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Philodina hongcheonensis n. sp. Figures 5 and 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1CA0536D-50F3-4FF6-8D6E-26A2AB70BA47 Holotype and paratypes. On permanent slides, deposited in the collection of the National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea (holotype: NIBRIV0000862814; two paratypes: NIBRIV0000862815 and NIBRIV0000862816). Type locality. Bangnae-ri, Nae-myeon, Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. GPS coordinates based on WGS84 datum 37°48’21”N / 128°16’02”E. Material. Four specimens sorted out from tree barks and mosses, collected by Min Ok Song and Chang-Ho Lee on 6 May, 2019. Differential diagnosis. Philodina hongcheonensis n. sp. appears to be most similar to P. rugosa coriacea due to the morphology of granulated trunk and spurs with wide interspace; however, this new species is different from P. rugosa coriacea by the following characteristics: (1) Philodina hongcheonensis n. sp. doesn’t have eyespots, while P. rugosa coriacea has two orange cerebral eyespots; (2) the corona of P. hongcheonensis n. sp. is slightly narrower than cingulum width, while that of P. rugosa coriacea is wider than cingulum; (3) the upper lip of P. hongcheonensis n. sp. is arched and without a median depression, whereas that of P. rugosa coriacea is with two bulges flanking a wide median depression; (4) the anal pseudosegment of P. hongcheonensis n. sp. has four round processes dorsally, while that of P. rugosa coriacea doesn’t have any processes dorsally; (5) the spurs of P. hongcheonensis n. sp. are thinner and shorter than those of P. rugosa coriacea, and (6) the interspace between spurs is four times as wide as spur base width in P. hongcheonensis n. sp., while it is slightly wider than spur base width in P. rugosa coriacea (Bryce 1903; Song & Kim 2000). The most prominent characteristic that distinguishes this new species from its congeners is the four dorsal hemispherical processes on anal pseudosegment (Fig. 5a). Description. Body yellowish. No eyespots. Rostrum round, short and as long as it is wide. Rostral lamella bilobed and with narrow interspace; each lobe very short. Corona very slightly narrower, as wide as, or very slightly wider than cingulum depending on the extension of feeding head. Pedicel short. Sulcus slightly narrower than pedicel width; sulcus base slightly bilobed medially (Fig. 6c). Disc retractor U-shaped and with convex sides. Upper lip arched, rimmed and without median notch; slightly higher than sulcus base; much lower than trochal discs. Cingulum pad as wide as cingulum; lateral margins rather parallel medially and round posterolaterally. Pharyngeal tube slightly shorter than trophi length in creeping and much shorter than trophi length in feeding. Teeth 4/4. Trunk highly granulated and with coarsely granulated longitudinal ridges; granulated longitudinal ridges continue to preanal pseudosegment; spindle-shaped in creeping. Anal pseudosegment with four hemispherical processes; two processes dorsally and the other two dorsolaterally; four V-shaped folds under the hemispherical processes. Foot narrower than rump and tapering gradually to pseudosegment bearing toes; with four pseudosegments; foot very short and about 1/13 of total body length in creeping. Toes short and plump. Spurs conical, very thin, short and with pointy ends; with wide interspace; interspace about 4 times as wide as spur base width. Egg oval and with smooth surface. Measurements. Total length in creeping 246–248 μm. Total length in feeding 181 μm. Rostrum length 13 μm. Corona width 44–47 μm. Cingulum width 43–45 μm. Cingulum pad width 43–45 μm. Antenna length 16 μm. Greatest neck width in creeping 44–45 μm. Greatest trunk width in creeping 60–68 μm. Trophi length 16 μm. Spur length 4.2 μm. Distribution. This new species is known only from its type locality. Etymology. The specific name hongcheonensis is derived from the name of its type locality, Hongcheon-gun, Korea., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2022, Descriptions of Philodinavus koreanus n. sp. and two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea) from Korea, pp. 399-411 in Zootaxa 5129 (3) on pages 406-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6501197, {"references":["Bryce, D. (1903) On two new species of Philodina. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 2, 8, 523 - 530.","Song, M. O. & Kim, W. (2000) Bdelloid rotifers from Korea. Hydrobiologia, 439, 91 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1004181414535"]}

The bdelloid rotifers collected from terrestrial habitats such as leaf litter, mosses and tree barks were studied and three new species were identified: Philodina haejooni n. sp., P. hongcheonensis n. sp. and Philodinavus koreanus n. sp. Philodina haejooni n. sp. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the leaf margin-shaped longitudinal ridges on trunk. The most significant diagnostic characteristic of Philodina hongcheonensis n. sp. is the four dorsal hemispherical processes on anal pseudosegment. Philodinavus koreanus n. sp. is the thirdly described species for the genus. The detailed morphologies of ciliated buccal fields, cheeks and spurs make Philodinavus koreanus n. sp. distinguishable from its two congeners. Here these three new species are described and illustrated. The partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (mtCOX1) for three new species are presented as well.

Philodina clypeata new species Figures 1 and 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 68C564BF-EB53-4D84-A0CF-934C89F45773 Holotype and paratypes. On permanent slides, deposited in the collection of the National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea (holotype: FKRUIV0000000917; two paratypes: FKRUIV0000000918, and FK- RUIV0000000919). Type locality. Moss valley area in Mugeon-ri, Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, Korea. GPS coordinates based on WGS84 datum 37��16'17.9"N / 129��04'25.0"E. Material. Five specimens sorted out from leaf litter and mosses around Moss valley, collected by Min Ok Song and Chang-Ho Lee on 28 April, 2018. Differential diagnosis. Philodina clypeata n. sp. is most similar to Philodina rugosa coriacea Bryce in the morphologies of feeding head, granulated trunk and spurs; however, this new species can be distinguished from P. rugosa coriacea by the following characteristics: (1) this new species does not have eye spots, while P. rugosa coriacea has two cerebral eye spots, (2) the trunk of this new species is granulated and sculptured with polygonal patterns dorsally, while that of P. rugosa coriacea is granulated and with wavy longitudinal ridges, (3) the first trunk pseudosegment of the new species has a shield-shaped sculptured area dorsally, which is absent in P. rugosa coriacea, (4) the first foot pseudosegment of P. rugosa coriacea has a transverse ridge with wavy margin dorsally, while that of the new species doesn���t have it, (5) the interspace between spurs is three times as wide as spur base width in this new species, while it is slightly wider than spur base width in P. rugosa coriacea, and (6) the posterior part of the spur pseudosegment is expanded in the new species, while it is otherwise in P. rugosa coriacea. The most prominent characteristics of this new species are the absence of eye spots, the granulated trunk with dorsal polygonal patterns, and a shield-shaped sculptured area on the dorsal part of first trunk pseudosegment. P. rugosa rugosa Bryce and its two subspecies-level taxa, coriacea and callosa, are the only Philodina species with highly granulated trunk similar to that of this new species; however, all of them have two cerebral eye spots, and none of them has sculptured trunk with polygonal patterns dorsally. Description. No eye spots. Head and neck with smooth integument, while trunk with granulated integument. Rostral lamella with two lobes and each lobe round; interspace between lobes narrower than 1/3 of each lobe width. Rostrum as long as it is wide; the ratio of rostrum width to smallest neck width about 1: 1.9. Corona wider than cingulum; the ratio of corona width to cingulum width about 1.16: 1���1.17: 1. Sulcus slightly narrower than pedicel width. Pedicels short. Upper lip arched, with two median lobes and with wide depression between two lobes; much lower than trochal discs and higher than sulcus base; interspace between lobes concave and about 3/5 of sulcus width. Cingulum pad slightly wider than cingulum. Pharyngeal tube much shorter than trophi length. Dental formula 3/3. Trunk highly granulated, sculptured, and covered with detritus; granules rather big and dense; diameter of granules about 1.3���2.7 ��m; the first trunk pseudosegment with a shield-shaped sculptured area dorsally; granules fused and formed half round and rough strips of various lengths on longitudinal ridges of trunk; the second, third and fourth trunk pseudosegments with polygonal patterns dorsally; fourth pseudosegment expanded and abruptly narrowed to rump; preanal pseudosegment much narrower than fourth pseudosegment and with rather squarish posterolateral margins; anal pseudosegment much narrower than preanal pseudosegment. Foot with smooth integument; with four pseudosegments; posterior part of spur pseudosegment expanded. Spurs thin, short finger-shaped and with wide interspace; middle part of spurs rather plump and abruptly tapering to knobby and blunt tips; interspace width about three times as wide as spur base width. Measurements. Total length in creeping 260���316 ��m. Total length in feeding 193���253 ��m. Rostrum width 20���24 ��m. Corona width 51���63 ��m. Cingulum width 44���54 ��m. Cingulum pad width 46���59 ��m. Greatest neck width in feeding 45���57 ��m. Greatest neck width in creeping 51���56 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 97���117 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 56���84 ��m. Trophi length 15���19 ��m. Spur length 8���10 ��m. Distribution. The new species is known only from its type locality. Etymology. The specific name clypeata is an adjective, referring to the shield-shaped sculptured area which is on the first trunk pseudosegment dorsally., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on pages 258-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500

