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Changes in color and texture of green bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Estefania) as a function of temperature and time of cooking were studied for various techniques where the vacuum is applied in different ways: cook-vide and sous-vide. A central composite rotatable design was used to establish the best conditions to provide maximum greenness (a* very negative) and minimum firmness for both cooking methods using a range of firmness measured with puncture test. A significant regression model was found to describe the color changes ( a*, greenness) and texture (puncture test and Kramer cell test) with regard to the factors time (in the range of 13.8e56.21 min) and temperature (in the range of 77.9 e92.1 C). The optimum value for cooking temperature was 92 C for both treatments. The best cooking times were 28 and 14 min for 1 and 7 days of storage by sous-vide treatment, respectively. The optimal cooking times were 22 and 19 min for 1 and 7 days of storage by cook-vide treatment, respectively. Sensory tests were conducted with 84 consumers. Results show that sous-vide treatment is better preferred than cook-vide and traditional cooking.

The Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction and hardness of the TiAlN films co-deposited on the steel substrates by reactive sputtering from Ti and Al targets in a mixture of N 2 + Ar gas with two magnetrons at room temperature have been studied. From Raman spectra it is found that the position of high-frequency bands in vibrational spectra was located at 700-730 cm -1 or in the region of 830 - 850 cm -1 depending on the deposition parameters whereas it is not exceed 630 cm -1 from TiAlN of NaCl structure. It is found the two-phase structure of coatings: a small quantity of NaCl-type structure of TiAlN (TiN) and the disordered structure of the chains of polyhedra [TiN x] with x = 5 and x = 4. The chains of polyhedra [TiN x] with x = 4 are mainly formed at large discharge power of Al(Ti) target or at small content of N 2 gas.

Ti1−xAlxN thin films with different Al content were deposited by magnetron sputtering. The combination of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to evaluate the composition of the coatings. The effect of Al content on the morphology and properties of the coatings was investigated. High resolution electron microscopy and related techniques revealed the formation of a pillared moth-eye-like nanostructure with variable size and distribution of meso- and nano-columns and different degree of open porosity that depends on the Al content on the coating. For low Al content (x ≤ 0.21) c-(Ti,Al)N highly porous columns ending in a sharp pyramidal shape present low reflectivity and high hydrophobicity. While the precipitation of h-AlN phase at the column boundaries for x = 0.71 suppresses the c-(Ti,Al)N columnar growth and produces a smother surface, with higher reflectivity and less hydrophobic character.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished