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Behavior plays an important role in health promotion. Exercise, smoking cessation, medication adherence, and other healthy behavior can help prevent, or even treat, some diseases. Consequently, interventions that promote healthy behavior have become increasingly common in health care settings. Many of these interventions award incentives contingent upon preventive health-related behavior. Incentive-based interventions vary considerably along several dimensions, including who is targeted in the intervention, which behavior is targeted, and what type of incentive is used. More research on the quantitative and qualitative features of many of these variables is still needed to inform treatment. However, extensive literature on basic and applied behavior analytic research is currently available to help guide the study and practice of incentive-based treatment in health care. In this integrated review, we discuss how behavior analytic research and theory can help treatment providers design and implement incentive-based interventions that promote healthy behavior.

Breath carbon monoxide (CO) is a biochemical marker of recent cigarette smoking (see Bittoun, 2008; Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification, 2002). Breath CO correlates well with other established assays of cigarette smoking, such as COHb concentration in blood samples (Hald, Overgaard, & Grau, 2003; Jarvis, Belcher, Vesey, & Hutchison, 1986), and urinary cotinine levels (Marrone, Paulpillai, Evans, Singleton, & Heishman, 2010; Marrone et al., 2011), and has high levels of sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between cigarette smokers and non-smokers (Javors, Hatch, & Lamb, 2005; MacLaren et al., 2010; Perkins, Karelitz, & Jao, 2013; Raiff, Faix, Turturici, & Dallery, 2010). Further, as the collection of blood or urine samples is relatively invasive, breath CO provides a useful assay for researchers, clinicians, and physicians as a non-invasive, efficient method for assessing recent cigarette smoking. The clinical utility of breath CO has been established in a variety of contexts and across several populations of smokers. For example, adolescent (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2011) and pregnant (Cnattingius, 2004) smokers represent vital target populations for smoking prevention and cessation efforts. Given the often surreptitious nature of cigarette smoking in these populations, breath CO provides an accurate and reliable method for verifying self-report assessments, which may be unreliable under some conditions (Dolcini, Adler, Lee, & Bauman, 2003; Shipton et al., 2009). Breath CO has also been used as a sensitive measure for the verification of smoking abstinence in the context of behavioural interventions for smoking cessation (i.e., contingency man

Modifiable behavioral risk factors such as cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity contribute to over 40 % of premature deaths in the USA. Advances in digital and information technology are creating unprecedented opportunities for behavior analysts to assess and modify these risk factors. Technological advances include mobile devices, wearable sensors, biomarker detectors, and real-time access to therapeutic support via information technology. Integrating these advances with behavioral technology in the form of conceptually systematic principles and procedures could usher in a new generation of effective and scalable behavioral interventions targeting health behavior. In this selective review of the literature, we discuss how technological tools can assess and modify a range of antecedents and consequences of healthy and unhealthy behavior. We also describe practical, methodological, and conceptual advantages for behavior analysts that stem from the use of technology to assess and treat health behavior.

i ntroduction: Mobile phones hold considerable promise for delivering evidence-based smoking cessation interventions that require frequent and objectiv e assessment of smoking status via breath carbon monoxide (Breath CO) measurement. However, there are currently no commercially available mobile-phone-based Breath CO meters. We developed a mobile-phone-based Breath CO meter prototype that attaches to and communicates with a smartphone through an audio port. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of Breath CO measures collected with the mobile meter prototype and assess the usability and acceptability of the meter. Methods: Participants included 20 regular smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day), 20 light smokers (