Macrotrachela insulana Donner, 1962 Figure 6 a���b Material. Five specimens found in mosses around Hwanseongul area, Singi-myeon, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do. This species is very rare and has been reported only from Brazil (Donner 1980) after the description from Mallorca island, Spain (Donner 1962). The general morphology of the Korean specimens coincides well with the original description except the location of two small processes which were described to be on sulcus base by Donner (1962). According to the observations of the Korean specimens, the two small processes were on the disc retractor instead of sulcus base. It seemed that Donner (1962; 1980) mistook the positions of the processes during observations. As Donner (1962) mentioned, these two processes could be observed in dorsolateral view only (Fig. 6a). Donner (1962) observed that when the Spanish specimens contracted, they were covered with very thin shells and debris. The Korean specimens were not observed in shells. Measurements. Total length in creeping 351���359 ��m. Corona width 70 ��m. Cingulum width 57 ��m. Cingulum pad width 54 ��m. Greatest neck width in creeping 56 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 88 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 66 ��m. Trophi length 22 ��m. Spur length 7.4 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on pages 264-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500, {"references":["Donner, J. (1962) Neue und wenig bekannte Bdelloidea (Rotatoria) des Bodens. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 8, 303 - 333.","Donner, J. (1980) Einige neue Forschungen uber bdelloide Rotatorien, besonders in Boden. Revue d'Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 17, 125 - 143.","Milne, W. (1916) On the bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 2, 47 - 83, 149 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9295"]}

Macrotrachela petulans Milne, 1916 Figure 6 c���d Material. One specimen found in mosses from Jeju Gotjawal Provincial Park, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo-si, Jejuteukbyeoljachido. This species is quite rare and has been reported from Czech Republic only (Barto�� 1951a) after the original description from South Africa by Milne (1916). The present study is the third record of it. This species is easily diagnosed by the distal expansion of the spur pseudosegment. The inflated part looks like a flat cushion, which carries the spurs with wide interspace dorsally. Milne (1916) noted that the most prominent characteristics of this species were the wide and oval stomach as well as intestine. However, Barto�� (1951) didn���t mention the shape of stomach and intestine of the Czech specimens, and the stomach was tubiform in Fig. 37C. The stomach of the Korean specimen was tubular as well. The corona of the Korean specimen was a bit wider than that in the original description. The ratio of the corona width to cingulum width was 1.3: 1 in the Korean specimen, while it was 1.1: 1 in the original description. Measurements. Total length in creeping 211 ��m. Total length in feeding 147 ��m. Rostrum width in creeping 18 ��m. Corona width 43 ��m. Cingulum width 33 ��m. Cingulum pad width 32 ��m. Greatest neck width in creeping 31 ��m. Greatest neck width in feeding 38 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 45 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 33 ��m. Trophi length 12 ��m. Spur length 3.7 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500, {"references":["Milne, W. (1916) On the bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 2, 47 - 83, 149 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9295","Bartos, E. (1951 a) The Czechoslovak Rotatoria of the order Bdelloidea. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Zoologicke Spolecnosti, 15, 241 - 500."]}

Philodina parvicalcar De Koning, 1947 Figure 5 Material. Two specimens found in mosses around Jangyeol-ri, Bukpyeong-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do. The spurs of Philodina parvicalcar seem to be morphologically similar to those of P. koreana Song & Lee; however, the outer margin of interspace between spurs overhangs the dorsal margin of the spur pseudosegment in P. parvicalcar, while that coincides with the dorsal margin of the spur pseudosegment in P. koreana (Song & Lee 2017). In addition, this species is easily distinguished from P. koreana by the morphology of disc retractor. The disc retractor of P. koreana is slightly convex and trilobed medially while that of P. parvicalcar is U-shaped with convex sides and bilobed medially (Fig. 5a). De Koning (1947) didn���t mention the morphology of disc retractor in the original description and Bielańska-Grajner et al. (2011) didn���t, either, in their report on Polish bdelloids. The upper lips of the Korean specimens were arched and very slightly notched medially, which is similar to the upper lip in Fig. 38e of the original illustration. The spurs of the Korean specimens were very small, fingertipshaped and most similar to spurs in Fig. 38c of the original illustration (De Koning 1947). This species is very rare and has been reported from only two countries, Turkey (Kaya 2013; Kaya et al. 2009) and Poland (Bielańska-Grajner et al. 2011), after the description from the Netherlands by De Koning (1947). Measurements. Corona width 61 ��m. Cingulum width 46 ��m. Cingulum pad width 48 ��m. Spur length 3 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on pages 263-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500, {"references":["De Koning, M. (1947) Nieuwe Bdelloide Rotatorien. Biologisch Jaarboek, Dodonaea, 14, 184 - 205.","Song, M. O. & Lee, C. - H. (2017) A new and five rare bdelloids from Korea. Zootaxa, 4242 (3), 529 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4242.3.6","Bielanska-Grajner, I., Ejsmont-Karabin, J. & Yakovenko, N. (2011) Bdelloidea (Rotifera) from the Tatra National Park, with some species newly found in Poland. Fragmenta Faunistica, 54, 103 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00159301 FF 2011.54.2.103","Kaya, M. (2013) Terrestrial bdelloid rotifers from Erzurum (eastern part of Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37, 413 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1211 - 32","Kaya, M., Herniou, E. A., Barraclough, T. G. & Fontaneto, D. (2009) A faunistic survey of bdelloid rotifers in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 48, 114 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.2009.10638379"]}

A taxonomic study on bdelloid rotifers collected from various terrestrial habitats at five different locations in Korea resulted in eight new Korean records and two new species-level taxa, Philodina clypeata n. sp. and P. verrucosa n. sp. Among the eight new Korean records, two species- and three subspecies-level taxa are new to Asia as well. These new Korean records also include seven rare species/subspecies-level taxa with poorly known distributions. Habrotrocha gracilis quadridens Schulte and Macrotrachela zickendrahti seda Donner were rediscovered in Korea 64 and 53 years, respectively, after the original descriptions. Habrotrocha ligula aligula Burger, Macrotrachela insulana Donner, M. petulans Milne, M. pinnigera (Murray), and Philodina parvicalcar De Koning have been reported from two to three countries only including their type localities before the present study. In addition, a partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOX1) for P. verrucosa n. sp. as well as a taxonomic key for the Philodina species recorded from Korea to date are also provided here.

Macrotrachela zickendrahti seda Donner, 1965 Figure 7b Material. Five specimens found in mosses from Hwasun Gotjawal, Hwasun-ri, Andeok-myeon, Seogwipo-si, Jejuteukbyeoljachido. In Macrotrachela zickendrahti zickendrahti (Richters), the tips of appendages on trunk are fine-toothed, and each tooth is extended like long and thin thread. Macrotrachela zickendrahti zickendrahti has two additional subspecies-level taxa, M. zickendrahti digitata Barto�� and M. zickendrahti seda Donner. The tips of appendages on trunk are toothed in both subspecies-level taxa, but without the long and thin extension of each tooth end in M. zickendrahti digitata, while with short and sharp extension of each tooth end in M. zickendrahti seda. The characteristics of the Korean specimens agree well with those of the type specimens except that some appendages are longer than those in the original illustration. This subspecies-level taxon is very rare and was rediscovered in Korea 53 years after the original description from Spain by Donner (1965). Measurements. Greatest trunk width 80���115 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500, {"references":["Donner, J. (1965) Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Akademie-Verl., Berlin, 297 pp."]}

