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168 results on '"Philippe Jarne"'

1. Multiple invasions and predation: The impact of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus on invasive and native snails

Author: Thomas Baudry, Lola Millet, Philippe Jarne, Patrice David, and Frédéric Grandjean
Subjects: chemical stimuli, escape behavior, mollusks, prey–predator interactions, refuge size, survival, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract The pace of biological invasions has increased in recent decades, leading to multiple invasions and the potential dominance of invasive species, destabilizing local ecological networks. This provides opportunities to study new ecological species interactions, including predation. Tropical freshwaters have been particularly concerned by aquatic invasions and we focused here on the Martinique island (Lesser Antilles). We examined the predator–prey relationships involving invasive Thiarid snails (Tarebia granifera and Melanoides tuberculata) and the native Neritina punctulata, both confronted with a newcomer predator, the redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). We conducted several mesocosm experiments to assess the impact of crayfish predation on snail survival and the passive and active antipredator responses of snails. A first experiment indicated snail survival rates between 50% and 80%, depending on crayfish size and sex. Notably, there was a negative correlation between snail survival and male crayfish size and the predation method (shell crushing vs. “body sucking”) varied with crayfish size. The second experiment suggested no refuge size for snails, with both very small (5 mm) unable to escape predation, regardless of crayfish size (from 77 to 138 mm) or sex. Finally, we investigated the escape behavior of Thiarids regarding three crayfish cues. Melanoides tuberculata tend to bury in the substrate and T. granifera to climb up aquarium walls, what was expected from their shell morphologies, and both responding to crayfish cues within minutes. Overall, C. quadricarinatus proves to be an efficient snail predator with limited escape options for snails, potentially contributing to the decline of certain snail populations in Martinique. This omnivorous predator might impact other native species across different groups, including shrimps and fish. Our study underscores the urgent need for monitoring efforts, solidifying the redclaw crayfish reputation as a dangerous invasive species for freshwater macrobenthic faunas worldwide.
Published: 2024
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2. Diversity spurs diversification in ecological communities

Author: Vincent Calcagno, Philippe Jarne, Michel Loreau, Nicolas Mouquet, and Patrice David
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Diversification may be driven by diversity, a concept Calcagnoet al. explore using models of intra- and inter-specific ecological interactions. A threshold number of species is sometimes required before adaptive radiations can occur; a phenomenon they term diversity-dependent adaptive radiation.
Published: 2017
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3. Key Questions for Next-Generation Biomonitoring

Author: Andreas Makiola, Zacchaeus G. Compson, Donald J. Baird, Matthew A. Barnes, Sam P. Boerlijst, Agnès Bouchez, Georgina Brennan, Alex Bush, Elsa Canard, Tristan Cordier, Simon Creer, R. Allen Curry, Patrice David, Alex J. Dumbrell, Dominique Gravel, Mehrdad Hajibabaei, Brian Hayden, Berry van der Hoorn, Philippe Jarne, J. Iwan Jones, Battle Karimi, Francois Keck, Martyn Kelly, Ineke E. Knot, Louie Krol, Francois Massol, Wendy A. Monk, John Murphy, Jan Pawlowski, Timothée Poisot, Teresita M. Porter, Kate C. Randall, Emma Ransome, Virginie Ravigné, Alan Raybould, Stephane Robin, Maarten Schrama, Bertrand Schatz, Alireza Tamaddoni-Nezhad, Krijn B. Trimbos, Corinne Vacher, Valentin Vasselon, Susie Wood, Guy Woodward, and David A. Bohan
Subjects: eDNA, metabarcoding, biodiversity assessment, artificial intelligence, ecological networks, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Classical biomonitoring techniques have focused primarily on measures linked to various biodiversity metrics and indicator species. Next-generation biomonitoring (NGB) describes a suite of tools and approaches that allow the examination of a broader spectrum of organizational levels—from genes to entire ecosystems. Here, we frame 10 key questions that we envisage will drive the field of NGB over the next decade. While not exhaustive, this list covers most of the key challenges facing NGB, and provides the basis of the next steps for research and implementation in this field. These questions have been grouped into current- and outlook-related categories, corresponding to the organization of this paper.
Published: 2020
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4. Sistemática filogenética en Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Author: Ana C Correa, Patrick Durand, François Renaud, Juan S Escobar, Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Jean-Pierre Pointier, and Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
Subjects: Medicine
Published: 2012

5. Opportunities to advance the synthesis of ecology and evolution

Author: Michel Loreau, Philippe Jarne, and Jennifer Martiny
Subjects: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Despite growing interactions between ecology and evolution, there still remain opportunities to further integrate the two disciplines, especially when considering multispecies systems. Here, we discuss two such opportunities. First, we suggest to relax the focus on the distinction between evolutionary and ecological processes. This focus is particularly unhelpful in the study of microbial communities, where the very notion of species is hard to define. Second, we propose that key processes of evolutionary theory such as adaptation should be exported to hierarchical levels higher than populations to make sense of biodiversity dynamics. Together, we argue that broadening our perspective of eco-evolutionary dynamics to be more inclusive of all biodiversity, both phylogenetically and hierarchically, will open up fertile new research directions and help us to address one the major scientific challenges of our time, i.e. to understand and predict changes in biodiversity in the face of rapid environmental change.
Published: 2023
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6. Coevolution of species colonization rates controls food-chain length in spatially structured food webs

Author: Vincent Calcagno, Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, François Massol, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Lille, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Massol, François
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, metacommunity, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], patch occupancy model, [SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, dispersal, eco-evolutionary dynamics, habitat destruction
Abstract: The complexity of food webs and how it depends on environmental variables is a long-standing question in ecology. Food-chain length depends on many factors, such as productive space, disturbance and spatial processes. It is not clear though how food-chain length should vary with adaptive evolutionary changes of the constitutive species. Assuming that each trophic level is subject to a competition-colonization trade-off, we model the adaptive evolution of their colonization rates and its consequences on equilibrium occupancies and food-chain length. When colonization rates are allowed to evolve, longer food chains can persist. Extinction, perturbation and habitat loss all affect the evolutionary-stable colonization rates, but trade-off strength (costs of dispersal) has a major role: weaker trade-offs yield longer chains. Our results suggest a strong link between within-trophic level competition, spatial occupancies and food-chain length. Although these eco-evo dynamics partly alleviate the constraint on food-chain length in metacommunities, we show it is no magic bullet: the highest, most vulnerable, trophic levels are also those that least benefit from evolution. Our model generates qualitative predictions regarding how trait evolution affects the response of communities to disturbance and habitat loss. This highlights the importance of eco-evolutionary dynamics at metacommunity level in determining food-chain length.
Published: 2022

7. Niche filtering, competition and species turnover in a metacommunity of freshwater molluscs

Author: Maxime Dubart, Jean‐Pierre Pointier, Philippe Jarne, Patrice David, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: freshwater snails, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, extinction–colonization, extinction-colonization, guadeloupe, species diversity, interspecific competition, Ecological niche, Dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: International audience; Metacommunity structure reflects the interplay of various processes, including niche filtering, extinction/colonization and interspecific interactions. Spatial patterns of species distributions are often analyzed to infer these processes. However, such inferences rely on often unrealistic equilibrium assumptions, and remain ambiguous, as different processes can produce similar patterns. Temporal data may improve these inferences. For example, stochastic species turnover may occur in local communities, while, on the long run, temporal changes are kept within limits set by locally available niches. Our objective is to explore how the joint analysis of spatial and temporal patterns can clarify the contribution of different processes to metacommunity structure. We recorded the occurrences of 21 freshwater mollusc species, and environmental data, in 250 sites over 17 successive years in a network of ponds in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles). We analyzed variation in α and β-diversities in space and time, and used a joint-species distribution mode to characterize species–environment and species–species relationships. Local communities showed pronounced temporal variation reflecting both imperfect species detection and true stochastic species turnover. On the long term however, local communities were largely controlled by niche filtering along two main environmental gradients, one driven by site connectivity, the other by hydrological stability and aquatic vegetation. Two gastropod clades, caenogastropods and pulmonates, showed contrasted spatio–temporal distributions resulting from different responses to these gradients, and these distributions seemed little altered by interspecific competition. Our study illustrates the benefit of using spatiotemporal metacommunity data to discern long-term impacts of niche filtering and species interactions behind short-term stochasticity.
Published: 2022
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8. Breaking down the wall between ecology and evolution

Author: Michel Loreau, Philippe Jarne, and Jennifer Martiny
Abstract: Despite their close links, ecology and evolution have remained separate disciplines to this day. Breaking down the wall between the two disciplines is essential for at least two reasons. First, this wall is an obstacle to the study of most microorganisms, which constitute a large part of the Earth’s biodiversity. Asexual reproduction, gene transfer and the lack of a clear definition of the species taxonomic level blur the distinction between ecological changes in species abundances and evolutionary changes in genotype frequencies in microbes. Second, a key question that biodiversity science will have to address in the coming decades is how ecological systems will cope with rapid environmental change. Generalising the concept of adaptation across multiple timescales and levels of organisation would provide an integrative framework for studying the combined ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental change, and thus help us to address one the major scientific challenges of our time.
Published: 2022
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9. Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination

Author: Patrice David, Cyril Degletagne, Nathanaëlle Saclier, Aurel Jennan, Philippe Jarne, Sandrine Plénet, Lara Konecny, Clémentine François, Laurent Guéguen, Noéline Garcia, Tristan Lefébure, Emilien Luquet, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Équipe 4 - Écophysiologie, Comportement, Conservation (E2C), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Équipe 1 - Biodiversité et Adaptation dans les Hydrosystèmes (BAH), Équipe 3 - Écologie, Évolution, Écosystemes Souterrains (E3S), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-EURE-0018,H2O'LYON,School of Integrated Watershed Sciences(2017), and ANR-19-CE02-0017,MINIGAN,Conflits nucléocytoplasmiques et Gynodioécie chez les animaux(2019)
Subjects: sex allocation, cytoplasmic male sterility, plants, [SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology, hermaphroditism, DNA, Mitochondrial, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mitochondria, freshwater snails, Evolution, Molecular, mitochondrial genomes, Haplotypes, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], Genome, Mitochondrial, gynodioecy, Animals, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) is a form of genetic conflict over sex determination that results from differences in modes of inheritance between genomic compartments 1-3. Indeed, maternally-transmitted (usually mitochondrial) genes, sometimes enhance their transmission by suppressing the male function in a hermaphroditic organism, to the detriment of biparentallyinherited nuclear genes. As a result, these hermaphrodites become functionally female, and may coexist with regular hermaphrodites in so-called gynodioecious populations 3. CMS has been known in plants since Darwin's times 4 , but is previously unknown in the animal kingdom 5-8. We relate the first observation of CMS in animals. It occurs in a freshwater snail population, where some individuals appear unable to sire offspring in controlled crosses and show anatomical, physiological and behavioral characters consistent with a suppression of the male function. Male-sterility is associated with a mitochondrial lineage that underwent a spectacular acceleration of DNA substitution rates, affecting the entire mitochondrial genome-this acceleration concerns both synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions and therefore results from increased mitogenome mutation rates. Consequently, mitochondrial haplotype divergence within the population is exceptionally high, matching that observed between snail taxa that diverged 475 million years ago. This result is reminiscent of similar accelerations in mitogenome evolution observed in plant clades where gynodioecy is frequent 9,10 , both being consistent with arms-race evolution of genome regions implicated in CMS 11,12. Our study shows that genomic conflicts can trigger independent evolution of similar sex determination systems in plants and animals, and dramatically accelerate molecular evolution.
Published: 2022
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10. Metapopulation dynamics of multiple species in a heterogeneous landscape

