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Objective We employed a multidisciplinary approach incorporating theoretical ideas, clinical experience, psychology, physiology, traditional Chinese medicine (CM), modern practice of CM, and oncology to explore the effect of patients’ repression of negative emotions and traumatic events on breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis. Methods BC female patients, older than 18 years of age, with available pathology reports who were treated at Rabin Medical Center were recruited. All participants completed questionnaires regarding medical history, behavioral tendencies, negative emotions, trauma, symptoms, and pathology (from a CM perspective). Data on tumor characteristics were collected from the pathology reports. The associations were examined using hierarchical binary logistic regressions. Results A total of 155 BC patients were enrolled. The median age was 52 years, with a range of 26–79; 95% were mothers; 28% had estrogen receptor (ER)-negative BC, 52% had progesterone receptor (PR)-negative BC, 48% had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative BC, and antigen Ki-67 ≥ 20% was reported for 52% of tumors. Statistically significant associations were found between the emotional markers (sense of motherhood failure, and lack of self-fulfillment), avoidance behavior, and physical symptoms that are related to emotional repression based on CM. Significant associations were also found between variables associated with physical symptoms of emotional repression, which involves the production and accumulation of non-substantial phlegm (i.e., “high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm”), avoidance behavior which unconsciously uses “high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm” in order to achieve emotional repression, and tumor parameters including tumor grade, PR status, and Ki-67. Patients with higher levels of “high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm” were more likely to have tumors with worse prognosis (PR-negative, higher grade, and higher Ki-67). Conclusion We demonstrated a relationship between emotional parameters, behavioral tendencies, CM parameters, and oncologic parameters in BC. Additional research is warranted to explore these associations and their relevance to clinical practice.

“Yang promotes Qi transformation and Yin promotes forming” maintains the normal progress of human life activities, which is an important embodiment of human vitality. The dysfunction of “Yang promotes Qi transformation and Yin promotes forming” leads to the coagulation of pathological products such as phlegm and blood stasis in the breast meridian, resulting in the occurrence of acne mastitis. In clinical treatment, we should take “warm Yang to promote Qi transformation” as the treatment principle, and add or subtract according to the specific situation.

Objectives Curcumae Radix, the medicinal part is radix, commonly called as Yujin (Chinese:郁金), is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for its high medicinal value and health benefits. Curcumae Radix has been used to treat conditions such as syndrome of heat disease and unconsciousness, epilepsy and internal stagnation of phlegm, qi stagnation and blood stasis, dysmenorrhoea, jaundice, cholelithiasis caused by dampness heat of liver and gallbladder. This review aims to summarize the botany, traditional usages, processing, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology and toxicology of Curcumae Radix to better understand its therapeutic potential. Key findings So far, a variety of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from Curcumae Radix, mainly including volatile oil and diphenylheptanes. Modern research shows that the extracts and compounds from Curcumae Radix possess wide-ranging pharmacological effects, including anti-tumour, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anti-thrombosis, as well as effects on the nervous system and others. Summary Curcumae Radix holds an important position in traditional system of medicine. It is cost-effective and an important plant with curative application in contemporary medicine. However, further in-depth studies are also needed to determine the medical uses of this plant and its chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, quality control and toxicology.

Objective Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been diagnosed as an epidemic disease characterized by cold and dampness pathogens in TCM clinic. Due to many Chinese medicines with different functions were used in the treatment of COVID-19, it is very important to find the law of application of damp-removing traditional Chinese medicine with high frequency application, with view to providing a reference for the use and research of Chinese medicine to further control the pandemic. Methods The publicly released diagnosis and treatment programs issued by the National Health Commission and Health Commission of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and Chinese herbs prescription information in these were collected, a database was established, and Excel and Graphpad 8.0 software were used to analyze the frequency of use of various Chinese medicines, the frequency and property characters including five flavors (bitter, pungent, sweet, sour, and salty) and four natures (warm, hot, cool, and cold) and channel tropisms of Chinese medicine for removing dampness. Results A total of 137 prescriptions of Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19 were collected, including 178 TCMs showing functions of resolving phlegm, relieving cough and asthma, resolving dampness, clearing damp and inducing dieresis, clearing heat, tonifying deficiency, and relieving exterior syndrome, in which the TCMs with the first four functions that we called the dampness-removing TCMs, accounted for 35.78%. Also a number of TCMs in the rest functions showed removing-dampness. The first four functions were divided into subfunctions including aromatic resolving dampness, clearing heat and drying dampness, drying dampness and tonifying spleen qi, drying dampness and removing phlegm, inducing diuresis and relieving swelling, inducing diuresis and relieving exterior syndrome. Among them, the most frequently used TCMs was Ephedrae Herba, followed by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Pogostemonis Herba, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Poria, Scutellariae Radix, and Atractylodis Rhizoma. The property character analysis in the dampness-removing TCMs showed that bitter and pungent were largely present and sour and astringent were absent, warm and hot were dominant; And the lung, spleen, stomach, large intestine, bladder were main channel tropisms. Conclusion Dampness-removing TCMs is the first important type of traditional Chinese medicine to be considered in the treatment of COVID-19 in Chinese medicine. The application of dampness-removing TCMs in the treatment of COVID-19 needs to be combined with its application law. This study may provide meaningful and useful information on further research to investigate the effective compounds from the dampness-removing Chinese medicine with high frequency application, and also provide a reference for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 accurately against dampness evil with dampness-removing traditional Chinese medicine.