Philodina verrucosa new species Figures 3 and 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2EF912BD-BA96-4A38-8224-6FE70FA5DAD6 Holotype and paratypes. On permanent slides, deposited in the collection of the National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea (holotype: FKRUIV0000005591; two paratypes: FKRUIV0000005592, and FK- RUIV0000005593). Type locality. Jangyeol-ri, Bukpyeong-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. GPS coordinates based on WGS84 datum 37��27'16.8"N 128��40'55.4"E. Material. Eight specimens sorted out from mosses around a mountain in Jangyeol-ri, collected by Min Ok Song and Chang-Ho Lee on 30 June, 2018. Differential diagnosis. This new species is similar to Philodina rugosa coriacea Bryce in the morphology of granulated trunk and spurs; however, this new species differ from P. rugosa coriacea by the following characteristics: (1) this new species does not have eye spots, while P. rugosa coriacea has two cerebral eye spots, (2) the upper lip is broadly triangular and with rounded median lobe in this new species, while that is bilobed and with wide median depression between lobes in P. rugosa coriacea, (3) the trochal discs of new species look rather round in dorsal view since they are slightly inclined dorsally, while those of P. rugosa coriacea are not inclined dorsally, (4) this new species has coarsely granulated hemispherical processes on the trunk when feeding, while P. rugosa coriacea doesn���t have hemispherical processes on its trunk when feeding, (5) the first foot pseudosegment of P. rugosa coriacea has a transverse ridge with wavy margin dorsomedially, while that of the new species doesn���t have any protuberance dorsally, and (6) the spurs are twice as long as spur base width in the new species, while they are much longer than double of spur base width in P. rugosa coriacea. Philodina verrucosa n. sp. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the coarsely granulated hemispherical processes on the trunk when feeding. There are several Philodina species with highly granulated trunk such as P. corrugata Song & Lee, P. rugosa rugosa Bryce and its two subspecies-level taxa, coriacea and callosa, and P. scabra Milne; however, none of them has the wart-shaped granulated protuberances on trunk dorsally and laterally when feeding. Description. No eye spots. Head and neck smooth. Rostral lamella bilobed and each lobe round; short and much narrower than width of anterior end of rostrum. Rostrum as long as it is wide. Corona as wide as or slightly wider than cingulum. Trochal discs slightly inclined dorsally and rather round in dorsal/ventral view. Sulcus much narrower than pedicel width. Pedicels short. Upper lip broadly triangular and with rounded median lobe; higher than sulcus base; much lower than trochal discs; as high as disc retractor. Disc retractor convex. Cingulum as wide as cingulum pad; with slight expansion laterally. Cingulum pad with a bump laterally. Pharyngeal tube shorter than trophi length. Dental formula 2/2. Trunk highly granulated and spindle-shaped in creeping; granulated hemispherical processes on the second, third and fourth trunk pseudosegments dorsally and laterally in feeding; these wartshaped processes become lobulated longitudinal ridges and some flat dome-shaped protuberances on trunk when stretched or creeping; first trunk pseudosegment cylindrical and as wide as the greatest neck width in creeping; anal pseudosegment smooth and tapering to foot. Foot short, smooth, and with four pseudosegments; about 1/8���1/7 of total body length in creeping. Spurs conical and narrow; twice as long as its width; spur length about a half of spur pseudosegment width; interspace slightly wider than spur base width. Measurements. Total length in creeping 177���247 ��m. Total length in feeding 143���152 ��m. Rostrum width 16���17 ��m. Corona width 35���41 ��m. Cingulum width 34���40 ��m. Cingulum pad width 35���40 ��m. Antenna length 16���18 ��m. Greatest neck width in creeping 39���41 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 51���70 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 49���56 ��m. Trophi length 13���14 ��m. Spur length 5.3���7.6 ��m. Distribution. The new species is known only from its type locality. Etymology. The specific name verrucosa is an adjective, referring to the wart-shaped hemispherical processes on the trunk pseudosegments dorsally and laterally in feeding. Barcode. GenBank accession number MN746287, Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on pages 261-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500

Key to the Korean species of genus Philodina 1. Cerebral eye spots absent.............................................................................. 2 - Cerebral eye spots present............................................................................. 16 2. Dorsal toe pair always extended; toes thick, plump and with pointed tips............................... P. duplicalcar - Dorsal toe pair not always extended; toes otherwise.......................................................... 3 3. Two pairs of spurs; trochal discs almost adjoined...................................................... P. scabra - One pair of spurs; trochal discs with space between them..................................................... 4 4. Trunk with coarse and dense granules..................................................................... 5 - Trunk smooth........................................................................................ 6 5. First trunk pseudosegment with a shield-shaped sculptured area dorsally; without wart-shaped hemispherical processes on trunk.................................................................................. P. cylpeata n. sp. - First trunk pseudosegment otherwise; wart-shaped hemispherical processes on trunk dorsally and laterally.................................................................................................... P. verrucosa n. sp. 6. First foot pseudosegment with two small projections.................................................... P. childi - First food pseudosegment without any projections........................................................... 7 7. Dental formula 4/4 ��� 5/5........................................................................ P. grandis - Dental formula 2/2 ��� 3/3............................................................................... 8 8. Trochal discs inclined toward sulcus; upper lip trilobed medially; spurs thin, long and pointed................... P. lepta - Trochal discs and upper lip otherwise; spurs otherwise....................................................... 9 9. Spur pseudosegment around spur base inflated and bilobed........................................... P. tumidipes - Spur pseudosegment around spur base otherwise........................................................... 10 10. Interspace between spurs narrower than spur base width..................................................... 11 - Interspace between spurs much wider than spur base width................................................... 12 11. Sulcus as wide as trochal disc width; median lobe of upper lip wide and low; median lobe with two or three projections; pseudosegments in rump with expansion posteriorly....................................................... P. rapida - Sulcus much narrower than trochal disc width; median lobe of upper lip narrow and high; median lobe with two lobes; pseudosegments in rump without expansion posteriorly..................................................... P. plena 12. Interspace between spurs 2���3 times as wide as spur base width................................................ 13 - Interspace between spurs as wide as or much wider than 4 times of spur base width............................... 14 13. Foot about 1/4 of total body length in creeping........................................................ P. vorax - Foot about 1/7���1/9 of total body length in creeping................................................ P. triangularis 14. Upper lip bilobed medially; disc retractor U-shaped and bilobed medially....................................... 15 - Upper lip arched; disc retractor slightly convex and trilobed medially.................................... P. koreana 15. Spur longer than spur base width; interspace between spurs much wider than 4 times of spur base width........ P. proterva - Spur as long as spur base width; interspace between spurs as wide as 4 times of spur base width............ P. parvicalcar 16. Trunk highly granulated.............................................................................. 17 - Trunk smooth....................................................................................... 18 17. First foot pseudosegment with transverse ridge dorsally; spurs longer than width of interspace.......... P. rugosa coriacea - First foot pseudosegment without any process; spurs short and incurved; interspace about 3.5���4 times as wide as spur base width............................................................................... Philodina corrugata 18. Dorsal toe pair always extended a little or fully; upper lip concave medially...................... P. acuticornis odiosa - Dorsal toe pair otherwise.............................................................................. 19 19. Spurs thumb-shaped and with small knob or sharp points at ends....................................... P. flaviceps - Spurs conical, thin and long........................................................................... 20 20. Corona much wider than cingulum; upper lip arched.................................................. P. roseola - Corona slightly wider than cingulum; upper lip bilobed medially and with a wide depression between lobes.... P. tranquilla, Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500

Macrotrachela pinnigera (Murray, 1908) Figure 7a Material. Four specimens found in dry leaf litters and mosses around Moss valley area in Mugeon-ri, Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do. The general morphology of this species is similar to that of Macrotrachela multispinosa crassispinosa (Murray) except the following characteristics: (1) M. multispinosa crassispinosa has the appendages on the dorsal area of trunk, which are absent in M. pinnigera; and (2) the appendages on lateral or posterior margins of trunk pseudosegments of M. pinnigera are much bigger, stouter, and wider than the spines on trunk pseudosegments of M. multispinosa crassispinosa. While the appendages on the Korean specimens are not fin-shaped and narrower than those of the South African and Ugandan specimens (Murray 1908; 1911), they are very close to those of the Indonesian specimens (Barto�� 1963, p. 40, Pl. 3, Fig. G) in that the appendages on lateral margins are with wide bases and tapering gradually to pointed tips, and the ones on posterior margin of anal trunk pseudosegment are leaf-shaped. This species is also close to Macrotrachela serrulata (Murray); however, the lower margins of the appendages on trunk of this species are not serrated and the integument of trunk is not heavily granulated in this species. This species is very rare and has been reported only from two countries, Indonesia (Barto�� 1963) and South Africa (Murray 1911), after the description from Uganda (Murray 1908). Measurements. Total length in creeping 214���342 ��m. Greatest trunk width 78���131 ��m. Trophi length 21 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2020, Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 253-276 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3816500, {"references":["Murray, J. (1908) Some African rotifers. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 28, 665 - 670. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1908. tb 00241. x","Murray, J. (1911) Bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum. Annale van die Transvaal Museum, 3, 1 - 19.","Bartos, E. (1963) Die Bdelloideen der Moosproben aus China und Java. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Zoologicke Spolecnosti, 27, 31 - 42."]}

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar modificaciones en el ecosistema de lagunas del Norte de Santander, Colombia, identificando ejemplares del phylum rotífera de hábitat planctónico. La investigación sigue un enfoque cuantitativo, experimental de tipo campo. Se realizaron dos muestreos representativos en ocho zonas de las lagunas; la recolección e identificación se realizó a través de esquemas representativos de géneros comunes y por identificación sistemática mediante aplicación de clave dicotómica para géneros. Resultados: Los sistemas presentaron pH ácido y baja concentración de iones y nutrientes; de acuerdo a parámetros fisicoquímicos y de bioindicación, el agua se clasificó como beta mesosaprobia, de contacto secundario para fines recreativos. Se destacó el dominio en densidad de rotíferos Brachionidae, Philodinidae, Notommatidae, Synchaetidae, Collotheidae, Lecanidae. Conclusión: La fluctuación del volumen del sistema en lapsos cortos de tiempo, generó cambios significativos en la expresión física del sistema con efecto directo sobre la composición y estructura del zooplancton.