Author: Jelena H. Pantel, Thomas Lamy, Maxime Dubart, Jean‐Pierre Pointier, Philippe Jarne, Patrice David, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: freshwater snails, comparative demography, predicted dynamics, extinction, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, biological invasions, environmental variability, extinction/colonization, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, colonization, Biologie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, metapopulations
Abstract: WOS:000779278700001; International audience; Characterizing the diversity of demographic strategies among species can inform research in topics such as trait syndromes, community stability, coexistence, and ecological succession. However, this diversity can depend on the spatial scale considered: at the landscape scale, species often form metapopulations, that is sets of local, sometimes short-lived, populations, inhabiting discrete habitat patches. Metapopulation dynamics are most frequently analyzed in individual species or pairs of interacting species because of the large amount of data required for multiple species, and because species vary in their perceptions of what constitutes a favorable or unfavorable habitat. Here we evaluate, using a case study, whether a metapopulation model can be used to generate accurate estimates of demographic parameters and to describe the diversity of dynamics, responses to environment, and prospects of long-term persistence in a guild of species inhabiting a common fragmented landscape. We applied this approach to a guild of 22 mollusk species that inhabit freshwater habitats on two islands of Guadeloupe, to compare metapopulation dynamics among species. We analyzed a 15-year time series of occupancy records for 278 sites using a multistate occupancy model that estimated colonization and extinction rates as a function of site-specific and year-specific environmental covariates, then used model results to simulate future island metapopulation dynamics. Despite the diverse array of metapopulation trajectories—a mix of species with either stable, increasing, declining, or fluctuating metapopulations—and the inherent challenges associated with such data (e.g., imperfect detection, spatial and temporal heterogeneity), our model accurately captured among-patch variation in suitability for many mollusk taxa. The dynamics of rare species or species with habitat preferences not fully captured by the retained set of covariates were less well described. For several species, we detected a negative correlation between extinction and colonization. This variation in habitat suitability created species-specific extinction-resistant pockets in the landscape. Our comparative analysis also revealed that species had distinct strategies for metapopulation dynamics, such as “fast-turnover” species with both a high proportion of occupied sites and a high rate of site extinction in the landscape.
Published: 2022
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11. Decreased selectivity during mate choice in a small‐sized population of a long‐lived seabird

Author: Malvina Andris, Philippe Jarne, Joël Bried, and Marie-Pierre Dubois
Subjects: Bulweria bulwerii, education.field_of_study, biology, Population, Zoology, Small population size, Body size, biology.organism_classification, Mate choice, biology.animal, Animal Science and Zoology, Seabird, education, Inbreeding, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published: 2021
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12. Author response for 'Decreased selectivity during mate choice in a small‐sized population of a long‐lived seabird'

Author: Philippe Jarne, Marie-Pierre Dubois, Joël Bried, and Malvina Andris
Subjects: education.field_of_study, biology, Mate choice, biology.animal, Population, Zoology, Seabird, education
Published: 2021
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13. Regards croisés sur les pandémies

Author: Patricia Gilbert, Estelle Baehrel, David Biron, Chloé Bourmaud, Vincent Dubreuil, David Giron, Sylvie Guillerme, Jean Nicolas Haas, Evelyne Heyer, Philippe Jarne, Didier Jouffre, Bruno Maureille, Laurent Memery, Frédéric Mery, Pierre Moret, Thomas Perrin, Soizic Prado, Geneviève Prevost, Alain Queffelec, Virginie Rougeron, Sabine Sauvage, Marc-André Selosse, Margareta Tengberg, Frédérique Viard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte UMR7261 (IRBI), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Éco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Évolution, génomes, comportement et écologie (EGCE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 (TVES), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Patricia Gibert, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Innsbruck, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Patricia GIBERT, Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; La grave crise pandémique que nous vivons n’est pas seulement sanitaire, elle est aussi écologique et sociale. Si elle remet en cause le dualisme nature/culture, elle appelle également à renouveler les rapports qu’entretiennent science et société. Changement d’usage des terres, déforestation et fragmentation, élevage intensif, exploitation minière ou forestière, chasse, urbanisation, diminution de la biodiversité : autant d’éléments qui perturbent la faune sauvage, et favorisent les transferts de pathogènes entre espèces. La mondialisation des échanges rend ensuite possible la diffusion de virus à l’échelle planétaire.Mais les sociétés humaines ne sont pas toutes égales face au risque infectieux. Il y a à cela des causes génétiques, parce que les populations humaines ne sont pas génétiquement uniformes et que les pathogènes ont une grande capacité d’adaptation, mais aussi des causes culturelles et sociales, en raison du rôle majeur des comportements. Si les épidémies d’ampleur sont relativement fréquentes dans l’histoire humaine, celles du passé, et leur gestion par les sociétés d’alors, ne sont que depuis peu étudiées en profondeur. Or cette étude est un élément indispensable pour modéliser, et donc prévoir, l’évolution de la pandémie actuelle comme des prochaines, et l’impact qu’elles auront sur nos sociétés.L’Institut Écologie et Environnement du CNRS, dont l’objectif est de répondre aux enjeux planétaires posés par le changement global aux interfaces entre les sciences de la Terre, de la vie, de l’Homme et de la société, réunit toutes les compétences nécessaires pour étudier cet ensemble.
Published: 2021

14. Systematics and geographical distribution of Galba species, a group of cryptic and worldwide freshwater snails

Author: Pilar Alda, Robert T. Dillon, Philippe Jarne, Jenny Muzzio-Aroca, Manuel Calvopiña, Nelson Uribe, Luiggi Martini Robles, Luisa Carolina Gonzalez Ramirez, Andrés Esteban Pereira, Maritza Celi-Erazo, Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Patrice David, Alberto Orlando Narváez, Manon Lounnas, Antonio A. Vázquez, Oscar Noya, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Rolando Ayaqui, Eric S. Loker, Universidad Nacional del Sur [Argentina] (UNS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad La Salle [Arequipa, Perú], Universidad de Las Américas [Ecuador] (UDLA), Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Systematics, Species complex, Time Factors, Biogeography, Snails, Fresh Water, Morphology (biology), America, Self-fertilization, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Lymnaeidae, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Genus, Phylogenetics, Genetics, Animals, Biological invasions, Galba cousini, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Geography, Phylogenetic tree, biology, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Phenotype, 030104 developmental biology, Galba, Evolutionary biology, Calibration, Vector snails, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Cryptic species can present a significant challenge to the application of systematic and biogeographic principles, especially if they are invasive or transmit parasites or pathogens. Detecting cryptic species requires a pluralistic approach in which molecular markers facilitate the detection of coherent taxonomic units that can then be analyzed using various traits (e.g., internal morphology) and crosses. In asexual or self-fertilizing species, the latter criteria are of limited use. We studied a group of cryptic freshwater snails (genusGalba)from the family Lymnaeidae that have invaded almost all continents, reproducing mainly by self-fertilization and transmitting liver flukes to humans and livestock. We aim to clarify the systematics, distribution and phylogenetic relationships of these species with an integrative approach that includes morphology (shell and reproductive anatomy), molecular markers, wide-scale sampling across America, and data retrieved from GenBank (to include Old World samples). Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the genusGalbaoriginated ca. 22 Myr ago and today comprises six clusters of species. Four of these clusters (G.truncatula,G.cubensis/viator,G.humilisandG.schirazensis) are morphologically cryptic and constitute species or species complexes with wide variation in their genetic diversity, geographic distribution and invasiveness. The other two clusters constitute a single species or a species complex (Galba cousini/meridensis) that demonstrate more geographically restricted distributions and exhibit an alternative morphology more phylogenetically derived than the cryptic one. Further genetic studies are required to clarify the status of bothG. cousini/meridensisandG.cubensis/viator. We emphasize that noGalbaspecies should be identified without molecular markers and that additional sampling is required, especially in North America, Eurasia and Africa to clarify remaining questions in systematics and biogeography. We also discuss several hypotheses that can explain crypsis inGalba, such as convergence and morphological stasis, and hypothesize a role for stabilizing selection in amphibious (rather than strictly freshwater) habitats.
Published: 2021
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15. Connectivity and selfing drives population genetic structure in a patchy landscape: a comparative approach of four co-occurring freshwater snail species

Author: Jean-Pierre Pointier, Patrice David, Elsa Canard, Maxime Dubart, Philippe Jarne, Elodie Chapuis, Ana Lozano del Campo, Thomas Lamy, Adeline Segard, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Marine Science Institute [Santa Barbara] (MSI), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, microsatellites, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic drift, Common species, freshwater snails Running title: comparative population genetic structure, 14. Life underwater, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Isolation by distance, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, education.field_of_study, Extinction, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Ecology, metapopulation, 15. Life on land, mating systems, freshwater snails, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, connectivity, Guild, genetic variation, interspecific comparison, Biological dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The distribution of neutral genetic variation in subdivided populations is driven by the interplay between genetic drift, migration, local extinction and colonization. The influence of environmental and demographic factors has also been increasingly examined in empirical studies, but generally focusing on a single species. An open question is whether these factors will similarly, or idiosyncratically, affect a guild of species occupying the same, though exhibiting different traits, mating systems and histories. We addressed it by comparing the population genetic structure of the four most common species of hermaphroditic freshwater snails in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles), which occupy a network of patchily distributed sites experiencing temporal variation in water availability. We analyzed microsatellite variability in 21 to 43 populations per species, and built predictions on how several environmental and demographic variables, quantified from a long-term annual survey, as well as species traits, may affect the distribution of genetic variation. These species displayed similarities, such as fairly high levels of variation, but with marked differences among sites, as well as strong genetic differentiation and limited isolation by distance, which can be explained by passive dispersal (strong role of site connectivity), extinction/colonization dynamics and variation in local population size. They also exhibit differences, largely due to the mating system with less genetic diversity and more genetic differentiation in the two selfing species when compared to the two outcrossing ones. These differences can also be attributed to interspecific interactions resulting from the ongoing invasion of Guadeloupe by one of the species studied, which affects the demography of other species, and, to a limited extent, to local environmental factors. Our comparative approach shows both differences and uniqueness in the way species occupy the same landscape, and provides a possible entry to interspecific interactions in community assembly.
Published: 2021
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16. Spatio-temporal population genetic structure, relative to demographic and ecological characteristics, in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Man, western Côte d’Ivoire