This study is to summarize Professor Pei’s experience in treating hypothyroidism. Professor Pei has been engaged in clinical endocrinology for more than 30 years and has unique insights into hypothyroidism. She believes that the disease is caused by liver depression, phlegm binding, yin deficiency, and fire effulgence. The basic principles of treatment are regulating Qi movement and harmonizing viscera. During treatment, the emphasis is on the influence of emotions on the disease. Both the liver and spleen should be given equal attention and the medication should be mild with balanced cold and heat.

Background It is becoming more and more important to judge whether patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have phlegm and blood stasis syndromes in the process of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment of CHD. The syndrome differentiation strategy of phlegm and blood stasis syndromes of CHD is still not standardized, and it is particularly necessary to make syndrome differentiation simpler and more accurate. Methods Twenty-eight medical cases that met the criteria, comprising 10 ancient medical cases and 18 modern ones, were selected from the TCM literature, which were then analyzed by 57 experts via questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data was mainly based on frequency analysis. Results (I) The average age of the 57 experts from 20 provinces was 48.9±8.5 years; 89.5% were associate professor or above, and 75.4% of them worked at a tertiary hospital. (II) Consistency of expert consultation over medical cases: for the ancient medical cases, the diagnostic consistency rate of phlegm syndrome was 27/34 (79.4%) and additional diagnosis rate of the blood stasis syndrome was 27/57 (47.4%); for the modern medical cases, the consistency rate compared with the original diagnosis of phlegm syndrome was 54/80 (67.5%) and that of blood stasis syndrome was 73/90 (81.1%). (III) The top five experts' diagnostic basics of phlegm syndrome were oppression in the chest, slippery pulse, greasy fur, coughing of phlegm, and chest pain; the top five diagnostic basics of blood stasis syndrome were chest pain, dark tongue, oppression in chest, red tongue, and ecchymosis on tongue. (IV) In the questionnaire consultation on CHD phlegm-blood stasis syndrome cases, the diagnostic basis of "symptom or (and) tongue manifestation" accounted for 12/27 (44.4%) of the diagnostic basics of phlegm syndrome and 28/38 (73.7%) of that of blood stasis syndrome basis. Conclusions Modern Chinese medicine experts pay much attention to the diagnosis and treatment of CHD based on TCM pathology theories of phlegm and blood stasis. To collect and detect the patients' symptoms and tongue manifestation is an important strategy of the experts for CHD phlegm and blood stasis syndrome differentiation.