Philodina gregaria Murray, 1910 (Fig. 3B) Philodina gregaria Murray, 1910: 42 – Dartnall & Hollowday 1985: 33, Donner 1965: 202, Kutikova 2005: 221, Published as part of LUKASHANETS, Dzmitry A., VEZHNAVETS, Vasily V., MAYSAK, Natalia N., HIHINIAK 1, Yury H., BORODIN, Oleg I., MIAMIN, Vladislav Ye., GAIDASHOV, Alexey A. & NIKITIUK, Leonid A., 2019, Rotifers (Rotifera) from the inland waters and terrestrial habitats of East Antarctic oases (Enderby Land and Prydz Bay), pp. 67-86 in Fragmenta Faunistica 62 (2) on page 75, DOI: 10.3161/00159301FF2019.62.2.067, http://zenodo.org/record/6252396, {"references":["MURRAY J. 1910. British Antarctic Expedition, 1907 - 9, under the command of Sir E. H. Shackleton, c. v. o. Reports of the Scientific Investigations, London, 1 (Biology, 3): 41 - 73.","DARTNALL H. J. G. & HOLLOWDAY E. D. 1985. Antarctic rotifers. British Antarctic Survey, Scientific Reports 100: 46.","DONNER J. 1965. Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas, 6. 1 - 297. Berlin: Akademie.","KUTIKOVA L. A. 2005. Bdelloid rotifers in the fauna of Russia. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, 315 pp. [In Russian]"]}

Philodina alata Murray, 1910 Philodina alata Murray 1910: 46 – Donner 1965: 207, Kutikova 1991: 93, 95, Kutikova 2005: 207 Notes. All individuals in plankton samples are contracted but could be identified by two characteristic lateral appendages., Published as part of LUKASHANETS, Dzmitry A., VEZHNAVETS, Vasily V., MAYSAK, Natalia N., HIHINIAK 1, Yury H., BORODIN, Oleg I., MIAMIN, Vladislav Ye., GAIDASHOV, Alexey A. & NIKITIUK, Leonid A., 2019, Rotifers (Rotifera) from the inland waters and terrestrial habitats of East Antarctic oases (Enderby Land and Prydz Bay), pp. 67-86 in Fragmenta Faunistica 62 (2) on page 75, DOI: 10.3161/00159301FF2019.62.2.067, http://zenodo.org/record/6252396, {"references":["MURRAY J. 1910. British Antarctic Expedition, 1907 - 9, under the command of Sir E. H. Shackleton, c. v. o. Reports of the Scientific Investigations, London, 1 (Biology, 3): 41 - 73.","DONNER J. 1965. Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas, 6. 1 - 297. Berlin: Akademie.","KUTIKOVA L. A. 1991. Rotifers of the inland waters of East Antarctica. Soviet Antarctic Expedition Information Bulletin 116: 87 - 99. [In Russian].","KUTIKOVA L. A. 2005. Bdelloid rotifers in the fauna of Russia. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, 315 pp. [In Russian]"]}

Macrotrachela kallosoma (Schulte, 1954) Mniobia kallosoma Schulte 1954: 606 Macrotrachela kallosoma – Donner 1965: 151, Kutikova 2005: 142, Published as part of LUKASHANETS, Dzmitry A., VEZHNAVETS, Vasily V., MAYSAK, Natalia N., HIHINIAK 1, Yury H., BORODIN, Oleg I., MIAMIN, Vladislav Ye., GAIDASHOV, Alexey A. & NIKITIUK, Leonid A., 2019, Rotifers (Rotifera) from the inland waters and terrestrial habitats of East Antarctic oases (Enderby Land and Prydz Bay), pp. 67-86 in Fragmenta Faunistica 62 (2) on page 74, DOI: 10.3161/00159301FF2019.62.2.067, http://zenodo.org/record/6252396, {"references":["SCHULTE H. 1954. Beitrage zur Okologie und Systematik der Bodenrotatorien. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 82 (6): 497 - 654.","DONNER J. 1965. Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas, 6. 1 - 297. Berlin: Akademie.","KUTIKOVA L. A. 2005. Bdelloid rotifers in the fauna of Russia. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, 315 pp. [In Russian]"]}

LUKASHANETS, Dzmitry A., VEZHNAVETS, Vasily V., MAYSAK, Natalia N., HIHINIAK1, Yury H., BORODIN, Oleg I., MIAMIN, Vladislav Ye., GAIDASHOV, Alexey A., NIKITIUK, Leonid A. (2019): Rotifers (Rotifera) from the inland waters and terrestrial habitats of East Antarctic oases (Enderby Land and Prydz Bay). Fragmenta Faunistica 62 (2): 67-86, DOI: 10.3161/00159301FF2019.62.2.067, URL: https://rcin.org.pl/miiz/dlibra/publication/119805/edition/94090/content

A new species of the rotifer genus Colurella (Rotifera, Monogononta, Lepadellidae), C. ovalis sp. nov., is described from four sites (an artificial pond site, a mangrove swamp site, a tidal creek site on Qi’ao Island and an estuarine river site in Macao) in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. The ovate lorica of the new species is similar to C. sanoamuangae Chittapun, Pholpunthin & Segers, 1999, but can easily be distinguished by asymmetric posterior lorica ends and a less elongate lorica. The eurythermal and euryhaline animal could be observed perennially in the mangrove swamp site, occasionally with high abundances.Besides, two species of uncertain taxonomic status, two new records of Colurella species for China and a key to Chinese Colurella species are also presented. [Species Zoobank url: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A725658A-5364-45EC-8B5C-485B23252710]

Philodina scabra Milne, 1916 Figure 4 Material. One specimen found in leaf litter, mosses and soil at Mongsanpo, Nam-myun, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. This small and rare species has never been found again after the original description from South Africa by Milne (1916) until the present study. Milne (1916) was not sure about the number of toes and mentioned that it might need to be transferred to Macrotrachela if the number of its toes was confirmed to be three instead of four. The general morphology of this species is much more like that of a Macrotrachela species than a Philodina one mainly because of the very short foot. The Korean specimen clearly has four toes, which ensures that it is a Philodina species. This species is easily recognized by two pairs of spurs, highly granulated trunk covered with debris, short foot, and adjoining trochal discs. The most prominent diagnostic characteristic of this species is two pairs of spurs on the third foot pseudosegment. Of interest, there is a discrepancy in the arrangement of these spur pairs between the original description and the Korean specimen. Milne (1916) described that the upper pair of spurs were broad and tapering to sharp point, while the other pair, located just below the upper pair, were about the same length and much thinner than the upper ones. In the Korean specimen, the position of these spur pairs are reversed, that is, the broad spur pair is underneath the thinner pair (Fig. 4 d). It might be possible that Milne mistook the positions of the spur pairs during his observations. Detailed observation using scanning electron microscopy might be required when more Korean specimens get available. The total length of the species as reported by Milne (1913) was 141 ��m, while that of the Korean specimen is 186 ��m. Measurements. Total length in creeping 186 ��m. Rostrum width 10.7 ��m. Corona width 24 ��m. Collar width 27 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 37 ��m. Spur length 8 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2017, A new and five rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 529-547 in Zootaxa 4242 (3) on pages 538-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/376952, {"references":["Milne, W. (1916) On the bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Seris 2, 47 - 83, 149 - 184."]}

Key to the species of genus Philodina 1. Cerebral eyes absent.................................................................................. 2 - Cerebral eyes present................................................................................ 10 2. Dorsal toe pair always extended............................................................... P. duplicalcar - Dorsal toe pair not always extended..................................................................... 3 3. Two pairs of spurs............................................................................. P. scabra - One pair of spurs.................................................................................... 4 4. First foot pseudosegment with two small projections................................................... P. childi - First food pseudosegment without any projections.......................................................... 5 5. Dental formula 4/4–5/5........................................................................ P. grandis - Dental formula 2/2–3/3............................................................................... 6 6. Interspace between spurs narrower than spur base width..................................................... 7 - Interspace between spurs much wider than spur base width................................................... 8 7. Sulcus as wide as trochal disc width............................................................... P. rapida - Sulcus much narrower than trochal disc width........................................................ P. plena 8. Interspace between spurs 2.5–3 times as wide as spur base width......................................... P. vorax - Interspace between spurs much wider than 4 times of spur base width........................................... 9 9. Disc retractor V-shaped or bilobed medially........................................................ P. proterva - Disc retractor slightly convex and trilobed medially............................................. P. koreana n. sp. 10. Trunk highly granulated; rostrum with collar-like protuberances proximoventrally; first foot pseudosegment with transverse ridge dorsally......................................................................... P. rugosa coriacea - Trunk smooth...................................................................................... 11 11. Dorsal toe pair always extended a little or fully; upper lip concave medially....................... P. acuticornis odiosa - Dorsal toe pair otherwise............................................................................. 12 12. Upper lip bilobed; spurs thumb-shaped and with small knob or sharp points at ends........................ P. flaviceps - Upper lip arched and low; spurs conical, thin, long and curved outward.................................. P. roseola

