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1. Dynamic simulation of community crime and crime-reporting behavior

Author

Yonas, MA, Borrebach, JD, Burke, JG, Brown, ST, Philp, KD, Burke, DS, Grefenstette, JJ, Yonas, MA, Borrebach, JD, Burke, JG, Brown, ST, Philp, KD, Burke, DS, and Grefenstette, JJ

Abstract

An agent-based model was developed to explore the effectiveness of possible interventions to reduce neighborhood crime and violence. Both offenders and non-offenders (or citizens) were modeled as agents living in neighborhoods, with a set of rules controlling changes in behavior based on individual experience. Offenders may become more or less inclined to actively commit criminal offenses, depending on the behavior of the neighborhood residents and other nearby offenders, and on their arrest experience. In turn, citizens may become more or less inclined to report crimes, based on the observed prevalence of criminal activity within their neighborhood. This paper describes the basic design and dynamics of the model, and how such models might be used to investigate practical crime intervention programs. © 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Published
2011

2. Tympanometry accurately measures middle ear underpressures in monkeys.

Author

Alper CM, Banks JM, Philp KD, and Doyle WJ

Subjects
Animals, Macaca fascicularis, Pressure, Acoustic Impedance Tests methods, Ear, Middle physiology
Abstract

Tympanometry is useful for evaluating middle ear (ME) status, but its accuracy in estimating true ME pressure has been questioned. We evaluated the accuracy of tympanometry in 6 monkeys. Direct application and measurement of ME pressure were achieved with a probe introduced into the mastoid antrum, and tympanometry was done over a large range of applied ME pressures. For all ears, tympanometric pressure was a linear function of applied pressure. At large overpressures, the tympanometric pressure was approximately 40 mm H2O greater than the applied pressure, but there was little error in the measurement for applied underpressures. The measurement error was proportional to the ME pressure multiplied by the ratio of the extant volume displacement of the tympanic membrane to ME volume. These results show that in monkeys, tympanometry provides an accurate, relatively unbiased estimate of ME underpressure and suggest that the measurement error for tympanometry can be predicted for MEs of other species.

Published
2003
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