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In their groundbreaking Hegemony and socialist strategy (1985), Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe develop a new account of radical politics in which the subjective construction of hegemony establishes political conditions, not the objective historical stages and class contexts of traditional Hegelian Marxism. On this basis, they forcefully justify the ‘identity politics’ of contemporary women’s, African-American, gay, and working class groups and organisations and oppose both the hegemony of the new right and the ‘classism’ and revolutionary orientation of the radical left. In their later work, they elaborate their accounts of hegemony and move in new directions. In On populist reason (2005) and The rhetorical foundations of society (2014), Laclau draws on poststructuralist discourse or rhetoric as well as notions of populism or the masses to show that hegemony involves what he terms antagonism, frontiers or we/they oppositions, equivalential logics, and other elements. By contrast, in On the political (2005) and Agonistics: thinking the world politically (with Wagner, 2013), Mouffe elaborates the notion of the fissured subject which, as she and Laclau argued in Hegemony, was constituted by the antagonisms of diverse social movements or the dislocation of social structures; however, her new accounts of the antagonisms or, as she says, ‘agonisms’ dividing the political field forcefully oppose universal norms of rationality or democracy in order to establish a genuine pluralism on a national and a global scale.

Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionally affect individuals living in underserved areas and Emergency Departments (ED) can play a major role in STI screening. Given the overlapping risk factors for STIs, patients screened for gonorrhea and chlamydia should also be screened for syphilis and HIV. Rates of syphilis/HIV screening in the ED are very low and barriers include lack of knowledge about the risk/prevalence, difficulty with results interpretation, and concerns about follow-up. Methods The main study objective was to improve rates of syphilis/HIV screening in a community-based ED in Columbus, OH. A team of clinical providers, case managers, and social workers was formed to address barriers to screening. Using root cause analysis and data feedback, a multistep intervention that included provider education along with expert review of syphilis/HIV results was implemented to ensure proper screening, treatment and rapid linkage to care. Syphilis/HIV screening rates in the ED were compared between two periods: 2012–2017 (pre-intervention) and November 2018–April 2019 (post-intervention). Results Between 2012 and 2017, there were 24,427 ED encounters where any STI test was ordered. There were 23,652 (97%) tests for chlamydia, 23,637 (97%) for gonorrhea, 254 (1%) for syphilis, and 466 (2%) for HIV. Twenty-four (0.1%) encounters had screening that included all four tests. Six months after starting the intervention, there were 1,590 encounters where any STI test was ordered. There were 1,444 (91%) tests for chlamydia, 1,446 (91%) for gonorrhea, 493 (31%) for syphilis and 591 (37%) for HIV. Four hundred thirty-eight (28%) of encounters had screening that included all four tests. Conclusion Collaborative and practical interventions aimed at improving syphilis/HIV testing have resulted in dramatic increases in syphilis, HIV, and comprehensive STI screening (31-, 19-, 280-fold, respectively) over a relatively short post-intervention period. Additional steps are planned with the goal to further increase screening rates and improve linkage to prevention and treatment programs. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

© 2015, The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. Ocean acidification (OA) research seeks to understand how marine ecosystems and global elemental cycles will respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry in combination with other environmental perturbations such as warming, eutrophication, and deoxygenation. Here, we discuss the effectiveness and limitations of current research approaches used to address this goal. A diverse combination of approaches is essential to decipher the consequences of OA to marine organisms, communities, and ecosystems. Consequently, the benefits and limitations of each approach must be considered carefully. Major research challenges involve experimentally addressing the effects of OA in the context of large natural variability in seawater carbonate system parameters and other interactive variables, integrating the results from different research approaches, and scaling results across different temporal and spatial scales.

Background A rapid and accurate meningitis/encephalitis diagnostic test can have a significant clinical impact and improve utilization of antimicrobial agents. The FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel, a multiplex PCR meningitis/encephalitis panel (MEP) (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) requires only 200 μL of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and takes less than 1 hour to simultaneously detect 14 pathogens. The objective of the study was to evaluate the outcome of MEP at our medical center. Methods Retrospective review of 433 patients with an MEP performed from April 2017 to March 2018. Demographics characteristics, signs and symptoms, immune status, laboratory and radiology results and antibiotic use were collected. Results Twenty-nine unique patients with positive CSF samples (Table 1). The mean age was 41 years old with 55% female predominance. The most common presentations were headache (65%) and fever (38%). Patients with H. influenzae and Group B Strepmeningitis had positive blood culture (CX) but negative CSF CX. Both the CSF and the blood CX were negative for the patient with L. monocytogenes. MEP identified six Cryptococcus sp. with concurrent positive CSF CX and Cryptococcus antigen. However, three patients had CSF Cryptococcus CX positive but MEP was negative. Only one of six patients with HHV-6 received treatment. Table 1. Pathogen Identified With FilmArray ME Panel Pathogen Detected # Positive MEP Human herpes virus-6 (HHV6)* 6 Cryptococcus gattii/neoformans* 5 Enterovirus 5 Human simplex virus (HSV)-2 4 Cytomegalovirus 3 Varicella zoster 2 HSV-1 1 Streptococcus agalactiae 1 Haemophilus influenzae 1 Escherichia coli K1 1 Listeria Monocytogenes 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae 0 Human parechovirus 0 Neisseria meningitis 0 *One patient with Cryptococcus and HHV-6 co-infection Conclusion The FilmArray MEP can rapidly diagnose ME infections, help to target therapy and allow for discontinuation of unnecessary empiric agents. Paired cultures are needed for drug susceptibility tests and in patients suspected of Cryptococcusmeningitis due to false negative MEP results. Majority of patients with HHV-6 did not receive treatment and attributed the positive result due to possibly chromosomal integration of HHV6. Multiple Pathogen Detected # of Patients Epstein–Barr Virus + HHV 6 1 Cryptococcus + HHV 6 1 Disclosures R. Hasbun, Biofire: Speaker’s Bureau, Speaker honorarium. Biomeriaux: Consultant, Consulting fee.

This meeting report summarizes the proceedings of the fifth Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) workshop held December 12-14, 2007, at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Cambridge, UK. This fifth workshop served as a milestone event in the evolution of the GSC (launched in September 2005); the key outcome of the workshop was the finalization of a stable version of the MIGS specification (v2.0) for publication. This accomplishment enables, and also in some cases necessitates, downstream activities, which are described in the multiauthor, consensus-driven articles in this special issue of OMICS produced as a direct result of the workshop. This report briefly summarizes the workshop and overviews the special issue. In particular, it aims to explain how the various GSC-led projects are working together to help this community achieve its stated mission of further standardizing the descriptions of genomes and metagenomes and implementing improved mechanisms of data exchange and integration to enable more accurate comparative analyses. Further information about the GSC and its range of activities can be found at http://gensc.org.

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) invited a representative of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) to its fifth workshop to present the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata standard and its relationship to the Minimum Information about a Genome/Metagenome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) and its implementation, the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML). The LTER is one of the top National Science Foundation (NSF) programs in biology since 1980, representing diverse ecosystems and creating long-term, interdisciplinary research, synthesis of information, and theory. The adoption of EML as the LTER network standard has been key to building network synthesis architectures based on high-quality standardized metadata. EML is the NSF-recognized metadata standard for LTER, and EML is a criteria used to review the LTER program progress. At the workshop, a potential crosswalk between the GCDML and EML was explored. Also, collaboration between the LTER and GSC developers was proposed to join efforts toward a common metadata cataloging designer's tool. The community adoption success of a metadata standard depends, among other factors, on the tools and trainings developed to use the standard. LTER's experience in embracing EML may help GSC to achieve similar success. A possible collaboration between LTER and GSC to provide training opportunities for GCDML and the associated tools is being explored. Finally, LTER is investigating EML enhancements to better accommodate genomics data, possibly integrating the GCDML schema into EML. All these action items have been accepted by the LTER contingent, and further collaboration between the GSC and LTER is expected.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement serves as the primary fixation material between bone and the prosthetic component in cemented total hip arthroplasty. In vivo degradation of bone cement may lead to a decrease in mechanical properties of PMMA and result in aseptic loosening. However, other factors such as porosity and location of the cement relative to the bone implant interface may also contribute to mechanical behavior in vivo. This study investigated the mechanical properties of Simplex ® cement retrieved from 43 patients undergoing revision total hip arthroplasty. The time in vivo was between 1 month and 27 years. The variables studied included fracture toughness ( K IC ), porosity, molecular weight, time in vivo of the cement, and relative in vivo location of the cement with respect to the implant and bone. K IC did not correlate with time in vivo of the samples or with molecular weight. This suggests that time in vivo may not be the limiting factor in the mechanical integrity of the bone cement, A significant and inverse relationship was found between porosity and K IC . This implies that porosity is the most important factor in the mechanical behavior of bone cement during in vivo use.