Objective: The first and most common cause of death in the world is due to cardiovascular diseases, and hyperlipidemia is one of the important and a critical controllable risk factors for these diseases. The connection between fat metabolism and a wide range of diseases, side effects of chemical drugs, and the increasing attention to the use of natural remedies reveal the necessity of further attention to the viewpoints of other schools of medicine, including complementary medicine. This review study aims to interpret hyperlipidemia from the perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). Methods: This is review study conducted based on a library method using the keywords related to hyperlipidemia to collect data through searching in online databases and ITM books. The data were analyzed based on the content analysis method. Results: Hyperlipidemia is mainly diagnosed by laboratory findings and often have no clear clinical symptoms. According to ITM, for diagnosing hyperlipidemia, attention should be paid to the role of liver, heart, and stomach along with the health principles and quadruple digestion. Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia is a condition that can be either pathological or physiological. According to ITM, it occurs due to the imbalance of humors inside the arteries and leads to higher blood concentration and. In some cases, it can be due to a disease and in some cases, it can be caused by the body’s compensatory response. Paying attention to the views of ITM can be effective in preventing disease and improving therapeutic interventions.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious infection caused by the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The disease was first identified in December 2019 and has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. AIM: To explore the clinical characteristics and treatments for COVID-19 in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area in China. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the blood cell counts (neutrophils and lymphocytes), blood gas analysis, and thoracic computed tomography changes of patients from Qinghai Province before, during, and after treatment (January 23, 2020 to February 21, 2020). In addition, we summarized and analyzed the information of critical patients. All data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). The quantitative and count variables are represented as the mean ± SD and n (%), respectively. RESULTS: The main symptoms and signs of patients with COVID-19 were fever, dry cough, cough with phlegm, difficulty breathing, and respiratory distress with a respiration rate ≥ 30 times/min, finger oxygen saturation ≤ 93% in the resting state, and oxygenation index less than 200 but greater than 100 (after altitude correction). Eighteen patients with COVID-19, of whom three were critical, and the others were in a mild condition, were included. The main manifestations included fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Three patients developed difficulty breathing and had a fever. They were eventually cured and discharged. Adjuvant examinations showed one case with reduced white cell count (6%) (< 4 × 109/L), six with reduced count of lymphocytes (33%) (< 0.8 × 109/L), and one with abnormal blood glucose level. All 18 patients were discharged, and no death occurred. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide critical insight into assessing the clinical diagnosis and treatment for COVID-19 in the Tibetan plateau area.

Covid-19 (Novel coronavirus pneumonia, NCP) was characterized by fever, dry cough, fatigue, greasy tongue coating and pulsating pulse. According to the literature, with those four symptoms, examination and identification, it is believed that NCP belongs to the category of “pandemic” in Chinese medicine. The main infection is dampness, infection location in triple energizer, the basic pathogenesis is characterized by “dampness, phlegm, blood stasis heat, toxin and deficiency.” According to the law of blood transfer of symptom differentiation of triple energizer and weiqi-yingxue the treatment is divided into stages, such as early stage, middle stage, severe stage and recovery stage. Most of the patients were early stage and middle stage, which were the direct transmission of the disease. A small number of patients had the reverse transmission of pericardium and the internal and external detachment. The main method of treatment is to remove infection, remove dampness and detoxify. In addition, to grasp the treatment of early stage and middle stage patients, helps to stop the disease from developing, and it is the key to reduce the criticality of the disease, as well as reduce the mortality.

Background: Febrile seizures are seizures associated with fever during childhood that most often occurs in children ages six months-five years, with a peak incidence of 18 months Although febrile seizures generally have a good prognosis, they can signal an underlying serious acute infectious infection. This report aims to present a case of febrile seizures associated with the underlying extracranial infection in Semarang.Method: This report describes the anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examination in patients with febrile seizures.Case: A 2-year-old boy coming to the ER with complaints of seizures that accompanied by fever, When the child seizures are unconscious, after the seizures the child cries.Discussion: The patient came with seizures accompanied by fever three times before being taken to the hospital, the duration of the seizure ± 10 seconds, with a range of ± 2 hours between the first, and the next seizures, twitching convulsions throughout the body, eyes glared upwards, when the child got the seizure, he was unconscious, and after a seizure, the child cries. Three days before, the child had a fever and a cough with yellowish phlegm. On physical examination, It was found ronchi in both lung fields. From x-ray obtained bronchopneumonia picture. Patients diagnosed with complex febrile seizures and bronchopneumonia.Conclusion: Patients were diagnosed with complex febrile seizures and bronchopneumonia, treated for six days, and sent home because the patient's clinical condition improved. Infection is associated with the incidence of febrile seizures.

Objective: This article explores the clinical effects of lung-fire-clearing, phlegm-resolving and bowels-relaxing decoction in the treatment of lung cancer of phlegm-heat pattern. Methods: A total of 6 cases of lung cancer patients with phlegm-heat pattern were randomly selected from Inner Mongolia Baicaotang Qin’s Zhong Meng Medical Hospital from March 2018 to December 2020 to conduct the study. They were divided into the reference group and the study group by using the digital table method. The patients in the reference group were treated with conventional Western medicine whereas the patients in the study group were treated with lung-fire-clearing, phlegm-resolving, and bowels-relaxing decoction to observe the curative effect. Results: There were no significant differences in the levels of the tumor markers between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). However, after treatment, the levels of cytokeratin 19 soluble fragments (CYFRA21-1), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The effective rate and the quality of life score of the study group were higher than those of the reference group while the incidence of adverse reactions was lower than that of the reference group, P < 0.05. Conclusion: Lung-fire-clearing, phlegm-resolving, and bowels-relaxing decoction can effectively improve the symptoms of patients with lung cancer and improve their quality of life.