Macrotrachela nixa Donner, 1962 Figure 5 Material. Korea: Two specimens found in mosses and lichens at Cheongnyangsan, Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. This species has been reported only from New Zealand (Haigh 1971) and the Antarctic (Sudzuki 1979) after its description from Spain by Donner (1962) The feeding head morphology of this species is similar to that of Macrotrachela musculosa Milne, 1886 in that it has a depression between two medial lobes on the upper lip. However, the depression between two lobes is wider than each lobe���s width and slightly convex in this species, while that of M. musculosa is narrower than each lobe���s width and with a small projection medially. In addition, the ratio of height to width of upper lip is bigger in M. musculosa. This species is also distinguished from M. musculosa by shorter head length in feeding, wider corona, cylindrical neck in feeding, and narrower trunk in feeding. Measurements. Body length in feeding 293 ��m. Corona width 74���78 ��m. Collar width 49���53 ��m. Greatest neck width in feeding 50���52 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 61���63 ��m. Spur length 10 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2017, A new and five rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 529-547 in Zootaxa 4242 (3) on page 540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/376952, {"references":["Donner, J. (1962) Neue und wenig bekannte Bdelloidea (Rotatoria) des Bodens. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 8, 303 - 333.","Haigh, S. B. (1971) The bdelloid rotifers of New Zealand. Part V. Microscopy, 32, 17 - 23.","Sudzuki, M. (1979) On the microfauna of the antarctic region III. Microbiota of the terrestrial interstices. Proceedings of the Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystem in the Syowa Station area. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, 104 - 125, pls. 1 - 10."]}

Philodina koreana new species Figures 1 and 2 Holotype and paratypes. In permanent slides, deposited in the collection of the National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea (holotype: KOSPIV0000237111; two paratypes: KOSPIV000 0 237112, and KOSPIV0000237113). Specimens isolated from mosses, lichens and soil at Jang-neung, Yeongwol-gun, Gangwondo, collected by Min Ok Song and Chang-Ho Lee on Aug. 1, 2015. Type locality. Jang-neung, Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. GPS coordinates based on the WGS84 datum 37��11'51.6"N / 128��27'09.9"E. Material. Seven specimens sorted out from mosses, lichens and soil at Jang-neung, Yeongwol-gun, Gangwondo. Differential diagnosis. The most prominent characteristic of this new species is the extremely small spurs with very wide interspace between them. The spurs of P. parvicalcar De Koning and P. proterva Milne seem to be morphologically similar to those of P. koreana n. sp. However, the spurs of these three species show clear differences in detailed morphology. In P. parvicalcar, spurs are conical, highly divergent and with narrow and slightly convex interspace. In a case where the divergent conical spurs have narrow tips, two inner margins of wide-spread spurs together with outer margin of interspace can be seen as a wide interspace with a small spur at each side (De Koning, 1947, pl. VIII, fig. 38c). Likewise, the spurs of P. proterva are usually big, conical, pointed and with narrow interspace. In Donner (1965), variable forms of spurs of P. proterva are presented in Fig. 168d, where the similar case as P. parvicalcar is shown. In these cases, outer margin of interspace, which is a combination of two inner margins of divergent conical spurs and the outer margin of original interspace, overhang the dorsal margin of pseudosegment bearing the spurs, while that of P. koreana n. sp. coincide with the dorsal margin of the spur pseudosegment (Figs 1 c and 2b). Therefore, P. koreana is the only Philodina species known so far that has extremely small spurs and a very wide interspace. In addition, this new species is easily distinguished from P. proterva and P. parvicalcar by the morphologies of disc retractor and upper lip, respectively. The disc retractor of P. koreana is slightly convex and trilobed medially while that of P. proterva is V-shaped or bilobed medially. The upper lip of P. koreana n. sp. is arched while that of P. parvicalcar is bilobed. Description. Integument smooth. Rostral lamella bilobed and each lobe round; slightly wider than width of anterior end of rostrum. Rostrum round and short; ratio of rostrum width to head width about 1:1.7. Corona slightly wider than collar (cingulum) width; ratio of corona width to collar width about 1.2:1. Upper lip arched, higher than sulcus, lower than base of disc retractor and much lower than trochal discs. Pedicel rather short. Sulcus much narrower than pedicel width; slightly wider than a half of pedicel width. Disc retractor U-shaped with convex sides; slightly trilobed and convex medially. Pharyngeal tube much shorter than trophi length. Dental formula 1+2/2+1. Trunk cylindrical in creeping; greatest trunk width almost as wide as greatest neck width in creeping; greatest trunk width in feeding slightly wider than corona. Rump gradually tapering to foot. Foot short and its length about 1/4 of trunk length in creeping; cylindrical in creeping and with 5 pseudosegments. Spurs fingertip-shaped, very small, short and thin; interspace very wide and about 6-7 times as wide as spur base width. Measurements. Rostrum width 13���14 ��m. Corona width 39���43 ��m. Collar width 33���36 ��m. Total length in creeping 229���238 ��m. Greatest trunk width in creeping 30���36 ��m. Greatest foot width in creeping 14���16 ��m. Largest rump width in creeping 22���23 ��m. Head length in creeping 32���38 ��m. Neck length in creeping 46���50 ��m. Rump length in creeping 31���34 ��m. Spur length 1.7���2 ��m. Distribution: The new species is known only from its type locality. Etymology: The specific name koreana is derived from the country, the Republic of Korea, where the type locality is located., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2017, A new and five rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 529-547 in Zootaxa 4242 (3) on page 535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/376952, {"references":["Donner, J. (1965) Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Akademie-Verl., Berlin, 297 pp."]}

Philodina childi Milne, 1916 Figure 3 Material. One specimen found in mosses, lichens and soil in Jang-neung, Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do. This species is easily diagnosed by a pair of obtuse dorsal projection on the first foot pseudosegment, which are similar to those on the identical position in Macrotrachela quadricornifera Milne 1886. These two dorsal projections on foot distinguish this Philodina species from any other congeners. It was rediscovered in Korea almost 100 years after the original description from South Africa by Milne (1916). The general morphology of the Korean specimen agrees well with that of the original description of the species, except some parts in feeding head. Firstly, Milne (1916) did not describe the upper lip in detail and just mentioned it as ���rather complicated���. Even the illustration of the feeding head in Milne (1916) is not clear as well; however, the upper lip in the original description seems similar to that of the Korean specimen. In the Korean specimen, upper lip is arched and bilobed medially. Each lobe is rather triangular and with a depression between them. The median depression is slightly narrower than the width of each lobe in the Korean specimen, while it is much wider in the original description. Secondly, the original figure (Milne, 1916, Pl. 3, fig. 4a) does not show disc retractor clearly, either. Milne (1916) mentioned the disc retractor as ���a thin ridge or membrane with a V-shaped gap seen ventrally between the pedicels���. The disc retractor of the Korean specimen appears to be similar to that in the original description except it has a small triangular projection medially. The Korean specimen was much smaller than what was reported by Milne (1916). The total length in feeding of the Korean specimen was 187 ��m, while the total length in creeping in the original description was about 635 ��m. Milne (1916) did not mention the total length of P. childi in feeding. Since the total length in feeding is smaller than that in creeping, the latter can be estimated to be a bit longer than 200 ��m in the Korean specimen, which is about a third of the size in the original description. Measurements. Corona width 61 ��m. Collar width 48 ��m. Greatest trunk width in feeding 67 ��m. Spur length 8.6 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Lee, Chang-Ho, 2017, A new and five rare bdelloids from Korea, pp. 529-547 in Zootaxa 4242 (3) on pages 537-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/376952, {"references":["Milne, W. (1916) On the bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Seris 2, 47 - 83, 149 - 184."]}

A taxonomic study on bdelloid rotifers collected from various terrestrial habitats at six different locations in Korea yielded 12 new Korean records and a new species, Philodina koreana n. sp. Among the 12 new Korean records, eight species and two subspecies are new to Asia. These new Asian records include five rare species with poorly known distributions. Philodina childi Milne and P. scabra Milne were rediscovered in Korea almost 100 years after the original descriptions from South Africa. Our study is the first to report Habrotrocha longicalcarata Bērzinš outside its type locality. Macrotrachela nixa Donner has previously been reported only from New Zealand and the Antarctic after description from Spain. Finally, H. solida Donner is recorded outside Europe for the first time. Here, we provide a description of the new species and discuss the taxonomy and distribution of these five rare species. In addition, a partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOX1) for P. koreana n. sp. as well as a taxonomic key for the Philodina species recorded from Korea to date are also provided here.

