectively improve the accuracy of screening.

The prevalence of psychological distress in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients has been evaluated by many different assessment instruments and with diverse control groups. The most frequently used distress symptom scale has been the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), although it contains many symptoms with problematic validity clinically. The 18-item subscale of the SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) has recently been shown to have a sufficient validity to screen for the prevalence of psychological distress (somatization) in PD patients. We have performed a clinimetric analysis by comparing the BSI-18 with SCL-90-R relevant subscales in PD patients. Our micro-analysis has focused on the Mokken model to test the scalability of the subscales. The macro-analysis has focused both on effect size statistics and the normative level of psychological distress with reference to the Italian general population data using T-score metric. The Mokken analysis indicated acceptable scalability for all the subscales of BSI-18. The effect size statistics identified somatization in both BSI-18 and SCL-90-R as the most prevalent and intense symptom of psychological distress. The T-score metric identified the phobic anxiety subscale of SCL-90-R to be clinically much more important than the BSI-18 anxiety subscale in the PD patients. We have found the SCL-90-R subscale of phobic anxiety and the BSI-18 somatization subscale most clinically valid when measuring psychological distress in PD patients.

With the publication of the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th). Washington, DC, 2013), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was moved from the anxiety disorders section to form a new diagnostic category called obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. This change fits better with the concept of a spectrum of disorders related to OCD. This section of the DSM-5 includes OCD, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, and several variations on OCD-related conditions induced by substance, medication, medical conditions and variations on OCD-related conditions that do not precisely fit the diagnostic criteria. OCD is also in a category of its own, separated from phobic anxiety and other anxiety disorders, in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10, WHO - World Health Organization World health statistics. Geneva: WHO Press, 2010). No matter which classification OCD falls under, it is considered a severe and chronic mental disorder affecting between two and three percent of the general population and causing significant social and functional impairments. (American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th). Washington, DC, 2013; Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, & Walters EE Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(6):593–602, 2005a; Kessler R, Chiu W, Demler O, & Walters E Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62(6):617–627, 2005b; Leon AC, Portera L, & Weissman MM British J Psychiatry, 166(27):19–22, 1995).

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between psychosocial occupational risks and clinical symptomatology in a company in Tungurahua (Ecuador). For this purpose the SCL-90-R (to measure clinical symptomatology) and FPsico 3.0 (that measures psycho-social risks) were used in Prodegel S.A. 125 company colleagues. By analyzing the results obtained, we can say that the risks and symptoms appear in the sample, however, both in small measure.There is a relationship between them. On the one side, the difference between workload, work time and psychological obligations are related to somatization and anxiety. On the other side, participation and oversight have been related to phobic anxiety, violence and paranoid ideation. It can be said, therefore, that the risks associated with the characteristics of the work are linked to the symptomatology related to the individual and the risks related to the work relationship are related to the symptomatology of the field of the person's relationship.; Ikerketaren helburua Tungurahuako (Ekuador) enpresa batean laneko arrisku psikosozialen eta sintomatologia klinikoaren arteko harremana aztertzea izan da. Helburua lortzeko, sintomatologia klinikoa neurtzen duen SCL-90-R eta arrisku psikosozialak neurtzen dituen FPsiko 3.0 erabili dira Prodegel S.A. enpresako 125 lankideekin. Lortutako emaitzak aztertuz, esan daiteke arriskuak eta sintomatologia ageri direla laginean, biak neurri txikian agertzen badira ere. Bien arteko erlazioa ere ageri da. Alde batetik, lan-kargak, lan-denborak eta betebehar psikologikoek erlazioa dute somatizazioarekin eta antsietatearekin. Beste alde batetik, parte-hartzeak eta gainbegiratzeak erlazioa dute antsietate fobiko, bortizkeria eta ideazio paranoidearekin. Esan daiteke, beraz, aztertutako laginean lanaren ezaugarriekin erlazionaturiko arriskuek lotura dutela norbanakoarekin zerikusia duen sintomatologiarekin eta, aldiz, lan-harremanekin erlazionatutako arriskuek lotura dutela pertsona arteko harremanen arloko sintomatologiarekin.

Many pregnant women experience fear, worry or anxiety relating to the upcoming childbirth. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate possible subgroups in a sample of 206 pregnant women (mean age 29.4 years), reporting fear of birth in mid-pregnancy. Comparisons were made between nulliparous and parous women. In a series of cluster analyses, validated psychological instruments were used to cluster women based on their psychological profiles. A five-cluster solution was suggested, with the clusters characterized by: overall low symptom load, general high symptom load, medium symptom load with high performance-based self-esteem, blood- and injection phobic anxiety, and specific anxiety symptoms. Nulliparous women were more likely to report clinically relevant levels of blood- and injection phobia (OR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.09-6.01), while parous women more often reported previous negative experiences in health care (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.09-3.39) or previous trauma (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.58-5.32). The results indicate that women reporting fear of birth are a heterogeneous group. In order to individualize treatment, psychological characteristics may be of greater importance than parity in identifying relevant subgroups.