Berdasarkan data Dinas Kesehatan (Dinkes) Kabupaten Tangerang, sejak Januari sampai Maret 2019 IR (insident rate) 252 per 100.000 penduduk, jumlah penderita TBC mencapai 6.500 orang. Jumlah penderita itu, naik dibanding tahun 2018 yang mencapai 3.838 orang. Literature review ini bertujuan melihat dan meninjau artikel terkait Faktor predisposisi, pencegahan dan perilaku sehat pasien TB paru. Penelitian ini merupakan metode studi kepustakaaan atau literature review. Pencarian artikel menggunakan mesin pencarian Google search engine (Google scholar, repository), Pubmed/Medline dan Researchgate dengan strategi pencarian PRISMA. Artikel pencarian berdasarkan tahun publikasi 2015 hingga 2019. Hasil dari 15 artikel hasil analisa didapatkan bahwa faktor predisposisi yang dominan adalah pengetahuan, sikap merokok, status ekonomi yang mempengaruhi status gizi atau asupan nutrisi serta dukungan keluarga. Pada variable pencegahan ditemukan bahwa pencegahan yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara membuang dahak/meludah di toilet, membiasakan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) di rumah tangga, olahraga teratur, tidak merokok serta praktek menutup mulut dan hidung ketika batuk dan bersin. Selain itu membuka jendela agar rumah mendapatkan sinar matahari dan udara segar serta menjemur alas tidur agar tidak lembab harus dilakukan. Sedangkan pada perilaku sembuh pasien kepatuhan meminum obat serta pencegahan yang dilakukan akan berpengaruh terhadap kesembuhan pasien TB paru.

Uterine fibroid is the commonest benign and solid tumor in female during reproductive life. Approximately 15-25 million of Indian women have affected from fibroid uterus. Histologically itis composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue of varying proportional. It is considered as Sul’ah (tumor) in Unani classic litretures, as Ali Ibn-e-Abbas Majusi (930-994 AD) defined it under the topic of Warm-e-Balghami; as it is a swelling filled with viscid phlegm (Balgham-e-Ghaleez).Present paper deals with a reports of a 30 years old female having uterine fibroids measuring 2.6 cm× 3.1 cm, 2.6 cm× 3.6 cm, with left ovarian cyst of 3.1 cm × 4 cm. Patient was treated with herbal formulations; Majun Dabeedul Ward ( 5 gm paste), Kanchanar Guggul (2 tablet) and Niswani (10 ml syrup) twice a day for 8 consecutive weeks as oral administration. The patient was clinically assessed fortnightly, and radiologically just after treatment. Patient has shown encouraging result in post treatment investigation of Ultrasonography and finally patients got free from uterine fibroids without operation. The drugs were found to be safe and effective in this case.

Objective. In this study, we analyzed the metabolite profile of the tongue coating of patients having gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) with damp phlegm pattern and proposed a mechanism of pathological transition. Methods. The changes in tongue-coating metabolites in patients with GPL damp phlegm pattern were analyzed using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-QE-MS metabolomics methods. Results. When compared with 20 patients who did not exhibit a nondamp phlegm pattern, 12 metabolites were highly expressed and 10 metabolites were under expressed in 40 cases of damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 9 metabolic pathways. Compared with 15 healthy people, 134 metabolites were upregulated and 3 metabolites were downregulated in 40 cases exhibiting a damp phlegm pattern, of which involved 17 metabolic pathways. The patients with damp phlegm pattern were compared with nondamp phlegm pattern patients and healthy people, the main differential metabolites were primarily lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the main differential metabolic pathways were related to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In the glycerophospholipid metabolism, the metabolites with changes were phosphatidylethanolamine and lysoPC(18 : 1 (9z)). Among them, phosphatidylethanolamine exists in the synthesis stage of glycerophospholipid metabolism.Conclusions. Abnormal expression of lipids and lipid-like molecules, as the major metabolic change, was involved in the formation of GPL patients with damp phlegm pattern.

