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Introduction:The duration of peri-operative antibiotic treatment for patients undergoing Trans Urethral Resection of the Urostate (TURP) and who have been catheterized pre-operatively, remains undecided. The efficacy of a short-versus a traditional long-course antibiotic regime was investigated in preventing post-operative bacteriuria for catheterized patients undergoing TURP at a single centre. Methodology:A randomized single blind, single centre clinical trial was conducted between September 2017 and May 2018. Patients were randomized into two groups (1:1). The control group received peri-operative antibiotics for 8 days and the intervention group for 3 days. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed pre-operatively, and post-operatively on day 2 and days 9 to 11, following TURP. All patients were followed up for 30 days after surgery for signs and symptoms of infectious complications. Results: A total of 83 patients were enrolled in the study. 78 patients were evaluable until day 2 and 66 until days 9 to 11. The incidence of bacteriuria at days 9 to 11 following TURP were 40 % and 38.7% in the intervention (short-course) and control (long-course) groups respectively (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.097 to 2.573). The incidence of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) at the same time was 11.4% and 9.7% in intervention and control groups respectively (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.57). None of the patients enrolled in the study developed clinical sepsis nor required re-admission during the follow up period. Conclusion: A short- course antibiotic is as effective as a long course in preventing infectious complications in catheterized patients undergoing TURP.

Additional file 3. Questionnaire.

Introduction. Cystic hygroma is a rare condition of the lymphatic system that occurs mainly in children. They are found around the neck, axilla, inguinal, or thoracic regions. Case Presentation. A newborn female baby with a right-sided axillary mass since birth was admitted to our center. She was otherwise a healthy baby with noncontributory prenatal history. The mass was 12 cm in diameter and cystic. Wide excision of the mass was done, and histology confirmed cystic hygroma. Postoperatively, the baby did well clinically and was discharged. Conclusion. Due to its rare incidence, reports and literature on management of cystic hygroma are few. A multidisciplinary approach is vital to yield the best prognosis for this rare condition.

Supplemental material, Supplement_table_1 for Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy Receiving Care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study by Michael E Irira, Rune N Philemon, Joshua Y Mmbaga, Venancia Komba, John Bartlett, Grace D Kinabo and Blandina T Mmbaga in Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment

Additional file 2 Reproductive health factors influencing utilization of skilled births attendants during delivery (N = 1777).

Background: Toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19, and hepatitis B), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) – known by the acronym TORCH – is a group of infections affecting both mothers and their unborn babies with adverse short- and long-term outcomes. The majority of infected mothers are asymptomatic, which leaves only speculation as to the probable cause of many congenital anomalies, stillbirths, prematurity, and death resulting from TORCH infections. The main objective of this study was to investigate previous exposure to TORCH infections by measuring the seroprevalence of TORCH antibodies in pregnant women and their newborns receiving care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study conducted at KCMC from December 2013 to April 2014. Of 350 pregnant women enrolled in the study, we tested 347 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic and who opted to deliver at KCMC. Cord blood was collected and analysed for 309 of their newborns. To identify immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in mothers and IgM antibodies in newborns, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data of mothers and their newborns. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to TORCH infections among pregnant women was 154 (44.4%) for toxoplasmosis, 311 (89.6%) for rubella, 343 (98.6%) for CMV, and 346 (99.7%) for HSV-1 and HSV-2; 141 (40.6%) had been exposed to all 4 infections. For HSV-1 and HSV-2, the IgM antibodies were found in 137 (39.5%) of the 347 pregnant women included in this study. Age above 35 years (OR 6.15; 95% CI, 1.22–31.1; P=.028) and multiparity (OR 1.63; 95% CI, 1.01–2.62; P=.045) were associated with higher risk of being exposed to all TORCH infections. A total of 11 newborns had IgM antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 giving a seroprevalence of 3.6%, and one newborn had IgM antibodies to rubella, giving a seroprevalence of 0.3%. None of the newborns had antibodies to toxoplasmosis and CMV. Conclusions: Exposure to TORCH infections was high among pregnant women in our population. Older age and multiparity were associated with a higher risk of being exposed to all TORCH infections. Seroprevalence to HSV-1 and HSV-2 was high in newborns. The higher IgM antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 among pregnant mothers and their newborns may disturb maternal, fetal, and neonatal health, and therefore we recommend establishing treatment protocol to support management of pregnant women and newborns who are seropositive for IgM antibodies.

Additional file 1. The questionnaire used for data collection from parents of children under 5Â years of age presenting with diarrhoea in Moshi, Tanzania.