Embata laticeps (Murray, 1905) (Figs 10, 11) Among the rotifers occurring on G. pulex, Embata laticeps was the most abundant. Eggs, tapering to a small knob at one of the poles (Fig. 10 D), were numerous as well. The spurs were rather short and stumpy compared to freeliving specimens as noted by Donner (1964). The trophi (Fig. 11) have two large plus one smaller major teeth (left/ right: 2 + 1 / 1 + 2, N= 10), 13���14 proximal minor teeth and 19���20 distal minor teeth. At the transition of head and shaft, the major teeth show a pore and they are laterally accompanied by short vestigial teeth. The number of major teeth agrees with the data based on LM (Murray 1905; Donner 1964, 1965; Kutikova 2005). Studying the trophi of the species by SEM, Melone et al. (1998) found a slightly different configuration with two large and one minor teeth, 15���16 proximal minor teeth and 21 distal minor teeth. Measurements. Body length, trochal disc retracted (N= 5) 546���643 ��m, spur 17���19 ��m; trophi (N= 5; l �� w) 21.0��� 23.2 �� 24.6 ���27.0 ��m; egg (N= 5; l �� w) 150���158 �� 56���70 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Embata laticeps is known from Europe, America and the Oriental region (Segers 2007; Jersabek & Leitner 2013). It has been reported free-living among submerged vegetation (e.g. Murray 1905; Donner 1964, 1970; Koste 1976), bed sediments of mountain gravel stream (Schmid-Araya 1993 a, b), epizoic on insects, insect larvae and their casings (Murray 1905; Koste 1976; Schmid-Araya 1993 a), and the crustaceans Asellus aquaticus (Barto�� 1951), G. p u l e x (Donner 1964) and Cardina ensifera (Fernandez-Leborans et al. 2007). Free-living specimens (Donner 1970) and epibionts on G. pulex (Donner 1964) were found feeding on diatoms., Published as part of De Smet, Willem H. & Verolet, Michel, 2016, Epibiotic rotifers of Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with descriptions of two new species and notes on the terminology of the trophi, pp. 301-320 in Zootaxa 4107 (3) on page 315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255018, {"references":["Murray, J. (1905) On a new family and twelve new species of Rotifera of the order Bdelloida, collected by the Lake Survey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 41, 367 - 386, pls. 1 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12522","Donner, J. (1964) Die Rotatorien-Synusien submerser Makrophyten der Donau bei Wien und mehrerer Alpenbache. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement, 27 / 1, 227 - 324.","Donner, J. (1965) Ordnung Bdelloidea (Rotatoria, Radertiere). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas. Vol. 6. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1 - 297.","Kutikova, L. A. (2005) The bdelloid rotifers of the fauna of Russia. KMK Scientific Press Ltd, Moscow, 314 pp.","Melone, G., Ricci, C. & Segers, H. (1998) The trophi of Bdelloidea (Rotifera): a comparative study across the class. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 1755 - 1765. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 98 - 117","Segers, H. (2007) Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution. Zootaxa, 1564, 1 - 104.","Jersabek, C. D. & Leitner, M. F. (2013) The Rotifer World Catalog. World Wide Web","Donner, J. (1970) Die Radertierbestande submerser Moose der Salzach und anderer Wasser-Biotope des Flussgebietes. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Supplement, 36 / 4, 109 - 254.","Koste, W. (1976) Uber die Radertierbestande (Rotatoria) der oberen und mittleren Hase in den Jahren 1966 - 1969. Osnabrucker natuwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 4, 191 - 263.","Schmid-Araya, J. M. (1993 a) Benthic rotifera inhabiting the bed sediments of a mountain gravel stream. Jahresberichte der Biologischen Station Lunz, 14, 75 - 101.","Schmid-Araya, J. M. (1993 b) Spatial distribution and population dynamics of a benthic rotifer Embata laticeps (Murray) (Rotifera, Bdelloidea) in the bed sediments of a gravel brook. Freshwater Biology, 30, 395 - 408. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2427.1993. tb 00823. x","Bartos, E. (1951) The Czechoslovak Rotatoria of the Order Bdelloidea. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Zoologicke Spolecnosti, 15, 241 - 500.","Fernandez-Leborans, G. & von Rintelen, K. (2007) Epibiontic communities on the freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) from Lake Poso (Sulawesi, Indonesia). Journal of Natural History, 41, 2891 - 2917. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701787871"]}

Resumen El estudio comprendio la identificacion y clasificacion de ejemplares del phylum rotifera de habitat planctonico en el ecosistema de la laguna del parque recreacional de la ciudad de Cucuta. A la laguna se le realizo levantamiento topografico, se distribuyo en ochos zonas y se le efectuo analisis fisicoquimico de aguas. Se recolectaron los rotiferos y se identificaron de dos maneras, la primera utilizando esquemas representativos de los generos mas comunes, segun Barnes (1995), Gardiner (1978), Hickman (1995), Arteaga, Herrera (2005), Streble y Krauter (1987), Iafrancesco (1997) y la segunda por medio de la identificacion sistematica mediante la aplicacion de la clave dicotomica para generos, segun James G. Needham y Paul R. Needham (1982). Para caracterizar la presencia de los rotiferos de acuerdo a las zonas, se utilizo la distribucion de frecuencias, segun los indices de: Jaccard (presencia o ausencia), indice de Raup-crick (similaridad con relacion a las zonas) y el indice de Margalef, (para la diversidad). El agua de la laguna de acuerdo a los parametros fisicoquimicos y de bioindicacion se clasifico como beta mesosaprobia, siendo de contacto secundario para fines recreativos. Se encontraron seis familias de rotiferos: Brachionidae, Philodinidae, Notommatidae, Synchaetidae, Collotheidae, Lecanidae y diez generos: Brachionus, Lepadella, Colurella, Philodina, Rotatoria, Cephalodella, Trichocerca, Polyartha, Collotheca, y Lecane) y mediante la aplicacion de la bioestadistica los rotiferos fueron distribuidos segun las zonas. Los procedimientos y registros fotograficos desarrollados en el estudio constituyen un material didactico de apoyo, para la praxis pedagogica en el tema phylum rotifero en la zoologia de invertebrados. Palabras clave: bioestadistica, clave dicotomica, laguna, rotiferos. Abstract The study involved the identification and classification of phylum specimens rotifers from planktonic habitat in the recreational lagoon park ecosystem in Cucuta City. Was made a topographic uprising to the lagoon, was distributed in eight areas and physicochemical water analyses were performed. Rotifers were collected and identified in two ways, first, using representative schemes of the most common genera, according to Barnes (1995), Gardiner (1978), Hickman (1995), Arteaga, Herrera (2005), Strebler and Krauter (1987 ) Iafrancesco (1997) and second, the systematic identification through the application of the dichotomous key to genera, according to James G. Needham And Paul R. Needham (1982). To characterize the presence of rotifers according to zones, we used the frequency distribution, at the rates: Jaccard (presence or absence), Raup-Crick index (similarity in relation to the areas) and Margalef index (for diversity). The lagoon water according to the physicochemical parameters and bioindication was classified as beta mesosapria, being secondary contact for recreational purposes. We found six families of rotifers: Brachionidae, Philodinidae, Notommatidae, Synchaetidae, Collotheidae, Lecanidae and ten genera Brachionus, Lepadella, Colurella, Philodina, Rotary, Cephalodella, Trichocerca, Polyartha, Collotheca and Lecane) and through the application of biostatistics rotifers were distributed according to areas. The procedures and photographic records developed in the study are a support material, for pedagogical praxis in rotifer phylum topic in invertebrate zoology. Key words: biostatistics, dichotomous key, lagoon, rotifers.

The epibiotic rotifers of a Gammarus pulex (L.) collection from the Ardèche, France are reported. Four species were found, of which Cephalodella jersabeki n. sp. and Proales gammaricola n. sp. are new to science and described. The other species, Dicranophorus cambari Wulfert and Embata laticeps (Murray), are commented upon. SEM micrographs of the trophi are presented, and a new or amended terminology is proposed for some diagnostic trophi parts.