Background: Organophosphates (OP) are the extensively used pesticides that protect the agricultural produce from being damaged by the pests. These inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity acutely which has a key role in the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. There is an imminent possibility of deterioration of health in agricultural workers at the risk of OP exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical symptoms and chronic health effects of OP exposure among agricultural workers associated with spraying of pesticides in Kashmir, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among agricultural workers associated with pesticide spraying at least once a year. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination was conducted among study participants. The specific questions regarding the occupational history, pattern of spraying, history and symptoms of OP pesticide exposure were noted. The use of personal protective equipment, number of years of OP exposure and the volume of pesticide used were also noted. Biochemical evaluation and serum acetylcholinesterase levels were measured by standard protocol. Results: A total of 63 subjects participated in the study with n= 61 (96.8%) males and n= 2 (3.2%) females. The study population had a mean age of 40.90 ± 12.66 years. Our results show considerable association between OP exposure and various neurological, psychological, mucoskeletal and respiratory symptoms, but it was not enough to provide evidence of biochemical derangement. The neurological symptoms included weakness (60.3%), dizziness (44.4%), headache (38.09%), fatigue (30.1%), and muscle pain (19.04%). The psychological symptoms included low mood (66.6%), anhedonia (46.03%), insomnia (23.8%), anxiety (19.04%), and nervousness (11.1%).Among respiratory symptoms cough (58.7%) was most commonly reported followed by cough with phlegm (41.2%) and breathlessness (12.6%). Only 9.5% of the study population reported the immediate symptom onset while 33.3% of participants reported delayed onset. Conclusion: The neurological complications were most commonly reported followed by ophthalmological symptoms. We concluded that OP exposure affects the nervous system followed by musculoskeletal, integumentary and respiratory systems with least impact on cardiovascular system. Key words: organophosphorus; acetylcholinesterase; neurological; farm workers; occupational exposure; pesticides.

A 45-year-old male patient diagnosed as stage IVa pancreatic cancer received anti-cancer treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. During the treatment, he complained of nausea, appetite loss, and fatigue. He received a Kampo diagnosis of qi deficiency, blood stasis, and heat with phlegm; consequently, qi supplementation, smoothing blood, and relieving fever were initiated using Juzentaihoto and Keppuchikuoto. After this treatment, the symptoms showed remarkable improvement. However, computed tomography revealed multiple lung nodules. We prescribed crude drugs with anti-cancer effects, including Scutellaria barbata and Oldenlandia diffusa. These drugs led to slowed development of lung metastases that could be surgically resected. He survived for 7 years after the advanced diagnosis without loss of quality of life. Kampo medicine may be useful for disease control and supportive care in advanced pancreatic cancer patients.

To summarize the experience of Chief Physician Wang Defen in the treatment of thyroid nodules. According to many years of clinical experience, Chief Physician Wang Defen believes that the occurrence of thyroid nodules is mostly affected by emotional factors. Qi stagnation, liver depression and fire, phlegm and Qi are the pathogenesis of the disease, which is closely related to liver Qi stagnation. Based on the basic treatment principle of Nourishing Yin, clearing heat, soothing liver and strengthening spleen, the prescription chose Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder plus or minus can often achieve good clinical efficacy.

Pneumonia is a health problem in the world with a high mortality rate both in developing countries and in developed countries such as America, Canada and European countries. In Indonesia, the number three cause of death after cardiovascular disease and tuberculosis. Low socioeconomic factors increase mortality. This infection is generally spread from someone who is exposed in the neighborhood or has direct contact with infected people through their hands or by breathing air (droplets) due to coughing or sneezing. In the pandemic era, pneumonia is very feared because it is related to respiratory diseases which are becoming a trend and issue, so it requires special treatment in this case. This case report aims to improve the provision of nursing care for pneumonia patients to mantaining hydration status with airway clearance problems. Nursing assessment of pneumonia patients was carried out on September 13, 2020, a 52-year-old man who has a history of DM and smoking comes with complaints of coughing but no phlegm, fever since one week ago has disappeared, the patient has diarrhea since 2 days before entering the house pain and stomach pain, the patient also has nausea and vomiting and has no appetite. Nursing intervention for 3 days in accordance with the established outcome criteria. From the nursing intervension carried out, the problem of clearing the airway was resolved, marked by no coughing, normal breathing, no ronchi, moist mucosa and no cyanosis. Nursing intervention to maintaining the patient's adequate hydration status can overcome the problem of ineffective airway clearance. Keywords: Pneumonia, Airway Clearance, Hydration Status

In many parts of world, there is still a tradition of using herbal drugs to combat various diseases & infections. Sibr is one of the essential components of Unani system of medicine and used by Unani physicians due to it’s a lot of medicinal properties since ancient time. It is commonly called Aloe-vera and belongs to the Lilicaceal family. It is a cactus like herb and grows in hot and arid environment. Unani physicians have been using this drug as a laxative, purgative (phlegm/bile), brain tonic, stomach tonic, liver tonic, emmenogogue, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, antibacterial, and carminative agent. Hence, this drug having a vital place in Unani system of medicine and text. It is also use to reducing Low density Lipoprotein, increasing High density Lipoprotein, minimizing frost-bite injury, reducing blood glucose level, fighting against Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), allergies, and boosting immune system. This article was designed to lime light the Aloe barbadensis by describing its brief toxicology, contraindications, traditional, therapeutic and others uses. Keywords: Antibacterial, Aloe barbadensis, Sibr, therapeutic, Unani system of medicine.

Introduction: COVID-19, the infectious disease induced by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2, has caused increasing global health concerns, and novel strategies to prevent or ameliorate the condition are needed. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbal formulas have been used in the treatment of epidemics in China for over 2000 years. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Qu Du Qiang Fei I Hao Fang (QDQF1) "Eliminating Virus and Strengthening Lung-No.1 Formula," in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. QDQF1 consists of Shēng Huang Qi, Běi Shā Shēn, Chuān Jie Gěng, Zhi Fang Fēng, Qīng Lian Qiao, Jīn Yin Huā, Bǎn Lan Gēn, Chǎo Cāng Zhu, Zǐ Huā Di Dīng, and Shēng gān cao. Materials and Methods: A literature survey was performed by conducting systematic electronic searches in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and in books. Results: Each herb in this formula has long been used to treat various diseases due to their pharmacologic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that inhibit microbial adherence to mucosal or epithelial surfaces, inhibit endotoxin shock, and selectively inhibit microbial growth. Conclusion: The herbs chosen for the QDQF1 formula have been historically paired, and cast a wide net over the potential COVID-19 symptomatology. Their combined functions provide comprehensive and balanced therapeutics from both TCM and allopathic perspectives. Individual herbs and herbal combinations are analyzed for their applicability to pertinent TCM patterns of COVID-19 presentations, including heat and cold patterns, damp and phlegm syndromes, toxicity, and deficiency patterns. A further study in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial of QDQF1 is recommended to assess its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19.

Background: Metabolic diseases pose considerable burden on the healthcare system worldwide, indicating the significance of prevention and treatment. In constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine, phlegm-dampness constitution (PDC) is the common basis of metabolic diseases. In clinical practice, Huatan Qushi (HTQS) decoction targeting on PDC can effectively improve metabolic indicators. However, its underlying biochemical mechanism still remains unclear. Methods: Eight PDC participants received HTQS decoction for three months. Their blood was collected at baseline and 1 and 3 months after intervention started. Related biomedical indicators were detected. High-throughput sequencing and RT-qPCR were used for validation. Due to the missing data, repeated measures with missing values in mixed models were used. Results: After 3-month treatment, HDL-C level increased (P

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban Pakistani population.METHODS: We conducted a multi-stage, community-based, cross-sectional survey from May 2014 to August 2015, comprising 1629 adults from 75 random clusters in Karachi using questionnaire-based interviews.RESULTS: Around 60% of participants were females and 43% belonged to the >37 years age group. At least one respiratory symptom was reported by 37.5% of participants. Breathlessness was the most common symptom (25.2%, 95%CI 23.1–27.3), followed by acute wheeze (10.1%, 95%CI 8.7–11.7). Multivariable models revealed that males and those aged >37 years were more likely to report acute and chronic phlegm and bronchitis, and breathlessness. Participants with a higher level of education were less likely to report acute and chronic cough. Participants with >5 years pack-years of smoking were more likely to report acute and chronic cough and breathlessness. Other risk factors included passive smoking, regular use of air conditioning and mosquito coils, wet spots and mould in the house, and exposure to dusty jobs.CONCLUSION: We found breathlessness to be the most prevalent respiratory symptom and identified various risk factors for respiratory symptoms.

Professor Shen pays attention to the simultaneous treatment of lung and stomach in the clinical treatment of cough. Professor Shen emphasized that the treatment of cough should be based on comprehensive judgments such as cough, phlegm, individual quality, general condition and pay attention to protecting the spleen and stomach while relieving cough. In the treatment, he is good at formulating prescriptions, using mulberry leaves and almonds, Uncaria and mint, Platycodonis Radix and Fritillaria thunbergii, Scutellariae Radix and Atractylodes macrocephala. Professor Shen pays attention to the impact of climate change on coughing. In the treatment of coughs occur in spring, he emphasizes on calming the liver and eliminating wind, nourishing yin and promoting body fluid while relieving the lung, relieving cough, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma. In the treatment of cough in autumn and winter, he focused on clearing, cooling and moisturizing, promoting body fluid and moisturizing. Nourish the viscera. Professor Shen inherited the style of ancient Lingnan medicine, and used the special herbal medicine of Lingnan area. He selected the prescriptions according to the locality. When treating coughs, he often used the combination of Seed of Indian Trumetflower, Roughhaired Holly Root, FoliumNerviliae, Herba Strigae, etc.