The workshop-hackathon was convened by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) at its secretariat in Copenhagen over 22-24 May 2013 with additional support from several projects (RCN4GSC, EAGER, VertNet, BiSciCol, GGBN, and Micro B3). It assembled a team of experts to address the challenge of adapting the Darwin Core standard for a wide variety of sample data. Topics addressed in the workshop included 1) a review of outstanding issues in the Darwin Core standard, 2) issues relating to publishing of biodiversity data through Darwin Core Archives, 3) use of Darwin Core Archives for publishing sample and monitoring data, 4) the case for modifying the Darwin Core Text Guide specification to support many-to-many relations, and 5) the generalization of the Darwin Core Archive to a “Biodiversity Data Archive”. A wide variety of use cases were assembled and discussed in order to inform further developments.

(1996). Communism and Postmodern Theory: A Revaluation of Althusser's Marxism. Rethinking Marxism: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 79-98.

The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) is the world's most comprehensive online, open-access database of marine species distributions. OBIS grows with millions of new species observations every year. Contributions come from a network of hundreds of institutions, projects and individuals with common goals: to build a scientific knowledge base that is open to the public for scientific discovery and exploration and to detect trends and changes that inform society as essential elements in conservation management and sustainable development. Until now, OBIS has focused solely on the collection of biogeographic data (the presence of marine species in space and time) and operated with optimized data flows, quality control procedures and data standards specifically targeted to these data. Based on requirements from the growing OBIS community to manage datasets that combine biological, physical and chemical measurements, the OBIS-ENV-DATA pilot project was launched to develop a proposed standard and guidelines to make sure these combined datasets can stay together and are not, as is often the case, split and sent to different repositories. The proposal in this paper allows for the management of sampling methodology, animal tracking and telemetry data, biological measurements (e.g., body length, percent live cover, ...) as well as environmental measurements such as nutrient concentrations, sediment characteristics or other abiotic parameters measured during sampling to characterize the environment from which biogeographic data was collected. The recommended practice builds on the Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A) standard and on practices adopted by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). It consists of a DwC Event Core in combination with a DwC Occurrence Extension and a proposed enhancement to the DwC MeasurementOrFact Extension. This new structure enables the linkage of measurements or facts - quantitative and qualitative properties - to both sampling events and species occurrences, and includes additional fields for property standardization. We also embrace the use of the new parentEventID DwC term, which enables the creation of a sampling event hierarchy. We believe that the adoption of this recommended practice as a new data standard for managing and sharing biological and associated environmental datasets by IODE and the wider international scientific community would be key to improving the effectiveness of the knowledge base, and will enhance integration and management of critical data needed to understand ecological and biological processes in the ocean, and on land. Fil: De Pooter, Daphnis. Flanders Marine Institute; Bélgica Fil: Appeltans, Ward. UNESCO-IOC; Bélgica Fil: Bailly, Nicolas. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, MedOBIS; Grecia Fil: Bristol, Sky. United States Geological Survey; Estados Unidos Fil: Deneudt, Klaas. Flanders Marine Institute; Bélgica Fil: Eliezer, Menashè. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; Italia Fil: Fujioka, Ei. University Of Duke. Nicholas School Of Environment. Duke Marine Lab; Estados Unidos Fil: Giorgetti, Alessandra. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; Italia Fil: Goldstein, Philip. University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, OBIS; Estados Unidos Fil: Lewis, Mirtha Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentina Fil: Lipizer, Marina. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; Italia Fil: Mackay, Kevin. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Marin, Maria Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Moncoiffé, Gwenaëlle. British Oceanographic Data Center; Reino Unido Fil: Nikolopoulou, Stamatina. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, MedOBIS; Grecia Fil: Provoost, Pieter. UNESCO-IOC; Bélgica Fil: Rauch, Shannon. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Estados Unidos Fil: Roubicek, Andres. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Australia Fil: Torres, Carlos. Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Sur; México Fil: van de Putte, Anton. Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences; Bélgica Fil: Vandepitte, Leen. Flanders Marine Institute; Bélgica Fil: Vanhoorne, Bart. Flanders Marine Institute; Bélgica Fil: Vinci, Mateo. Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale; Italia Fil: Wambiji, Nina. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute; Kenia Fil: Watts, David. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere; Australia Fil: Klein Salas, Eduardo. Universidad Simon Bolivar; Venezuela Fil: Hernandez, Francisco. Flanders Marine Institute; Bélgica