Song, Min Ok, Min, Gi-Sik (2015): A new species and ten new records of bdelloid rotifers from Korea. Zootaxa 3964 (2): 211-227, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.3

Macrotrachela sonorensis ��rstan, 1995 Figure 3 c���d Material. Eight specimens found in mosses and leaf litter on a mountain in Jeongan-myun, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do. This species is easily diagnosed by its spurs, which are bow-shaped, long, stiff and with a wide interspace. It is very rare and has recently been rediscovered in Arizona, USA by Birky (reported on-line at http:// www.eebweb.arizona.edu/faculty/birky/BirkyLab.html) after description from Sonora, Mexico by ��rstan (1995). The two previous reports were from desert areas, whereas the Korean specimens were found in mosses and leaf litter on a mountain. Our present record suggests that M. sonorensis is not limited to the desert. The general morphology of the Korean specimens conforms to that of the type specimens, except that the lower head part after the rostrum does not have a swollen appearance during creeping. The median lobes of upper lips were either smooth or with three small processes positioned asymmetrically in the original specimens. The shape of the entire upper lip, especially in dorsal view, was not mentioned in the original description. The upper lips of the Korean specimens are triangular with a truncated median lobe. The median lobe is slightly concave and has a very low median projection (Fig. 3 d); this can make the upper lip appear to have three small processes. The original description did not mention the morphologies of the sulcus and disc retractor. In the Korean specimens, the disc retractor is convex and the sulcus has two small triangular processes medially (Fig. 3 d). Measurements. Total length (in creeping) 270 ��m. Greatest trunk width (in creeping) 39 ��m. Corona width 48 ��m. Collar width 41 ��m. Spur length 19 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Min, Gi-Sik, 2015, A new species and ten new records of bdelloid rotifers from Korea, pp. 211-227 in Zootaxa 3964 (2) on pages 215-217, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245421, {"references":["Orstan, A. (1995) A new species of bdelloid rotifer from Sonora, Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 40, 255 - 258."]}

Rotaria laticeps Wulfert, 1942 Rotaria laticeps is to date only known with certainty from the Mediterranean Sea. This strictly saline species was originally described from algae in a canal connecting a salt marsh (salinity 27.6���77.2 ���) with the Adriatic Sea (Wulfert 1942). It occurred in almost all present areas studied, and was formerly reported for the Adriatic, Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea by Fontaneto et al. (2008 b, c), the Costa Blanca, Hy��res Archipelago and Tyrrhenian Sea (De Smet 2009), and a retrodunal pond (salinity 8 ���, algae at ��� 0.5 m) at the Costa Paradiso, Strait of Bonifacio, Sardinia, W. Mediterranean Sea by Curini-Galletti et al. (2012). It is often one of the numerically dominant rotifers in periphyton, psammon, and benthic sandy detritus up to 8 km off shore and a depth of 45 m. A record, perhaps doubtful, is from inland saline Neusiedler See, by Donner (1972). A species differing from the nominate species, and requiring further study, was reported as R. ? laticeps from sediments and mosses of the alpine freshwater Slippery Rock Creek, Victoria, Australia by Ricci et al. (2003). The ramate trophi (Fig. 26) show two pairs of major unci teeth, 16���17 pairs of minor unci teeth in the proximal, and 9���12 pairs in the distal group., Published as part of De Smet, Willem H., 2015, Rotifera from the Mediterranean Sea, with description of ten new species, pp. 151-196 in Zootaxa 4028 (2) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4028.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/240556, {"references":["Wulfert, K. (1942) Uber die Meeres- und Brackwasser-Rotatorien in der Umgebung von Rovigno d'Istria. Thalassia - Istituto Italo-Germanico di Biologia Marina di Rovigno d'Istria, Venezia, 4, 3 - 26, pls. 1 - 6.","Fontaneto, D., Segers, H. & Melone, G. (2008 b) Marine rotifers from the Northern Adriatic Sea, with description of Lecane insulaconae sp. nov. (Rotifera: Monogononta: Lecanidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 253 - 258. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315408000544","Fontaneto, D., De Smet, W. H. & Melone, G. (2008 c) Identification key to the genera of marine rotifers worldwide. Meiofauna Marina, 16, 75 - 99.","De Smet, W. H. (2009) A review of the marine and brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Mononogononta, Testudinellidae), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 2092, 1 - 20.","Donner, J. (1972) Radertiere der Grenzschicht Wasser-Sediment aus dem Neusiedler See. Sitzungsberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 180, 49 - 63."]}

Philodina grandis Milne, 1916 Figure 3 a���b Material. One specimen found in mosses from Gosu-ri, Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, September 22, 2013. Milne (1916) described this species from the Republic of South Africa (Milne 1916). This species was subsequently reported from Namibia (Koste 1996 a), Madagascar (Koste 1996 b), and New Zealand (Haigh 1965). In the present study, we discovered it in Korea. This species is easily distinguishable by the morphologies of the corona and spurs. The corona is much wider than the collar width, and twice as wide as the width of a pseudosegment carrying an antenna. The spurs are conical with round ends, approximately half as long as the width of the spur pseudosegment, and with the interspace slightly narrower than the spur base width. Measurements. Corona width 71 ��m. Collar width 53 ��m. Spur length 10 ��m., Published as part of Song, Min Ok & Min, Gi-Sik, 2015, A new species and ten new records of bdelloid rotifers from Korea, pp. 211-227 in Zootaxa 3964 (2) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/245421, {"references":["Milne, W. (1916) On the bdelloid Rotifera of South Africa. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 2, 47 - 83, 149 - 184.","Koste, W. (1996 a) On soil Rotatoria from a lithotelma near Halali Lodge in Etosha National Park in N-Namibia, South Africa. International Review of Hydrobiology, 81, 353 - 365. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19960810305","Koste, W. (1996 b) Uber die moosbewohnende Rotatorienfauna Madagaskars. Osnabrucker Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, 22, 235 - 253.","Haigh, S. B. (1965) The bdelloid rotifers of New Zealand - Part 2. The journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 30, 7 - 13, 36 - 41."]}

We describe some rare epizoic rotifers found on Potamon fluviatile (Herbst, 1785) from Italy. Three species are discussed: Lecane branchicola (Piovanelli, 1903) (Monogononta, Lecanidae; new synonym: L. piovanellii Bartos, 1957), Anomopus telphusae Piovanelli, 1903 and Embata parasitica (Giglioli, 1863) (Bdelloidea: Philodinidae). Lecane branchicola, previously considered a nomen nudum after Bartos (1957), is redescribed, and its identity is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. Both L. branchicola and A. telphusae are particularly rare, and have been found on a few occasions only. Lecane branchicola appears to be restricted to a specific body part of their host, namely the branchial chamber. On the contrary, E. parasitica has been recorded as epizoic from several hosts and regions. SEM photographs of the trophi of the three species are presented.

A total of 43 rotifer taxa, belonging to 14 genera, was identified in 47 psammon and periphyton samples collected in the northern part of the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Of these, 10 previously described species are new to the Mediterranean, 10 species are new to science and could be described, and 5 others are potential new ones of which insufficient material was available to warrant a full description. Rotifers formed a constant component of meiofauna, from the eulittoral to at least 8 km off shore and a depth of 66 m. A clear zonation was apparent with one to two species only found in the eulittoral zone and sublittoral fringe, and 42 taxa occurring in the sublittoral zone. The trophi of seven previously known species are redescribed based on scanning electron microscopy. Dicranophorus bulgaricus Althaus, 1957 is redirected to Allodicranophorus gen. nov. and Lepadella pontica Althaus, 1957 to Halole-padella gen. nov.