BACKGROUND: Acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURI) together with acute bronchitis is the most common illness worldwide. Botanical medicines used as expectorants and antitussives have proven to be effective while also having excellent safety margins. We aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of a new botanical drug, CKD-497, in patients with AURI and acute bronchitis. METHODS: In this phase 2 study, 225 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n=55), Synatura(®) (n=49), CKD-497 200 mg (n=68), or CKD-497 300 mg (n=53). The study drugs were administered three times daily over the course of 7 days. Primary endpoint was the change in the bronchitis severity score (BSS) from baseline to day 7. Secondary endpoint was evaluated based on clinical response rates on days 4 and 7. A safety analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Between baseline and day 7, the mean BSS scores decreased significantly in each group (P

Volcanic ash occurs due to volcanic eruptions that can cause adverse health effects if inhaled. One of which is can cause respiratory problems in the form of respiratory tract irritation, increased phlegm secretion, irritation and inflammation of the throat, dry cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. This aimed at determining the correlation between volcanic ash exposure and ARI accident at Public Health Center Rendang Karangasem District Health Center. This study used a correlational research design with the approach used is cross-sectional. The sample in this study was 43 people affected by ARI in September 2017 in the area of Puskesmas Rendang Karangasem. Data analysis was using the Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study showed that no significant correlation from this study based on the Mann Whitney test value of 832.5 and the value of p = 0.138 (P> 0.05), meaning at alpha 5%. It is expected that people who suffer from ARI disease to use masks so as not to aggravate the condition of illness due to ARI and the health center to always provide counseling about healthy lifestyles and avoid ARI.

Case Presentation A 69-year-old man consulted for a 3-day history of fever, wet cough, and yellow-green phlegm. He denied having any dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, swallowing disorders, choke, chills, asthenia, anorexia, or weight loss. He reported a continuous dry cough and three episodes of pneumonia in the past 4 years. He was a nonsmoker, without any other personal or familial medical history. He had no known professional exposure. He was born and lived in Vietnam but had no known contact with TB in his family or workplace. He was never imprisoned or homeless and did never travel abroad.

IntroductionElectronic cigarettes (ECIGs) expose users to an aerosol containing chemicals, which could affect the respiratory system negatively. This study examined negative respiratory symptoms associated with ECIG use.MethodsIn 2019, adult current ECIG users from 24 US states who reported experiencing negative respiratory symptoms from ECIG use (n = 49; 44.9% women; mean age = 35.2, SD = 11.5) completed an online survey and brainstormed statements that completed the prompt: “A specific negative effect or symptom related to my breathing, nose, mouth, throat, or lungs that I have experienced from vaping/using my e-cigarette is...” Participants sorted the final list of 56 statements into groups of similar content and rated statements on how true they were for them. Multidimensional scaling analysis identified thematic clusters.ResultsEight ECIG use respiratory symptom clusters identified in analysis included Mucus and Congestion, Fatigue, Throat Symptoms, Breathing Problems, Mouth Symptoms, Chest Symptoms, Illness Symptoms, and Nose and Sinus Symptoms. Highly rated (ie, most common) symptoms included dry throat or mouth, fatigue during physical activity, coughing, shortness of breath, excessive phlegm, and bad taste in mouth. Mean cluster ratings did not differ based on lifetime cigarette smoking status (100 lifetime cigarettes smoked), but current cigarette smokers (ie, dual users) rated the Fatigue, Breathing Problems, Mucus and Congestion, and Nose and Sinus Symptoms clusters higher than noncurrent cigarette smokers.ConclusionsParticipant-identified respiratory symptoms perceived to be ECIG related, many similar to cigarette smoking symptoms. Future research should assess if these symptoms are associated with other negative health outcomes.ImplicationsECIG use exposes users to chemicals that may have negative health impacts on the respiratory system. Limited research has examined the broad range of negative respiratory symptoms associated with e-cigarette use. This study identified that ECIG–cigarette users perceive their ECIG use to be associated with negative respiratory symptoms. Many e-cigarette user-reported negative respiratory symptoms are similar to those associated with cigarette smoking, though some appear unique to e-cigarette use. Future research should continue to monitor respiratory symptoms reported by ECIG users and whether these are associated with health outcomes over time.