An important Data Management and Communication (DMAC) goal is to enable a multi-disciplinary view of the ocean environment by facilitating discovery and integration of data from various sources, projects and scientific domains. United States Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S. IOOS) DMAC functional requirements are based upon guidelines for standardized data access services, data formats, metadata, controlled vocabularies, and other conventions. So far, the data integration effort has focused on geophysical U.S. IOOS core variables such as temperature, salinity, ocean currents, etc. The IOOS Biological Observations Project is addressing the DMAC requirements that pertain to biological observations standards and interoperability applicable to U.S. IOOS and to various observing systems. Biological observations are highly heterogeneous and the variety of formats, logical structures, and sampling methods create significant challenges. Here we describe an informatics framework for biological observing data (e.g. species presence/absence and abundance data) that will expand information content and reconcile standards for the representation and integration of these biological observations for users to maximize the value of these observing data. We further propose that the approach described can be applied to other datasets generated in scientific observing surveys and will provide a vehicle for wider dissemination of biological observing data. We propose to employ data definition conventions that are well understood in U.S. IOOS and to combine these with ratified terminologies, policies and guidelines.

One of the cultural institutions that Foucauldian reception study takes to explain a work’s reception is the experimental sciences, whose vast expansion and enhanced influence after World War II moved American criticism to question the traditional assumption that the mad scientists, terrible monsters, divided selves, innocent victims, decaying castles, and other conventions made gothic horror fiction a minor genre. The revaluation of Frankenstein illustrates this change.

In “Learning How To Read Slowly Again,” Williams Grimes commends Francine Prose’s Reading Like A Writer because it gets “the electricity flowing the right way again” by “zeroing in on single words, then sentences, then paragraphs, teasing out the specifics that transmute raw language into style and an artistically meaningful form.” Similarly, Edward Mendelson’s Things That Matter “gets right down,” Grimes says, “to the heavy work of close reading” and comes up with “riches.” To this list Grimes could easily have added Harold Bloom’s How to Read and Why (2001), Thomas Foster’s How to Read Literature Like a Professor (2003), John Sutherland’s How to Read a Novel (2006), and many similar books. These normative accounts of reading have grown explosively since the 1990s, when various critics dismissed the theoretical and cultural methods of the 1970s and 1980s and celebrated the pleasures of close reading or the value of aesthetic ideals.1

The revaluation of Huckleberry Finn discussed in Chapter 4 shows that by the twentieth-first century, the global economy has undermined the nationalist ideals of the state, American public and higher education has been integrated, and black, women’s, and ethnic studies programs and literary traditions provide competing definitions of what counts as American literature and an American. Scholars like Louis Budd assume that the public status of the great artist overcomes this multicultural diversity, but in this new context the multiple American canons justify the revaluation. Scholars also assume that the public character of Native Son overcomes this diversity, but in this case also the contrary readings that the novel acquires show the progressive influence of black studies and the black aesthetics movement.