Rougier, Claude, Pourriot, Roger (2006): On some rare and new species of rotifers (Digononta, Bdelloida; Monogononta, Ploima and Flosculariaceae) in the Kaw River estuary (French Guiana). Zoosystema 28 (1): 5-16, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5394813, {"references":["BEAUCHAMP P. DE 1955. - Sur quelques rotiferes de la Cote d'Ivoire. Acta tropica 12: 68-72.","BERZINS B. 1982a. - Die Unterarten von Dissotrocha aculeata (Macrostyla). Limnologisches Institut, Lund, 10 p., 4 tabl.","BERZINS B. 1982b. - Zur Kenntnis der Rotatorienfauna von Madagascar. Limnologisches Institut, Lund, 24 p., 12 tabl.","BRANDORFF G. O., KOSTE W. & SMIRNOV N. N. 1982. - The composition and structure of rotiferan and crustacean communities of the lower Rio Nhamunda, Amazonas. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 17: 69-121.","DADAY E. 1905. - Untersuchungen uber Die Susswasser- Mikrofauna Paraguays. Zoologica 18: 1-374.","DE SMET W. H. 1988. - Contributions to the rotifer fauna of the Bas-Zaire 1. The rotifers from small ponds and a river. Biologisch Jaarboek (Dodonaea) 56: 115-131.","DE SMET W. H. 1989. - Contributions to the rotifer fauna of the Bas-Zaire 2. Species composition and seasonal abundance of rotifers in a shallow pond. Biologisch Jaarboek (Dodonaea) 57: 62-77.","DE SMET W. H. 2005. - Study of the trophi of Testudinella Bory de St Vincent and Pompholyx Gosse (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) by scanning electron microscopy. Proceedings of the Xth Rotifers symposium, 2000. Hydrobiologia 546: 203-211.","DE SMET W. H. & POURRIOT R. 1997. - The Dicranophoridae (Monogononta) and the Ituridae (Monogononta), in NOGRADY T. & DUMONT H. (eds), Rotifera 5. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World 12. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague: 1-318.","DONNER J. 1965. - Ordnung Bdelloidea. Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 297 p.","FONTANETO D., MELONE G. &. WALLACE R. L. 2003. - Morphology of Floscularia ringens (Rotifera, Monogononta) from egg to adult. Invertebrate Biology 122: 231-240.","GILLARD A. 1967. - Rotiferes de l'Amazonie. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique Biologie 43, 30: 1-20.","HARRING H. K. 1915. - Report on Rotatoria from Panama with description of new species. Proceeding of the US national Museum 47: 525-563.","HOLLOWDAY E. 2002. - Family Synchaetidae Hudson & Gosse, 1886, in NOGRADY T., SEGERS H. & DU- MONT H. (eds), Rotifera 6. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World 18: Asplanchnidae, Gastropodidae, Lindiidae, Microcodidae, Synchaetidae, Trochosphaeridae and Filinia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 87-159.","HUDSON C. T. & GOSSE P. H. 1886. - The Rotifera or Wheel-Animalcules, both British and Foreign. Quarto, London, vol. 1: VI + 128 p.; vol. 2: 144 p.","JERSABEK C. D., SEGERS H. & MORRIS P. J. 2003. - An illustrated online catalog of the Rotifera in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (version 1.0: 2003-April-8) [internet database, URL http://data. acnatsci.org/biodiversity_databases/rotifer.php]","JOSE DE PAGGI S. & KOSTE W. 1995. - Additions to the checklist of rotifers of the superorder Monogononta recorded from Neotropis. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 80: 133-140.","KIRKMAN T. 1901. - List of some of the Rotifera of Natal. With note by C. F. Rousselet. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 21: 229-241, pl. 6.","KOSTE W. 1972. - Rotatorien aus Gewassern Amazoniens. Amazoniana 3: 258-505.","KOSTE W. 1978. - Rotatoria. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas begrundet von Max Voigt. Gebruder Borntrager, Berlin, 2 vols, 673 p., 234 pls.","KOSTE W. 1996. - On soil Rotatoria from a lithotelma near Halali Lodge in Etosha National Park in N Namibia, South Africa. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 81: 353-365.","KOSTE W. & JOSE DE PAGGI S. 1982. - Rotifera of the superorder Monogononta recorded from Neotropis. Gewasser Abwasser 68-69: 71-102.","KOSTE W., ROBERTSON B. & HARDY E. 1983. - Taxonomic studies of the Rotifera (Aschelminthes) from a central Amazonian varzea lake, Lago Camaleao (Ilha de Marchantaria, Rio Solimoes, Amazonas, Brazil). Amazoniana 8: 225-254.","MICHELANGELLI F., ZOPPI DE ROA E. & POURRIOT R. 1980. - Rotiferos de sabanas inundables in Mantecal, Edo. Apure, Venezuela. Cahiers ORSTOM, ser. Hydrobiologie 13: 47-59.","NOGRADY T. & POURRIOT R. 1995. - The Notommatidae (Monogononta), in DUMONT H. & NOGRADY T. (eds), Rotifera 3. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 8. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague: 1-230.","POURRIOT R. 1989. - Morphologie de la vessie, critere taxonomique dans le genre Notommata (Rotifera, Monogononta). Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 114 (2): 5-9.","POURRIOT R. 1996. - Rotifers from Petit Saut reservoir (French Guiana), with the description of a new taxon. Hydrobiologia 331: 43-52.","POURRIOT R. 1997. - Filinia (Rotifera, Monogononta) populations in French Guiana: F. novaezealandiae, F. saltator, with remarks on the variability of some characters. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 139: 563-575.","ROUGIER C., POURRIOT R. & LAM- HOAI T. 2000. - The genus Synchaeta in a north-western Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France): taxonomical and ecological remarks. Hydrobiologia 436: 105-117.","ROUGIER C., POURRIOT R., LAM- HOAI T. & GUIRAL D. 2005. - Ecological patterns of the rotifer communities in the Kaw River estuary (French Guyana). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63: 83-91.","RUTTNER- KOLISKO A. 1974. - Plankton Rotifers. Biology and Taxonomy. Binnengewasser, Suppl. XXVI/1. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 146 p.","SEGERS H. 1995. - The Lecanidae (Monogononta), in NOGRADY T. & DUMONT H. (eds), Rotifera 2. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 6. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague: 1-226.","SEGERS H. 1997. - Contribution to a revision of Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 (Rotifera, Monogononta): notes on some Neotropical taxa. Hydrobiologia 354: 165-175.","SEGERS H. & POURRIOT R. 1997. - On a new and puzzling American rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Lecanidae). Journal of Natural History 31: 383-388.","XU Y. 1998. - A new species and two new records from Fujian, China. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 22 (2): 164-167.","ZOPPI DE ROA E., PARDO M. J. & VASQUEZ W. 1993. - Nuevas adiciones a la fauna de rotiferos de Venezuela. Revue d'Hydrobiologie tropicale 26: 165-173."]}

Embata parasitica (Giglioli, 1863) (figures 14���16) Material examined Thirty-seven specimens among gills of a male crab; a single specimen near the mouth of a female crab. Diagnosis and comments Trophi (n ~8) have two major unci teeth, 19���21 proximal minor teeth and 23���25 distal minor teeth. Rami length is 19.86��0.24 �� m. This species is one of the three eyeless and oviparous Embata species. Its external habitus is similar to Macrotrachela cancrophila (Piovanelli, 1903), also described from the gill chamber of Italian freshwater crabs. These species are easily distinguished by their different number of toes: three in Macrotrachela, and four in Embata. Also, the trophi of E. parasitica are smaller than those of M. cancrophila [rami length of about 20 �� m in E. parasitica, about 27 �� m in M. cancrophila (Piovanelli, 1903a: 346)]. Embata parasitica is known from Europe and North America (Donner, 1965), living epizoic on various aquatic animals, such as Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758) and caddis-fly larvae (May, 1989). We succeeded in maintaining a reproductive population using a feeding suspension of finely ground fish pellets (Friskies �� for goldfish). As for A. telphusae, we observed fungi on the surface of the body of this species (figure 16)., Published as part of Fontaneto, D., Segers, H. & Melone, G., 2004, Epizoic rotifers (Rotifera: Monogononta, Bdelloidea) from the gill chambers of Potamon fluviatile (Herbst, 1785), pp. 1225-1232 in Journal of Natural History 38 (10) on pages 1230-1231, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155197, http://zenodo.org/record/4658504

Fontaneto, D., Segers, H., Melone, G. (2004): Epizoic rotifers (Rotifera: Monogononta, Bdelloidea) from the gill chambers of Potamon fluviatile (Herbst, 1785). Journal of Natural History 38 (10): 1225-1232, DOI: 10.1080/0022293031000155197, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022293031000155197

Segers, H. (2002): The nomenclature of the Rotifera: annotated checklist of valid family- and genus-group names. Journal of Natural History 36 (6): 631-640, DOI: 10.1080/002229302317339707, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229302317339707

All Bdelloid Rotifers have the same body plan: elongated body, ciliated apical region (rotatory apparatus or corona), telescopically retractable foot and head with pseudosegments, paired gonads, single dorsal antenna, apical rostrum, ramate mastax. Bdelloids use the rotatory apparatus for both locomotion and collecting food and therefore the shape of the corona and arrangement of the cilia, both related to the animal’s life style, probably are important for the fitness of the rotifers. We have analyzed the fine morphology of the corona and the rostrum from species belonging to the four families, Habrotrochidae, Philodinidae, Adinetidae and Philodinavidae, each with its own form of feeding and locomotion. In the rostrum one can distinguish a sensorial area and a ciliated area. The former is common to all bdelloids, while the latter is lacking in the Adinetidae. Three models of corona can be recognized: 1) a simple ciliated field of undifferentiated cilia (Adinetidae), 2) a well developed ciliated field with specialized cilia forming the paired trochi on the disks and the cingulum (Habrotrochidae and Philodinidae), and 3) a ciliated field with a single trochus encompassing rudimentary pedicels and cingulum (Abrochtha). We propose (1) to no longer use Digononta as a taxon, (2) to assign the class rank to Bdelloidea, (3) to distinguish three orders, grouping Philodinidae and Habrotrochidae under a single order and (4) to retain the current families.