Author: Enrique Ortega-Abboud, Yves-Nathan T. Tian-Bi, Jean-Noël K. Konan, Abdourahamane Sangare, Eliézer K. N’Goran, Philippe Jarne, Jürg Utzinger, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel], Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite (UMR BGPI), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: Gene Flow, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Genetic Speciation, Snails, Population, Fresh Water, Plant Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Gene flow, 03 medical and health sciences, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Effective population size, Genetic drift, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, education, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetic diversity, education.field_of_study, Polymorphism, Genetic, biology, Ecology, Genetic Drift, Selfing, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Insect Science, Genetic structure, Animal Science and Zoology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Combining the analysis of spatial and temporal variation when investigating population structure enhances our capacity for unravelling the biotic and abiotic factors responsible for microevolutionary change. This work aimed at measuring the spatial and temporal genetic structure of populations of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi (the intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni) in relation to the mating system (self-fertilization), demography, parasite prevalence and some ecological parameters. Snail populations were sampled four times in seven human-water contact sites in the Man region, western Côte d'Ivoire, and their variability was measured at five microsatellite loci. Limited genetic diversity and high selfing rates were observed in the populations studied. We failed to reveal an effect of demographic and ecological parameters on within-population diversity, perhaps as a result of a too small number of populations. A strong spatial genetic differentiation was detected among populations. The temporal differentiation within populations was high in most populations, though lower than the spatial differentiation. All estimates of effective population size were lower than seven suggesting a strong effect of genetic drift. However, the genetic drift was compensated by high gene flow. The genetic structure within and among populations reflected that observed in other selfing snail species, relying on high selfing rates, low effective population sizes, environmental stochasticity and high gene flow.
Published: 2018
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17. Population structure and genetic diversity in the invasive freshwater snail Galba schirazensis (Lymnaeidae)

Author: Patrice David, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Nelson Uribe, Pilar Alda, Maritza Celi-Erazo, Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Eric S. Loker, Manuel Calvopiña, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Ana C. Correa, Oscar Noya, Manon Lounnas, Marie-Pierre Dubois, Dung Thi Bui, Philippe Jarne, Yannick Caron, Céline Toty, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale et Appliquée de Tours (LIFAT), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Evolutionary and theoretical Immunology, Biology, The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Seccion de Biohelmintiasis, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV)-Instituto de Medicina Tropical-Escuela de Medicina 'Luiz Razetti', Escuela de Bacteriologia y Laboratorio Clinico, Facultad de Salud, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biology (Ethology), University of Antwerp (UA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Instituto de Medicina Tropical-Escuela de Medicina 'Luiz Razetti'-UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA, and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, microsatellites, Freshwater snail, Lymnaeidae, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, selfing, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Lymnaea, Galba truncatula, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], biology, Ecology, Galba schirazensis, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 030104 developmental biology, Vector (epidemiology), Genetic structure, Animal Science and Zoology, vector, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, lymnaeids
Abstract: We studied the population genetic structure of the freshwater snail Galba schirazensis (Küster, 1862), a potential vector of infectious diseases such as fascioliasis. Galba schirazensis has now a worldwide distribution but a poorly known origin because this species has been distinguished only recently from the morphologically similar and cosmopolitan Galba truncatula (O.F. Müller, 1774). We developed specific microsatellite markers and sequenced a mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO1)) to study individuals of G. schirazensis from the Old World and the New World. We found very low genetic diversity within populations, no heterozygotes, and marked population structure — a pattern observed in other highly selfing lymnaeid species with recently enlarged distributions as a result of biological invasions. The total lack of observed heterozygosity in the few populations of G. schirazensis that displayed some allelic diversity suggests high selfing rates. We also found that the center of diversity, and by extension the origin area of this species, should be found in the New World, whereas Old World populations should rather result from a recent introduction of a genetically uniform population. The microsatellite markers developed here will help to clarify the history of expansion of G. schirazensis and might help to understand its role as a potential vector of infectious diseases. Fil: Lounnas, Manon. Université de Montpellier. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia Fil: Correa, Ana Cristina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia. Université de Montpellier. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle; Francia Fil: Alda, Maria del Pilar. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Francia. Université de Montpellier. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: David, Patrice. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d’Evolution; Francia Fil: Dubois, Marie Pierre. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d’Evolution; Francia Fil: Calvopiña, Manuel. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Carrera de Medicina; Ecuador Fil: Caron, Yannick. Université de Liège; Bélgica Fil: Celi Erazo, Maritza. Universidad Central del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Bui, Dung Thi. Université de Liège; Bélgica Fil: Jarne, Philippe. Université de Montpellier. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d’Evolution; Francia Fil: Loker, Eric. University Of New Mexico. Department Of Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Noya, Oscar. Universidad Central de Venezuela; Venezuela Fil: Rodríguez Hidalgo, Richar. Universidad Central del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Toty, Céline. Université de Montpellier. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle; Francia Fil: Uribe, Nelson. Universidad Industrial Santander; Colombia Fil: Pointier, Jean Pierre. Université de Perpignan; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Hurtrez Boussès, Sylvie. Université de Montpellier. Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle; Francia
Published: 2018
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18. Detecting microsatellites within genomes: significant variation among algorithms.

Author: Sébastien Leclercq, Eric Rivals, and Philippe Jarne
Published: 2007
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19. Bioinvasion Triggers Rapid Evolution of Life Histories in Freshwater Snails

Author: Patrice David, Elodie Chapuis, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Adeline Segard, Nicolas Juillet, Philippe Jarne, Thomas Lamy, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae (EBEA), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Institut Européen des membranes (IEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: Physa, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Metacommunity, metacommunity, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], media_common.quotation_subject, Snails, Allopatric speciation, Introduced species, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Snail, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), 03 medical and health sciences, mollusc, biology.animal, Animals, Colonization, 14. Life underwater, Ponds, Population Growth, Guadeloupe, Life History Traits, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, biology, Ecology, Aplexa, Phenotypic trait, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, bioinvasions, phenotypic traits, Introduced Species, competition
Abstract: International audience; Biological invasions offer interesting situations for observing how novel interactions between closely related, formerly allopatric species may trigger phenotypic evolution in situ. Assuming that successful invaders are usually filtered to be competitively dominant, invasive and native species may follow different trajectories. Natives may evolve traits that minimize the negative impact of competition, while trait shifts in invasives should mostly reflect expansion dynamics, through selection for colonization ability and transiently enhanced mutation load at the colonization front. These ideas were tested through a large-scale common-garden experiment measuring life-history traits in two closely related snail species, one invasive and one native, co-occurring in a network of freshwater ponds in Guadeloupe. We looked for evidence of recent evolution by comparing uninvaded or recently invaded sites with long-invaded ones. The native species adopted a life history favoring rapid population growth (i.e., increased fecundity, earlier reproduction, and increased juvenile survival) that may increase its prospects of coexistence with the more competitive invader. We discuss why these effects are more likely to result from genetic change than from maternal effects. The invader exhibited slightly decreased overall performances in recently colonized sites, consistent with a moderate expansion load resulting from local founder effects. Our study highlights a rare example of rapid life-history evolution following invasion.
Published: 2017
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20. Author response for 'How community adaptation affects biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships'

Author: Nicolas Mouquet, Philippe Jarne, Vincent Calcagno, Michel Loreau, Patrice David, and Flora Aubree
Subjects: Geography, business.industry, Community adaptation, Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, business
Published: 2020
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21. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite

Author: Patrice David, Elsa Noël, Benjamin Pélissié, Philippe Jarne, Tim Janicke, Violette Sarda, and Yohann Chemtob
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Experimental evolution, education.field_of_study, fungi, Population, Selfing, Outcrossing, Biology, Mating system, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, Mating, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sex allocation
Abstract: Basic models of mating-system evolution predict that hermaphroditic organisms should mostly either cross-fertilize, or self-fertilize, due to self-reinforcing coevolution of inbreeding depression and outcrossing rates. However transitions between mating systems occur. A plausible scenario for such transitions assumes that a decrease in pollinator or mate availability temporarily constrains outcrossing populations to self-fertilize as a reproductive assurance strategy. This should trigger a purge of inbreeding depression, which in turn encourages individuals to self-fertilize more often and finally to reduce male allocation. We tested the predictions of this scenario using the freshwater snail Physa acuta, a self-compatible hermaphrodite that preferentially outcrosses and exhibits high inbreeding depression in natural populations. From an outbred population, we built two types of experimental evolution lines, controls (outcrossing every generation) and constrained lines (in which mates were often unavailable, forcing individuals to self-fertilize). After ca. 20 generations, individuals from constrained lines initiated self-fertilization earlier in life and had purged most of their inbreeding depression compared to controls. However, their male allocation remained unchanged. Our study suggests that the mating system can rapidly evolve as a response to reduced mating opportunities, supporting the reproductive assurance scenario of transitions from outcrossing to selfing.
Published: 2016
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22. Modeling competition, niche, and coexistence between an invasive and a native species in a two-species metapopulation