Previous chapters suggested that the natural sciences’ domination of the modern university motivated the revaluation of Frankenstein and the emergence and influence of black studies explain the contrary versions of Native Son. In a similar way, this chapter suggests that the evolution of black feminism explains the revaluation and reinterpretation of William Faulkner’s and Toni Morrison’s fiction. In the 1940s, when the New Critics first established the canonical status of William Faulkner’s work, they appreciated his pessimism, which reveals what John Crowe Ransom called the “moral confusion” of the “modern world”—it can “look back nostalgically upon the old world of traditional values and feel loss and perhaps despair” (112). In the 1990s, when the success of Toni Morrison had generated important new studies of her work and Faulkner’s, scholars suggested that, as Carol A. Kolmerton says, “Read together, the fiction of Faulkner and Morrison offers a richly varied and profoundly moving meditation on racial, cultural, and gender issues in twentieth-century America.”

The reinterpretations and revaluations of Frankenstein, Huckleberry Finn, Native Son, Light in August, Jazz, and Paretsky’s fiction show the increased influence and importance of modern reading practices including the humanist opposition to science’s domination since the 1960s, the emergence of black studies and black feminism, and the growing sophistication of female readers and the new academic status of popular genres. My argument has been that this account of reading practices overcomes the opposition of aesthetics and socio-historical study. As I suggested in the introduction, since the 1990s some criticism has treated reading as an ethical or pleasurable form of close textual analysis and on that basis rejected the poststructuralist theories and cultural movements of the 1970s and 1980s, Other recent criticism also rejects those theories and movements but defends aesthetic norms in order to restore the autonomy of literature and its centrality in education and social life. Still other recent criticism repudiates aesthetic ideals in order to show that reading reveals the personality or social context of the reader.

As I indicated in the last chapter, Foucault develops the Heideggerian notion that equipmental or technological reason constitutes the subject, but he interprets this technology in historical terms, according to which diverse genealogies of the subject undermine instrumental reason or the ontotheological tradition. Despite many differences, Adorno, Heidegger, and Derrida claim, by contrast, that the subversive negativity of writing or art, not governmental technologies, overcomes the oppressive influence of equipmental or instrumental reason. In other words, the Heideggerian work of Adorno, Derrida, and Foucault generates an antinomy in which aesthetic critique opposes positive social or historical genealogies of the subject. In this chapter, I will argue that a Foucauldian aesthetics can escape the antinomy, preserving the aesthetic negativity of Heideggerian aesthetics, especially its ability to affirm and undermine a text’s interpretations, as well as the sociohistorical regimes, communities, or reading formations governing the practices of readers. First I will show, however, that this antinomy pervades Heideggerian cultural theory, which includes the reception aesthetics of Wolfgang Iser and Hans Robert Jauss, the neopragmatism of Stanley Fish and Steven Mailloux, the Foucauldian historicism of Pierre Macherey and Jacques Ranciere, and the post-Marxism of Tony Bennett and John Frow.

In Chapter 6, changing reading practices, especially the emergence of black feminism, show that, contrary to traditional accounts, Light in August and Jazz both subvert the conventions of detective and naturalist fiction. In these novels violent outsiders do not amount to criminals or justify the conventional norms of justice. More fully than Light in August, which preserves the modernist pessimism of Absalom, Absalom!, Jazz emphasizes, at the same time, the characters’ ability to overcome the past and improve their lives and undermines the distinctions between the individual and the community, the narrator and the characters, and the city and the country.

With the quantity of genomic data increasing at an exponential rate, it is imperative that these data be captured electronically, in a standard format. Standardization activities must proceed within the auspices of open-access and international working bodies. To tackle the issues surrounding the development of better descriptions of genomic investigations, we have formed the Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC). Here, we introduce the minimum information about a genome sequence (MIGS) specification with the intent of promoting participation in its development and discussing the resources that will be required to develop improved mechanisms of metadata capture and exchange. As part of its wider goals, the GSC also supports improving the 'transparency' of the information contained in existing genomic databases.