Background Airway humidification methods are commonly used in clinical practice, but no clear consensus exists on which particular method is best suited for specific clinical conditions. Methods In this retrospective study, we carried out a quantitative evaluation of three methods commonly used for patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). We recruited 150 patients who received airway humidification after tracheotomy. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the humidification method they received which included oxygen atomizer (OA) group, heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) group, and heated humidifiers (HHs) group. Variables including phlegm viscosity, humidification effects, phlegm formation rates, daily sputum inhalation times, airway spasm, secondary lung infections, daily nursing load, and evaluation of nurse job satisfaction levels were documented. Results Results indicated that the OA tended to cause either insufficient or excessive humidification, whereas phlegm scab formation was significantly reduced in HHs. HMEs and HHs displayed equal humidification effects, and a similar daily sputum induction and consequent nursing load. Airway spasm was a frequent occurrence in OA. The severity, but not the infection ratio, of secondary infection decreased significantly in HHs by the 30th day. The OA significantly reduced nursing load, but demonstrated the worst humidification effects. Conclusions Overall results suggested that the HHs is more suitable for airway nursing of STBI patients who are bedridden for extended periods.

ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) is an acute inflammation of upper and lower respiratory tract caused by infection of microorganisms or bacteria, viruses, or rickets, without or with inflammation of the lung parenchyma. ARI is caused by a virus / bacteria that begins with heat accompanied by one or more symptoms such as sore throat, swallowing pain, runny nose, dry cough or phlegm. ARI is a public health problem in developing countries. The incidence of ARI tends to increase during the dry season.The goal of this research is want to know factors causing the event of ARI in dry season at public health center of kampar 2020. This research is observational analytic study with case control study design. Based on the results of research in the Kampar Public health center. The population is suffering from this research is the people in the Kampar Public health center and the samples is the people whos cames to Public health center to get treatment. Sample of case is 52 people and sample of control is 52 people. The variable in this research is Personal Protective equipments. The data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis using Pearson correlation test and simple linier regression.The result of this research is that there is a significant correlation of using personal protective equipments with ARI in the dry season with (p value < 0,01). The preventive of action that can be done by the community is that if driving in the dry season, you should use PPE (Personal Protective equipments) like a mask, and if you are often active in the sun, you should use protective clothing such as hats, long sleeves, trousers and hats to avoid direct sun exposure.

Author(s): Stott-Miller, Marni; Mullerova, Hana; Miller, Bruce; Tabberer, Maggie; El Baou, Celine; Keeley, Tom; Martinez, Fernando J; Han, Meilan; Dransfield, Mark; Hansel, Nadia N; Cooper, Christopher B; Woodruff, Prescott; Ortega, Victor E; Comellas, Alejandro P; Paine Iii, Robert; Kanner, Richard E; Anderson, Wayne; Drummond, M Bradley; Kim, Victor; Tal-Singer, Ruth; Lazaar, Aili L | Abstract: BackgroundChronic cough and phlegm are frequently reported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms. Prior research classified chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH) based on the presence of these symptoms for ≥3 months, called chronic bronchitis (CB) if respiratory infection symptoms were present for 1-2 years (Medical Research Council [MRC] definition). We explored whether the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), a simple measure developed for routine clinical use, captures CMH populations and outcomes similarly to MRC and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) definitions.MethodsWe identified CMH in the SPIROMICS COPD cohort using (a) MRC definitions, (b) SGRQ questions for cough and phlegm (both as most/several days a week), and (c) CAT cough and phlegm questions. We determined optimal cut-points for CAT items and described exacerbation frequencies for different CMH definitions. Moderate exacerbations required a new prescription for antibiotics/oral corticosteroids or emergency department visit; severe exacerbations required hospitalization. Results were stratified by smoking status.ResultsIn a population of 1431 participants (57% male; mean FEV1% predicted 61%), 47% and 49% of evaluable participants had SGRQ- or CAT-defined CMH, respectively. A cut-point of ≥2 for cough and phlegm items defined CMH in CAT. Among SGRQ-CMH+ participants, 80% were also defined as CMH+ by the CAT. CMH+ participants were more likely to be current smokers. A higher exacerbation frequency was observed for presence of CMH+ versus CMH- in the year prior to baseline for all CMH definitions; this trend continued across 3 years of follow-up, regardless of smoking status.ConclusionItems from the CAT identified SGRQ-defined CMH, a frequent COPD trait that correlated with exacerbation frequency. The CAT is a short, simple questionnaire and a potentially valuable tool for telemedicine or real-world trials. CAT-based CMH is a novel approach for identifying clinically important characteristics in COPD that can be ascertained in these settings.