Author: Patrice David, Jelena H. Pantel, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Maxime Dubart, Philippe Jarne, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and ANR-17-CE32-0011,NGB,Biosurveillance Next-Gen des changements dans la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes(2017)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Metacommunity, metacommunity, media_common.quotation_subject, Niche, Physa acuta, Population Dynamics, Introduced species, Metapopulation, Biology, environmental variability, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, Competition (biology), [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Species Specificity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, media_common, Demography, Extinction, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Niche differentiation, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, extinction/colonization, Models, Theoretical, freshwater snails, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Introduced Species, competition, Aplexa marmorata, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: Modeling the dynamics of competition and coexistence between species is cru- cial to predict long-term impacts of invasive species on their native congeners. However, natu- ral environments are often fragmented and variable in time and space. In such contexts, regional coexistence depends on complex interactions between competition, niche differentia- tion and stochastic colonization–extinction dynamics. Quantifying all these processes at land- scape scale has always been a challenge for ecologists. We propose a new statistical framework to evaluate metapopulation parameters (colonization and extinction) in a two-species system and how they respond to environmental variables and interspecific competition. It requires spatial surveys repeated in time, but does not assume demographic equilibrium. We apply this model to a long-term survey of two snails inhabiting a network of freshwater habitats in the West Indies. We find evidence of reciprocal competition affecting colonization or extinction rates, modulated by species-specific sensitivity to environmental variables. Simulations using model estimates allow us to predict species dynamics and explore the role of various coexis- tence mechanisms described by metacommunity theory in our system. The two species are pre- dicted to stably coexist, because niche partitioning, source–sink dynamics and interspecific differences in extinction–colonization parameters all contribute to reduce the negative impacts of competition. However, none of these mechanisms is individually essential. Regional coexis- tence is primarily facilitated by transient co-occurrence of the two species within habitat patches, a possibility generally not considered in theoretical metacommunity models. Our framework is general and could be extended to guilds of several competing species.
Published: 2018
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23. Sexual selection and inbreeding: two efficient ways to limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations: A preprint peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Evolutionary Biology https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.10005

Author: Adeline Segard, Elsa Noël, Violette Sarda, Elise Fruitet, Dennyss Lelaurin, Nicolás Bonel, Philippe Jarne, Patrice David, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Universidad Nacional del Sur [Argentina] (UNS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Noël, Elsa, French Agence Nationale de la Recherche' : AFFAIRS ANR-12-ADAP-005, ESHAP ANR-12-BSV7-0015, CNRS, CONICET, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Letter, Biología, 01 natural sciences, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], hermaphrodite, snail, Inbreeding depression, mutation load, MUTATION LOAD, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Experimental evolution, Vegetal Biology, SNAIL, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION, genetic load, Genetic load, Sexual selection, HERMAPHRODITE, Inbreeding, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Genetic purging, SELFING, Biology, purging, selfing, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, mating system, Letters, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm), 030304 developmental biology, Reproductive success, Selfing, PURGING, Mating system, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biologie végétale, inbreeding depression
Abstract: Theory and empirical data showed that two processes can boost selection against deleterious mutations, thus facilitating the purging of the mutation load: inbreeding, by exposing recessive deleterious alleles to selection in homozygous form, and sexual selection, by enhancing the relative reproductive success of males with small mutation loads. These processes tend to be mutually exclusive because sexual selection is reduced under mating systems that promote inbreeding, such as self‐fertilization in hermaphrodites. We estimated the relative efficiency of inbreeding and sexual selection at purging the genetic load, using 50 generations of experimental evolution, in a hermaphroditic snail (Physa acuta). To this end, we generated lines that were exposed to various intensities of inbreeding, sexual selection (on the male function), and nonsexual selection (on the female function). We measured how these regimes affected the mutation load, quantified through the survival of outcrossed and selfed juveniles. We found that juvenile survival strongly decreased in outbred lines with reduced male selection, but not when female selection was relaxed, showing that male‐specific sexual selection does purge deleterious mutations. However, in lines exposed to inbreeding, where sexual selection was also relaxed, survival did not decrease, and even increased for self‐fertilized juveniles, showing that purging through inbreeding can compensate for the absence of sexual selection. Our results point to the further question of whether a mixed strategy combining the advantages of both mechanisms of genetic purging could be evolutionary stable. Fil: Noël, Elsa. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Fruitet, Elise. University of Amsterdam; Países Bajos. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Alemania. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Lelaurin, Dennyss. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Bonel, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Ségard, Adeline. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Sarda, Violette. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Jarne, Philippe. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: David, Patrice. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia
Published: 2018
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24. REVIEW: Predictive ecology in a changing world

Author: Gael J. Kergoat, Laurence Meslin, Luc Doyen, Dominique Joly, Romain Julliard, Philippe Jarne, Michel Loreau, Frankl M. Schurr, Nicolas Mouquet, Roger Pradel, Olivier Gimenez, Hélène Morlon, Wilfried Thuiller, Sonia Kéfi, Yvan Lagadeuc, Xavier Morin, Denis Faure, Damien Eveillard, Vincent Devictor, Gilles Pinay, Franck Jabot, Eric Garnier, Anne Duputié, Serge Morand, Philippe Huneman, Sandra Lavorel, Line Le Gall, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation ( UMR MARBEC ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] ( ECOBIO ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -INEE-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes ( OSUR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ( ISEM ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), inconnu temporaire UPEMLV, Inconnu, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 ( Evo-Eco-Paléo ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique ( LINA ), Mines Nantes ( Mines Nantes ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab ( Meudon ), ONERA, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes ( UR LISC ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud UMR9191, IRD UMR247, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations ( CBGP ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine ( LECA ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) ( IBENS ), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), UR Riverly, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments ( AFSSA ), AFSSA, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Big data, Context (language use), Biology, Ecological systems theory, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Order (exchange), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, business.industry, L70 - Sciences et hygiène vétérinaires - Considérations générales, 15. Life on land, Open data, 13. Climate action, Anticipation (artificial intelligence), CLARITY, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, business
Abstract: 1. In a rapidly changing world, ecology has the potential to move from empirical and conceptual stages to application and management issues. It is now possible to make large-scale predictions up to continental or global scales, ranging from the future distribution of biological diversity to changes in ecosystem functioning and services. With these recent developments, ecology has a historical opportunity to become a major actor in the development of a sustainable human society. With this opportunity, however, also comes an important responsibility in developing appropriate predictive models, correctly interpreting their outcomes and communicating their limitations. There is also a danger that predictions grow faster than our understanding of ecological systems, resulting in a gap between the scientists generating the predictions and stakeholders using them (conservation biologists, environmental managers, journalists, policymakers). 2. Here, we use the context provided by the current surge of ecological predictions on the future of biodiversity to clarify what prediction means, and to pinpoint the challenges that should be addressed in order to improve predictive ecological models and the way they are understood and used. 3. Synthesis and applications. Ecologists face several challenges to ensure the healthy development of an operational predictive ecological science: (i) clarity on the distinction between explanatory and anticipatory predictions; (ii) developing new theories at the interface between explanatory and anticipatory predictions; (iii) open data to test and validate predictions; (iv) making predictions operational; and (v) developing a genuine ethics of prediction.
Published: 2015
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25. Reduced population size does not affect the mating strategy of a vulnerable and endemic seabird

Author: Malvina Andris, Joël Bried, Verónica C. Neves, Cristina P. Nava, Mark Bolton, Philippe Jarne, and Marie-Pierre Dubois
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Mate Choice, Population, Hydrobates monteiroi, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Birds, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Body Size, Inbreeding, Genetic Relatedness, Mating, education, Azores, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Population Density, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, Reproductive success, Ecology, Population size, Genetic Variation, Microsatellite Markers, General Medicine, 030104 developmental biology, Population bottleneck, Mate choice, Female, Microsatellite Repeats, Demography
Abstract: Bottleneck episodes may occur in small and isolated animal populations, which may result in decreased genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, but also in mating strategy adjustment. This was evaluated in the vulnerable and socially monogamous Monteiro's Storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi, a seabird endemic to the Azores archipelago which has suffered a dramatic population decline since the XVth century. To do this, we conducted a genetic study (18 microsatellite markers) in the population from Praia islet, which has been monitored over 16 years. We found no evidence that a genetic bottleneck was associated with this demographic decline. Monteiro's Storm-petrels paired randomly with respect to genetic relatedness and body measurements. Pair fecundity was unrelated to genetic relatedness between partners. We detected only two cases of extra-pair parentage associated with an extra-pair copulation (out of 71 offspring). Unsuccessful pairs were most likely to divorce the next year, but genetic relatedness between pair mates and pair breeding experience did not influence divorce. Divorce enabled individuals to improve their reproductive performances after re-mating only when the new partner was experienced. Re-pairing with an experienced partner occurred more frequently when divorcees changed nest than when they retained their nest. This study shows that even in strongly reduced populations, genetic diversity can be maintained, inbreeding does not necessarily occur, and random pairing is not risky in terms of pair lifetime reproductive success. Given, however, that we found no clear phenotypic mate choice criteria, the part played by non-morphological traits should be assessed more accurately in order to better understand seabird mating strategies. Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PRAXIS/C/BIA/13194/98 and POCTI-BIA-13194/98 to MB, PTDC/BIABDE/67286/2006 to JB, and SFRH/BPD/88914/2012 to VCN); Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (Programme COMPETE, ref. FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-007061); Programmes ‘MARE’ (Life contract B4-3200/98-509), ‘OGAMP’ (Interreg IIIB-MAC/4.2/A2), ‘MARMAC’ (Interreg IIIB/FEDER/MARMAC/003-4/2005-6 and Interreg IIIB-05/MAC/4.2/A4), MoniAves (Programme launched by the Regional Environment Directorate from the Azores); Luso-French Integrated Actions Programmes (PESSOA 4.1.1/França and PAUILF F-30/07) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2017
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26. A new multiplex PCR assay to distinguish among three cryptic Galba species, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica

Author: Robert T. Dillon, Rolando Ayaqui, Jenny Muzzio-Aroca, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Antonio A. Vázquez, Manon Lounnas, Luiggi Martini Robles, Manuel Calvopiña, Flavia Muñiz Pareja, Nelson Uribe, Oscar Noya, Alberto Orlando Narváez, Pilar Alda, Maritza Celi-Erazo, Eric S. Loker, Philippe Jarne, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Patrice David, Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores [La Plata] (CEPAVE), Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP)-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas [Buenos Aires] (CIC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Universidad de Las Américas [Ecuador] (UDLA), Central University of Ecuador, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Universidad de Guayaquil (UG), Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón-Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Universidad Centrale del Ecuador, Universidad Industrial de Santander [Bucaramanga] (UIS), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP)-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas [Buenos Aires] (CIC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria [Venezuela], Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Fascioliasis, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, 030231 tropical medicine, Snails, Locus (genetics), [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Fossaria, DNA, Mitochondrial, Lymnaeidae, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hepatica, law, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Fasciola hepatica, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Microsatellites, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Polymerase chain reaction, Lymnaea, DNA Primers, Infectious disease, General Veterinary, biology, General Medicine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Multiplex PCR, 030108 mycology & parasitology, Amplicon, biology.organism_classification, Galba, Evolutionary biology, Microsatellite, Parasitology, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; A molecular tool described here allows in one step for specific discrimination among three cryptic freshwater snail species (genus Galba) involved in fasciolosis transmission, a worldwide infectious disease of humans and livestock. The multiplex PCR approach taken targets for each species a distinctive, known microsatellite locus which is amplified using specific primers designed to generate an amplicon of a distinctive size that can be readily separated from the amplicons of the other two species on an agarose gel. In this way, the three Galba species (G. cubensis, G. schirazensis, and G. truncatula) can be differentiated from one another, including even if DNA from all three were present in the same reaction. The accuracy of this new molecular tool was tested and validated by comparing multiplex PCR results with species identification based on sequences at mitochondrial and nuclear markers. This new method is accurate, inexpensive, simple, rapid, and can be adapted to handle large sample sizes. It will be helpful for monitoring invasion of Galba species and for developing strategies to limit the snail species involved in the emergence or re-emergence of fasciolosis.
Published: 2017
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27. The contribution of species-genetic diversity correlations to the understanding of community assembly rules

Author: François Massol, Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Fabien Laroche, Thomas Lamy, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae (EBEA), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Universidad Austral de Chile-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP))
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Metacommunity, Assembly rules, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, POPULATION GENETICS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecological niche, COMMUNITY GENETICS, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Community, Ecology, Species diversity, ENVIRONMENTAL FILTERING, 15. Life on land, METACOMMUNITY, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, NEUTRAL THEORY, Biological dispersal, DIVERSITY PATTERNS, Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Community genetics aims at understanding how within-species variation, species diversity and environmental factors interact to shape community assembly. An approach that emerged a few years ago has been to quantify the correlation between the neutral genetic diversity of a focal species and species diversity of the surrounding community (species–genetic diversity correlations, or SGDCs). We here review this approach and discuss its interpretative framework in a community ecology context. First, we show that the case for mostly positive SGDCs is probably overstated due to publication bias – only 11% are significantly positive, a fraction comparable to the significantly negative ones. This suggests that variation in area and connectivity among habitat patches, theoretically leading to positive SGDCs, is not the only factor affecting SGDCs. Second, building upon previous contributions, we propose a general framework to identify the multiple factors underpinning SGDCs, and argue that it will help deepen our understanding of community assembly, especially with regard to the ecological factors playing at metacommunity scale. Our framework distinguishes between site and community factors which can affect SGDCs either positively or negatively, depending on whether the focal species and the rest of the community are similar or dissimilar, in terms of realized niches and dispersal abilities. Empirical studies should thus go beyond simply computing SGDCs, and we provide statistical methods (e.g. structural equation modelling) to decompose SGDCs into the multiple contributions of site and community factors. As an example, we use a published dataset (freshwater snail metacommunity), and show how the role of focal population size on SGDCs had hitherto not been detected. We further discuss how considering several focal species and various delimitations of the community may help one to identify clusters of ecologically similar species. We eventually highlight the benefit that SGDC studies would get from integrating beta-diversities.
Published: 2017
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28. DISENTANGLING PRECOPULATORY AND POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION IN POLYANDROUS SPECIES

Author: Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Violette Sarda, and Benjamin Pélissié
Subjects: Hermaphrodite, Reproductive success, Evolutionary biology, Ecology, Sexual selection, Genetics, Mating, Biology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Body weight, Sperm precedence, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm)
Abstract: Sexual selection operates on a sequence of events, from mating to offspring production. Which stages in this sequence undergo stronger selection, especially the relative importance of pre- versus postcopulatory processes, are intensely debated issues. Unequal siring success among mates of polyandrous females is classically taken as evidence for a large contribution of postcopulatory processes to the variance in male reproductive success (var(RSm )). However, paternity skews also depend on the timing and number of copulations, a source of variation that should be considered precopulatory rather than postcopulatory. We develop a method for decomposing var(RSm ) accounting for copulatory activity and apply it to experimental mating groups of the snail Physa acuta. In our experiment, 40% of var(RSm ) emerges at the precopulatory stage, only half of which depends on variation in mating success (number of partners). Ignoring copulation characteristics can therefore lead to severe underestimation of precopulatory sexual selection. Moreover, although only 36% of var(RSm ) arises at the postcopulatory stage, this is when sexual selection on body weight mostly occurs. Finally, trade-offs were detected between different components of precopulatory success, whereas pre- and postcopulatory success appear independent. Our study opens the way to a detailed quantitative understanding of sexual selection in polyandrous species.
Published: 2014
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29. Highly polymorphic markers reveal the establishment of an invasive lineage of the citrus bacterial pathogenXanthomonas citripv.citriin its area of origin

Author: Philippe Jarne, Lan Bui Thi Ngoc, Nhat Le Mai, Virginie Ravigné, Nguyen M. Chau, Fabien Guérin, Lionel Gagnevin, Olivier Pruvost, and Christian Vernière
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Canker, Genetics, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, Population, Population biology, 15. Life on land, Biology, medicine.disease, Microbiology, Xanthomonas citri, Genetic marker, Genetic structure, Botany, medicine, education, Genotyping, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Investigating the population biology of plant pathogens in their native areas is essential to understand the factors that shape their population structure and favour their spread. Monomorphic pathogens dispatch extremely low genetic diversity in invaded areas, and native areas constitute a major reservoir for future emerging strains. One of these, the gammaproteobacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, causes Asiatic canker and is a considerable threat to citrus worldwide. We studied its population genetic structure by genotyping 555 strains from 12 Vietnam provinces at 14 tandem repeat loci and insertion sequences. Discriminant analysis of principal components identified six clusters. Five of them were composed of endemic strains distributed heterogeneously across sampled provinces. A sixth cluster, VN6, displayed a much lower diversity and a clonal expansion structure, suggesting recent epidemic spread. No differences in aggressiveness on citrus or resistance to bactericides were detected between VN6 and other strains. VN6 likely represents a case of bioinvasion following introduction in a native area likely through contaminated plant propagative material. Highly polymorphic markers are useful for revealing migration patterns of recently introduced populations of a monomorphic bacterial plant pathogen. (Resume d'auteur)
Published: 2014
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30. Metapopulation Dynamics of Species with Cryptic Life Stages

Author: Patrice David, Thomas Lamy, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Olivier Gimenez, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: Life Cycle Stages, Extinction, Occupancy, Resistance (ecology), biology, Ecology, Rain, Population Dynamics, Snails, Metapopulation, Extinction, Biological, biology.organism_classification, Models, Biological, Freshwater snail, Estivation, Persistence (computer science), Aestivation, Animals, Colonization, Ponds, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Quantifying metapopulation dynamics is a challenging task. Difficulties particularly arise in species that possess unobservable resistance forms that bias the estimation of colonization and persistence rates. Here, we develop a general multistate occupancy model that allows estimation of species persistence for both normal and resistant forms, even when the latter are not detectable. We apply this model to an 11-year data set on the tropical freshwater snail Drepanotrema depressissimum in a network of 229 ponds. These ponds frequently dry out, and the snails can persist by aestivating in the ground, where they are not detected. Our model adequately captures this feature because it infers a high persistence rate for the resistant form, while models ignoring aestivation tend to overestimate extinction and colonization. In addition, we find that, surprisingly, colonization and persistence are even higher in sites prone to desiccation and during years with low rainfall than in more humid sites and years, suggesting that D. depressissimum favors unstable sites where competitors are rare and where it can rely on aestivation to persist. Our model has the potential to provide valuable insights into the metapopulation dynamics of many species that otherwise could hardly be studied because of the existence of undetectable life forms.
Published: 2013
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31. Experimental Evidence for the Negative Effects of Self-Fertilization on the Adaptive Potential of Populations

Author: Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Adeline Segard, Alicia Mackenzie, Sylvain Glémin, Elsa Noël, Violette Sarda, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genetics, Experimental evolution, Inbreeding Depression, Snails, Selfing, Outcrossing, [SDV.BDLR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology, Self-Fertilization, Biology, Biological Evolution, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Population, 030104 developmental biology, Effective selfing model, Mutation, Inbreeding depression, Animals, Selection, Genetic, Adaptation, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Inbreeding, Selection (genetic algorithm)
Abstract: International audience; Self-fertilization is widely believed to be an ''evolu-tionary dead end'' [1, 2], increasing the risk of extinction [3] and the accumulation of deleterious mutations in genomes [4]. Strikingly, while the failure to adapt has always been central to the dead-end hypothesis [1, 2], there are no quantitative genetic selection experiments comparing the response to positive selection in selfing versus outcrossing populations. Here we studied the response to selection on a morphological trait in laboratory populations of a hermaphroditic, self-fertile snail under either selfing or outcrossing. We applied both treatments to two types of populations: some having undergone frequent selfing and purged a substantial fraction of their mutation load in their recent history [5], and others continuously maintained under outcrossing. Populations with a history of outcrossing respond faster to selection than those that have experienced selfing. In addition, when self-fertilization occurs during selection, the response is initially fast but then rapidly slows, while out-crossing populations maintain their response throughout the experiment. This occurs irrespective of past selfing history, suggesting that high levels of inbreeding depression, contrary to expectation [6], do not set strong limits to the response to selection under inbreeding, at least at the timescale of a few generations. More surprisingly, pheno-typic variance is consistently higher under selfing, although it quickly becomes less responsive to selection. This implies an increase in non-heritable variance, hence a breakdown of developmental canalization [7] under selfing. Our findings provide the first empirical support of the short-term positive and long-term negative effects of selfing on adaptive potential.
Published: 2017
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32. Contrasting the distribution of phenotypic and molecular variation in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni

Author: Jürg Utzinger, Y-N T Tian-Bi, Eliézer K. N’Goran, Philippe Jarne, and J-N K Konan
Subjects: Multifactorial Inheritance, Population, Zoology, Fresh Water, Self-Fertilization, Freshwater snail, Host-Parasite Interactions, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Body Size, Mortality, Selection, Genetic, Stabilizing selection, education, Ecosystem, Genetics (clinical), Isolation by distance, education.field_of_study, Biomphalaria, biology, Ecology, Age Factors, Intermediate host, Genetic Variation, Schistosoma mansoni, Heritability, biology.organism_classification, Fecundity, Cote d'Ivoire, Fertility, Genetics, Population, Phenotype, Original Article, Female, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Population differentiation was investigated by confronting phenotypic and molecular variation in the highly selfing freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. We sampled seven natural populations separated by a few kilometers, and characterized by different habitat regimes (permanent/temporary) and openness (open/closed). A genetic analysis based on five microsatellite markers confirms that B. pfeifferi is a selfer (s≈0.9) and exhibits limited variation within populations. Most pairwise FST were significant indicating marked population structure, though no isolation by distance was detected. Families from the seven populations were monitored under laboratory conditions over two generations (G1 and G2), allowing to record several life-history traits, including growth, fecundity and survival, over 25 weeks. Marked differences were detected among populations for traits expressed early in the life cycle (up to sexual maturity). Age and size at first reproduction had high heritability values, but such a trend was not found for early reproductive traits. In most populations, G1 snails matured later and at a larger size than G2 individuals. Individuals from permanent habitats matured at a smaller size and were more fecund than those from temporary habitats. The mean phenotypic differentiation over all populations (QST) was lower than the mean genetic differentiation (FST), suggesting stabilizing selection. However, no difference was detected between QST and FST for both habitat regime and habitat openness.
Published: 2013
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33. Similar slow down in running speed progression in species under human pressure

Author: Jean-François Toussaint, Karine Schaal, Anne Charmantier, Geoffroy Berthelot, Philippe Jarne, François-Denis Desgorces, and Muriel Tafflet
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, education.field_of_study, Population, 030229 sport sciences, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal model, Physical performance, Human pressure, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Demography, Balance (ability)
Abstract: Running speed in animals depends on both genetic and environmental conditions. Maximal speeds were here analysed in horses, dogs and humans using data sets on the 10 best performers covering more than a century of races. This includes a variety of distances in humans (200–1500 m). Speed has been progressing fast in the three species, and this has been followed by a plateau. Based on a Gompertz model, the current best performances reach 97.4% of maximal velocity in greyhounds to 100.3 in humans. Further analysis based on a subset of individuals and using an ‘animal model’ shows that running speed is heritable in horses (h2 = 0.438, P = 0.01) and almost so in dogs (h2 = 0.183, P = 0.08), suggesting the involvement of genetic factors. Speed progression in humans is more likely due to an enlarged population of runners, associated with improved training practices. The analysis of a data subset (40 last years in 800 and 1500 m) further showed that East Africans have strikingly improved their speed, now reaching the upper part of the human distribution, whereas that of Nordic runners stagnated in the 800 m and even declined in the 1500 m. Although speed progression in dogs and horses on one side and humans on the other has not been affected by the same genetic/environmental balance of forces, it is likely that further progress will be extremely limited.
Published: 2012
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34. Testing metapopulation dynamics using genetic, demographic and ecological data

Author: Jean-Pierre Pointier, Patrick David, Thomas Lamy, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, Extinction, Ecology, Population, Population genetics, Metapopulation, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Evolutionary biology, Genetic structure, Genetics, Evolutionary ecology, education, Temporal scales, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: The metapopulation concept is a cornerstone in the recent history of ecology and evolution. However, determining whether a natural system fits a metapopulation model is a complex issue. Extinction-colonization dynamics are indeed often difficult to quantify because species detectability is not always 100%, resulting in an imperfect record of extinctions. Here, we explore whether combining population genetics with demographic and ecological surveys can yield more realistic estimates of metapopulation dynamics. We apply this approach to the freshwater snail Drepanotrema depressissimum in a fragmented landscape of tropical ponds. In addition to studying correlations between genetic diversity and demographical or ecological characteristics, we undertake, for the first time, a detailed search for genetic signatures of extinction-recolonization events using temporal changes in allele frequencies within sites. Surprisingly, genetic data indicate that extinction is much rarer than suggested by demographic surveys. Consequently, this system is better described as a set of populations with different sizes and immigration rates than as a true metapopulation. We identify several cases of apparent extinction owing to nondetection of low-density populations, and of aestivating individuals in desiccated ponds. More generally, we observed a frequent mismatch between genetic and demographical/ecological information at small spatial and temporal scales. We discuss the causes of these discrepancies and show how these two types of data provide complementary information on population dynamics and history, especially when temporal genetic samples are available.
Published: 2012
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35. SEXUAL SELECTION WITHOUT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: BATEMAN GRADIENTS IN A SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITE

Author: Benjamin Pélissié, Patrice David, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: Sexual dimorphism, Hermaphrodite, Anisogamy, Reproductive success, Sexual selection, Antagonistic Coevolution, Genetics, Zoology, Mating, Biology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Selection (genetic algorithm)
Abstract: One of the most general patterns in sexual selection is stronger selection on mating activity in males than in females. This asymmetry is thought to result from the higher energetic cost of producing one female compared to one male gamete (anisogamy). However, most studies focused on gonochoric species with strong sexual dimorphism, in which males and females are necessarily under different selection regimes. The question remains whether anisogamy alone would suffice to produce such differences. In simultaneous hermaphrodites one can compare sexual selection on the male and female functions in the absence of sexual dimorphism. Here we quantify sexual selection in the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta under laboratory conditions. We combine exhaustive behavioral records of mating activity in mating groups and molecular paternity assignment to measure the mating success and reproductive success of 120 individuals. Our results validate the prediction of stronger selection to gain mating partners in the male than in the female function. Moreover, we did not detect cross-sex effects on fitness, or correlations between male and female production of offspring over the course of our experiment. We conclude that with respect to sexual selection P. acuta is comparable to gonochorists, confirming that anisogamy is a sufficient explanation for the differences in sexual selection regimes between sexes.
Published: 2011
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36. Constraints on food chain length arising from regional metacommunity dynamics

Author: Vincent Calcagno, Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Nicolas Mouquet, François Massol, Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Hydrobiologie (UR HYAX), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), French Ministry of Agriculture, French Ministry of Research, CNRS, ANR-BACH-09-JCJC-0110-01, European Project: 236712,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-IOF-2008,DEFTER-PLANKTON(2009), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Metacommunity, Food Chain, Population Dynamics, habitat selection, Biology, Extinction, Biological, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Predation, Food chain, Animals, Research Articles, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science, Trophic level, Extinction, General Immunology and Microbiology, extinction, Ecology, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, colonization, 010601 ecology, Habitat, bottom-up control, Patch dynamics, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, top-down control, Vital rates, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, patch dynamic
Abstract: International audience; Classical ecological theory has proposed several determinants of food chain length, but the role of metacommunity dynamics has not yet been fully considered. By modelling patchy predator-prey metacommunities with extinction-colonization dynamics, we identify two distinct constraints on food chain length. First, finite colonization rates limit predator occupancy to a subset of prey-occupied sites. Second, intrinsic extinction rates accumulate along trophic chains. We show how both processes concur to decrease maximal and average food chain length in metacommunities. This decrease is mitigated if predators track their prey during colonization (habitat selection) and can be reinforced by topdown control of prey vital rates (especially extinction). Moreover, top-down control of colonization and habitat selection can interact to produce a counterintuitive positive relationship between perturbation rate and food chain length. Our results show how novel limits to food chain length emerge in spatially structured communities. We discuss the connections between these constraints and the ones commonly discussed, and suggest ways to test for metacommunity effects in food webs
Published: 2011
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37. Patterns of mating-system evolution in hermaphroditic animals: correlations among selfing rate, inbreeding depression, and the timing of reproduction

Author: Juan M. Alonso, Marie-Agnès Coutellec, Philippe Jarne, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Yves K. Bony, Juan S. Escobar, Patrice David, Josh R. Auld, Joris M. Koene, Ana Cecilia Correa, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia], Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), CNRS ANR JCJC-002, National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent), NSF EF-0905606, E04D045840CO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Universidad de Antioquia, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE CRIOBE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Animal Ecology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Snails, TRAIT D'HISTOIRE DE VIE, Context (language use), Self-Fertilization, Biology, PLASTICITÉ, PLANTE, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, MOLLUSKS, Life history theory, Sexual Behavior, Animal, 03 medical and health sciences, REPRODUCTIVE ASSURANCE, Effective selfing model, Genetics, Inbreeding depression, Animals, Hermaphroditic Organisms, Inbreeding, PLANTS, Selection, Genetic, NORME DE RÉACTION, PLASTICITY, MOLLUSQUE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Natural selection, Reproduction, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Genetic Variation, Selfing, Mating system, Biological Evolution, TEMPS D'ATTENTE, REACTION NORM, Evolutionary biology, ASSURANCE REPRODUCTIVE, LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, WAITING TIME
Abstract: In hermaphrodites, traits that influence the selfing rate can coevolve with inbreeding depression, leading to the emergence of evolutionary syndromes. Theory predicts a negative correlation between inbreeding depression and selfing rate across species. This prediction has only been examined and validated in vascular plants. Furthermore, selfing rates are often influenced by environmental conditions (e.g., lack of mates or pollinators), and species are predicted to evolve mechanisms to buffer this variation. We extend previous studies of mating-system syndromes in two ways. First, we assembled a new dataset on Basommatophoran snails (17 species, including new data on 12 species). Second, we measured how species responded to variation in mate availability. Specifically, we quantified the waiting time before selfing (i.e., how long the onset of reproduction is delayed in the absence of mates). Selfing rates were negatively correlated with both inbreeding depression and the waiting time. Species with stronger inbreeding depression exhibited longer waiting times. These patterns obtained on Basommatophorans still hold when including eight other hermaphroditic animals. Our results support the hypothesis that selection drives the evolution of mating-system syndromes in animals. The reaction norm of selfing rates to mate availability is a key target of natural selection in this context. © 2011 The Author(s). Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
Published: 2011
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38. ASYMMETRIC PATCH SIZE DISTRIBUTION LEADS TO DISRUPTIVE SELECTION ON DISPERSAL

Author: Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Anne Duputié, and François Massol
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Disruptive selection, Ecology, Biodiversity, Inclusive fitness, Kin selection, 15. Life on land, Biology, Diversification (marketing strategy), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Spatial heterogeneity, Evolutionarily stable strategy, 010601 ecology, Genetics, Biological dispersal, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Numerous models have been designed to understand how dispersal ability evolves when organisms live in a fragmented landscape. Most of them predict a single dispersal rate at evolutionary equilibrium, and when diversification of dispersal rates has been predicted, it occurs as a response to perturbation or environmental fluctuation regimes. Yet abundant variation in dispersal ability is observed in natural populations and communities, even in relatively stable environments. We show that this diversification can operate in a simple island model without temporal variability: disruptive selection on dispersal occurs when the environment consists of many small and few large patches, a common feature in natural spatial systems. This heterogeneity in patch size results in a high variability in the number of related patch mates by individual, which, in turn, triggers disruptive selection through a high per capita variance of inclusive fitness. Our study provides a likely, parsimonious and testable explanation for the diversity of dispersal rates encountered in nature. It also suggests that biological conservation policies aiming at preserving ecological communities should strive to keep the distribution of patch size sufficiently asymmetric and variable.
Published: 2010
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39. Does competition for nests affect genetic monogamy in Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea?

Author: Ricardo S. Santos, Joël Bried, Philippe Jarne, Pierre Jouventin, and Marie-Pierre Dubois
Subjects: Calonectris diomedea, biology, Ecology, Petrel, Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Shearwater, Procellariiformes, Nest, Mate choice, Seasonal breeder, Inbreeding avoidance, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Most bird species are socially monogamous. However, extra-pair copulations (EPCs), resulting in extra-pair paternity (EPP), commonly occur. EPCs should allow females to adjust social mate choice and allow males that fail to obtain a nest a chance to avoid missing a breeding season, especially when poor nest supply constrains social mate choice. Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) are socially monogamous seabirds which seldom divorce, even when nest availability constrains social mate choice. In Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea, a burrow-nesting petrel, two studies conducted in the Mediterranean, where competition for nests is weak, detected no EPP. EPP remains to be investigated at localities where competition for nests is much stronger, such as Vila islet, Azores archipelago, Atlantic Ocean. We conducted a genetic (microsatellites) study over two successive years on Vila, involving the breeding pairs of the same 65 nests each year and their single chick. EPPs occurred each year, the overall rate being 11.6%. Coupling genetic analyses to a 7-year demographic survey provided additional data on pair bonds and competition for nests. Overall, cuckoldry was unrelated to divorce, nest density and inbreeding avoidance, but was more frequent when the social male was small. Nest changes were more costly for males than for females, and some apparently unpaired males attempted to dislodge social males during within-pair copulations. These results are compatible with the existence of a link between poor nest availability and EPP and confirm that even species considered strongly monogamous can adopt flexible mating strategies.
Published: 2010
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40. Characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in the pulmonate snailPseudosuccinea columella(Mollusca, Gastropoda)

Author: Marie-Pierre Dubois, Antoine Nicot, C. Debain, Patrice David, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: Columella, biology, Pseudosuccinea columella, Ecology, Zoology, Selfing, Locus (genetics), Snail, biology.organism_classification, Freshwater snail, biology.animal, Gastropoda, Genetics, Microsatellite, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Biotechnology
Abstract: We characterized 15 new variable microsatellites in the freshwater snail Pseudosuccinea (Lymnaea) columella, as well as conditions for multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping sets of loci. Two to six alleles were detected per locus over the six populations studied. Gene diversity ranged from 0.000 to 0.498, but essentially no heterozygous individuals were observed. This resulted in extremely high F(IS) estimates, and therefore high selfing rates. The F(ST) estimates ranged from 0.18 to 1 among populations, but was generally high. These markers will constitute efficient tools for investigating the population structure of this invasive species. Cross-species amplification was on the whole unsuccessful.
Published: 2008
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41. The influence of mating system, demography, parasites and colonization on the population structure of Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Madagascar

Author: R. Rasatavonjizay, Philippe Brémond, C. Debain, Bernard Angers, Philippe Jarne, and Nathalie Charbonnel
Subjects: biology, Ecology, Range (biology), Selfing, Metapopulation, biology.organism_classification, Mating system, Gene flow, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Evolutionary biology, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Colonization, Genetic variability, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Current evolutionary forces and historical processes interact to shape the distribution of neutral genetic variability within and among populations. Focusing on the genetics of recently introduced organisms offers a good opportunity to understand the relative importance of these factors. This study concerns variation at 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 30 populations of Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The sampling area spans most of the species’ range in Madagascar where it was probably introduced recently. Extremely low variation was found within all populations studied, which may partly result from high selfing rates. However, this cannot account for the variance of variation across populations, which is better explained by habitat openness (that reflects environmental stochasticity), the prevalence of the parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni and historical demography (colonization and subsequent bottlenecks). Large global differentiation was also observed, suggesting that current gene flow among populations is limited to small distances, within watersheds and to few individuals. Our data set also allowed us to test several hypotheses regarding colonization, based on bottleneck and admixture tests. The observed pattern requires at least two independent introductions from slightly differentiated genetic sources in the western part of Madagascar. Another introduction, from a very different genetic origin, should also be postulated to explain the genetic composition of eastern populations. That this introduction occurred recently suggests that the colonization of Madagascar by B. pfeifferi is an ongoing process.
Published: 2008
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42. Quantifying inbreeding in natural populations of hermaphroditic organisms

Author: Patrick David and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: Genetics, Hermaphroditic Organisms, Robustness (evolution), Selfing, Plants, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Biology, Mating system, Genetic Techniques, Sample size determination, Effective selfing model, Evolutionary biology, Inbreeding depression, Animals, Inbreeding, Genetics (clinical)
Abstract: We review molecular methods for estimating selfing rates and inbreeding in populations. Two main approaches are available: the population structure approach (PSA) and progeny-array approach (PAA). The PSA approach relies on single-generation samples and produces estimates that integrate the inbreeding history over several generations, but is based on strong assumptions (for example, inbreeding equilibrium). The PSA has classically relied on single-locus inbreeding coefficients averaged over loci. Unfortunately PSA estimates are very sensitive to technical problems such as the occurrence of null alleles at one or more of the loci. Consequently inbreeding might be substantially overestimated, especially in outbred populations. However, the robustness of the PSA has recently been greatly improved by the development of multilocus methods free of such bias. The PAA, on the other hand, is based on the comparison between offspring and mother genotypes. As a consequence, PAA estimates do not reflect long-term inbreeding history but only recent mating events of the maternal individuals studied ('here and now' selfing). In addition to selfing rates, the PAA allows estimating other mating system parameters, including biparental inbreeding and the correlation of selfing among sibs. Although PAA estimates could also be biased by technical problems, incompatibilities between the mother's genotype and her offspring allow the identification and correction of such bias. For all methods, we provide guidelines on the required number of loci and sample sizes. We conclude that the PSA and PAA are equally robust, provided multilocus information is used. Although experimental constraints may make the PAA more demanding, especially in animals, the two methods provide complementary information, and can fruitfully be conducted together.
Published: 2008
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43. The evolution of the competition– dispersal trade-off affects alpha-and beta-diversity in a heterogeneous metacommunity

Author: Fabien Laroche, François Massol, Thomas Perrot, Philippe Jarne, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), AgroParisTech, AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), groParistech, Agropolis foundation, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, IRSTEA, Universite de Montpellier, CNRS, French ANR [12-ADAP-005, 14-CE02-0012], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Department of Ecology, Uppsala, Uppsala University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Metacommunity, Conservation of Natural Resources, T STATISTICS, Genetic Speciation, Biology, Trade-off, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, β diversity, Models, Biological, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Evolutionarily stable strategy, 03 medical and health sciences, Carrying capacity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecosystem, Research Articles, General Environmental Science, Polymorphism, Genetic, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], General Immunology and Microbiology, Ecology, Genetic Drift, Species diversity, General Medicine, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Biological Evolution, NULL MODELS, EVOLUTIONNARY BRANCHING, 030104 developmental biology, NEUTRAL THEORY, COALESCENCE, Biological dispersal, Genetic Fitness, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Abstract: [Notes_IRSTEA]Article référencé sous : Article number 20160548 [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Difference in dispersal ability is a key driver of species coexistence in metacommunities. However, the available frameworks for interpreting species diversity patterns in natura often overlook trade-offs and evolutionary constraints associated with dispersal. Here,we build a metacommunity model accounting for dispersal evolution and a competition-dispersal trade-off. Depending on the distribution of carrying capacities among communities, species dispersal values are distributed either around a single strategy (evolutionarily stable strategy, ESS), or around distinct strategies (evolutionary branching, EB). We show that limited dispersal generates spatial aggregation of dispersal traits in ESS and EB scenarios, and that the competition-dispersal trade-off strengthens the pattern in the EB scenario. Importantly, individuals in larger (respectively (resp.) smaller) communities tend to harbour lower (resp. higher) dispersal, especially under the EB scenario.We explore how dispersal evolution affects species diversity patterns by comparing those from our model to the predictions of a neutral metacommunity model. The most marked difference is detected under EB, with distinctive values of both alpha and beta diversity (e.g. the dissimilarity in species composition between small and large communities was significantly larger than neutral predictions). We conclude that, from an empirical perspective, jointly assessing community carrying capacity with species dispersal strategies should improve our understanding of diversity patterns in metacommunities.
Published: 2016
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44. Sex and Recombination in Snails

Author: Philippe Jarne and Josh R. Auld
Subjects: Imposex, biology, Ecology, Range (biology), Sexual selection, Gastropoda, biology.organism_classification, Mollusca, Freshwater ecosystem, Gonochorism, Asexuality
Abstract: Snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are a diverse class of mollusks inhabiting marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems. Although the most common reproductive system is gonochorism, an astounding diversity of other systems have repeatedly evolved, including apomictic parthenogenesis, protandrous hermaphroditism, and simultaneous hermaphroditism. Some snails have evolved specific mechanisms of sex determination (e.g., sex chromosomes), while others show that environmental contaminants can induce changes in reproductive anatomy (e.g., imposex). Despite the diversity of reproductive systems and strategies that has been observed, and the fact that Gastropods serve as model systems for addressing a wide range of questions, a great deal remains to be discovered.
Published: 2016
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45. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite

Author: Elsa, Noël, Yohann, Chemtob, Tim, Janicke, Violette, Sarda, Benjamin, Pélissié, Philippe, Jarne, and Patrice, David
Subjects: Male, Snails, Animals, Female, Hermaphroditic Organisms, Self-Fertilization, Biological Evolution
Abstract: Basic models of mating-system evolution predict that hermaphroditic organisms should mostly either cross-fertilize, or self-fertilize, due to self-reinforcing coevolution of inbreeding depression and outcrossing rates. However transitions between mating systems occur. A plausible scenario for such transitions assumes that a decrease in pollinator or mate availability temporarily constrains outcrossing populations to self-fertilize as a reproductive assurance strategy. This should trigger a purge of inbreeding depression, which in turn encourages individuals to self-fertilize more often and finally to reduce male allocation. We tested the predictions of this scenario using the freshwater snail Physa acuta, a self-compatible hermaphrodite that preferentially outcrosses and exhibits high inbreeding depression in natural populations. From an outbred population, we built two types of experimental evolution lines, controls (outcrossing every generation) and constrained lines (in which mates were often unavailable, forcing individuals to self-fertilize). After ca. 20 generations, individuals from constrained lines initiated self-fertilization earlier in life and had purged most of their inbreeding depression compared to controls. However, their male allocation remained unchanged. Our study suggests that the mating system can rapidly evolve as a response to reduced mating opportunities, supporting the reproductive assurance scenario of transitions from outcrossing to selfing.
Published: 2015

46. Self-fertilization, long-distance flash invasion and biogeography shape the population structure of Pseudosuccinea columella at the worldwide scale

Author: Carolina González-Ramírez, Juan S. Escobar, Rolando Ayaqui, Jean-Pierre Pointier, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, A. Dia, Lucila Prepelitchi, Antoine Nicot, C. Wisnivesky‐Colli, Marie-Pierre Dubois, Ana C. Correa, Antonio A. Vázquez, Oscar Noya, Patrice David, Manon Lounnas, A. Gutiérrez, T. Gimenez, Nelson Uribe, Philippe Jarne, M. Yong, J. A. Arenas, Eric S. Loker, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Génétique et évolution des populations végétales (GEPV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Vidarium Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Microbiologia y Patologia, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Malacologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri, Laboratorio de Investigaciones Parasitológicas 'Dr. Jesús Moreno Rangel', Universidad de los Andes [Bogota], Seccion de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical-Escuela de Medicina 'Luiz Razetti'-UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Escuela de Bacteriologia y Laboratorio Clinico, Facultad de Salud, Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos [Buenos Aires], Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución [Buenos Aires] (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales [Buenos Aires] (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Department of Biology [New Mexico], The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), and Instituto de Medicina Tropical-Escuela de Medicina 'Luiz Razetti'-Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Genotype, Pseudosuccinea columella, Biogeography, Population, Snails, Zoology, Population genetics, Self-Fertilization, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Genetic variability, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Selfing, South America, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, Genes, Mitochondrial, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, North America, Introduced Species, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: Population genetic studies are efficient for inferring the invasion history based on a comparison of native and invasive populations, especially when conducted at species scale. An expected outcome in invasive populations is variability loss, and this is especially true in self-fertilizing species. We here focus on the self-fertilizing Pseudosuccinea columella, an invasive hermaphroditic freshwater snail that has greatly expanded its geographic distribution and that acts as intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of human and veterinary fasciolosis. We evaluated the distribution of genetic diversity at the largest geographic scale analysed to date in this species by surveying 80 populations collected during 16 years from 14 countries, using eight nuclear microsatellites and two mitochondrial genes. As expected, populations from North America, the putative origin area, were strongly structured by selfing and history and harboured much more genetic variability than invasive populations. We found high selfing rates (when it was possible to infer it), none-to-low genetic variability and strong population structure in most invasive populations. Strikingly, we found a unique genotype/haplotype in populations from eight invaded regions sampled allover the world. Moreover, snail populations resistant to infection by the parasite are genetically distinct from susceptible populations. Our results are compatible with repeated introductions in South America and ﬂash worldwide invasion by this unique genotype/haplotype. Our study illustrates the population genetic consequences of bio- logical invasion in a highly selﬁng species at very large geographic scale. We discuss how such a large-scale ﬂash invasion may affect the spread of fasciolosis
Published: 2015
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47. Molecular evolution of freshwater snails with contrasting mating systems

Author: Nicolas Galtier, Marion Ballenghien, Philippe Gayral, Patrice David, Aurélien Bernard, Juan S. Escobar, Sylvain Glémin, Ana C. Correa, Philippe Jarne, Concetta Burgarella, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte UMR7261 (IRBI), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Vidarium Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inst Sci Evolut, Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (Ecosym), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Snails, Mating systems, Population genetics, Self-Fertilization, Biology, Evolution, Molecular, Effective population size, Molecular evolution, Freshwater snails, Genetics, Animals, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Selection, Genetic, education, Codon, Molecular Biology, Selection, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, Base composition, education.field_of_study, Natural selection, Polymorphism, Genetic, Reproduction, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Genetic Drift, Selfing, Genetic Variation, Mating system, Genetic load, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Evolutionary biology, Female
Abstract: National audience; Because mating systems affect population genetics and ecology, they are expected to impact the molecular evolution of species. Self-fertilizing species experience reduced effective population size, recombination rates, and heterozygosity, which in turn should decrease the efficacy of natural selection, both adaptive and purifying, and the strength of meiotic drive processes such as GC-biased gene conversion. The empirical evidence is only partly congruent with these predictions, depending on the analyzed species, some, but not all, of the expected effects have been observed. One possible reason is that self-fertilization is an evolutionary dead-end, so that most current selfers recently evolved self-fertilization, and their genome has not yet been strongly impacted by selfing. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of two groups of freshwater snails in which mating systems have likely been stable for several millions of years. Analyzing coding sequence polymorphism, divergence, and expression levels, we report a strongly reduced genetic diversity, decreased efficacy of purifying selection, slower rate of adaptive evolution, and weakened codon usage bias/GC-biased gene conversion in the selfer Galba compared with the outcrosser Physa, in full agreement with theoretical expectations. Our results demonstrate that self-fertilization, when effective in the long run, is a major driver of population genomic and molecular evolutionary processes. Despite the genomic effects of selfing, Galba truncatula seems to escape the demographic consequences of the genetic load. We suggest that the particular ecology of the species may buffer the negative consequences of selfing, shedding new light on the dead-end hypothesis.
Published: 2015
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48. Extra-pair paternity in the strongly monogamous Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans has no apparent benefits for females

Author: Pierre Jouventin, Anne Charmantier, Joël Bried, Marie-Pierre Dubois, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: biology, Reproductive success, Ecology, Zoology, Albatross, biology.organism_classification, Mating system, Procellariiformes, Wandering albatross, Inbreeding avoidance, Animal Science and Zoology, Extra-pair copulation, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sex ratio
Abstract: Although 92% of avian species are socially monogamous, extra-pair copulation (EPC), resulting in extra-pair paternity (EPP), is a common reproductive strategy in birds. Among seabirds, in which the rate of social monogamy reaches 100%, Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) show low EPP rates, with the noticeable exception of the only albatross investigated in this regard, the Waved Albatross Phoebastria irrorata . This species, in which forced copulations are known to occur, showed a surprisingly high rate of EPP (25% of chicks). We investigate here EPP rates in another albatross species, the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans , subject to a demographic survey conducted for 38 years. We combined data on pair bonds with analysis of ten microsatellite loci and found that 10.7% of 75 chicks had an extra-pair sire. Although there was some evidence for inbreeding avoidance, within-pair and extra-pair chicks showed similar levels of heterozygosity, and the incidence of EPP was independent of age, experience or past reproductive success. Hence, we found no evidence that females benefit from EPCs. Owing to the male-biased sex ratio in adults, widowed and divorced males required more time to find a new mate (+28 and +72%, respectively) than did females. Combined with high sexual size dimorphism, this phenomenon might promote the forced copulations observed in this species. Our data therefore suggest that EPC is beneficial to unpaired males but occurs at random in females, consistent with the hypothesis that EPP results solely from forced EPCs. However, the importance of the latter for EPP and the part played by solitary males require further investigation.
Published: 2006
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49. A general eco-evolutionary framework for understanding bioinvasions

Author: Benjamin J. Genton, Arnaud Estoup, Benoit Facon, Patrice David, Philippe Jarne, Jacqui A. Shykoff, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Eco evolutionary, Climate, Ecology (disciplines), Introduced species, DEMOGRAPHIE, Time sequence, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, BIOINVASION, Animals, Ecosystem, Demographic factor, ESPECE ENVAHISSANTE, Alien species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, BIOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS, Ecology, Biological evolution, 15. Life on land, Animal Migration
Abstract: Correspondance: Benoit.Facon@unil.ch; International audience; Studies of bioinvasions have revealed various strategies of invasion, depending on the ecosystem invaded and the alien species concerned. Here, we consider how migration (as a demographic factor), as well as ecological and evolutionary changes, affect invasion success. We propose three main theoretical scenarios that depend on how these factors generate the match between an invader and its new environment. Our framework highlights the features that are common to, or differ among, observed invasion cases, and clarifies some general trends that have been previously highlighted in bioinvasions. We also suggest some new directions of research, such as the assessment of the time sequence of demographic, genetic and environmental changes, using detailed temporal surveys
Published: 2006
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50. Is delayed selfing adjusted to chemical cues of density in the freshwater snailPhysa acuta?

Author: Ludovic Vimond, Thomas Lenormand, Pierre-Yves Henry, and Philippe Jarne
Subjects: biology, Ecology, Seasonal breeder, Inbreeding depression, Selfing, Outcrossing, Physa, biology.organism_classification, Fecundity, Population density, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sexual reproduction
Abstract: Delayed selfing allows self-fertile organisms to reproduce even in the absence of mate, and is thought to have evolved as a reproductive assurance strategy. In animal species with strong inbreeding depression, the time during which selfing should be postponed in the absence of mates (referred to as the waiting time) is predicted to have evolved as a function of inbreeding depression, resource reallocation and survival. Under the same theoretical perspective, variation in population density should trigger the evolution of a plastic adjustment of the waiting time. A condition is that individuals should be able to perceive environmental cues (e.g. chemicals) of the density of potential mates. These predictions were tested here using the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta, based on two experiments in which rearing water was conditioned such as to manipulate the probability of mate encounter through chemical signals emitted by snails. First, a choice trial experiment showed that the exploration behaviour of individuals is sensible to chemical signals. The second experiment aimed at documenting fitness components (age at first reproduction, growth before and after reproduction, and fecundity over a three-week period) under five treatments (20 individuals per treatment) with different water-conditioning and access to mate. As predicted theoretically, this experiment detected the occurrence of a waiting time (11 days) and resource reallocation to growth when comparing individuals from pure water (no chemicals) and outcrossing individuals. However, the waiting time and resource reallocation to future fecundity did not increase with increasing chemical cues of conspecifics density. There is therefore no evidence that delayed selfing is plastic and adjusted according to mate encounter probability.
Published: 2006
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