Search

A micro-ring space-time control circuit is proposed for micro-supercapacitor application. The center micro-ring circuit consists of sandwiched titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film. The input light fed into the circuit via the input port is of 1.55 µm wavelength. The input space source is multiplexed with time at the add port to form the space-time function. A whispering-gallery mode is formed using suitable parameters, which results from the nonlinearity effect induced by the small rings at the sides of the center micro-ring. The light that excites the gold metal surface leads to electron cloud oscillations that form the electron density, which can be transported via wireless connection by employing the whispering-gallery mode or via cable connection. Areal specific capacitance of 0.4 F cm−2 and areal power density of 0.31 MW cm−2 are obtained. In application, the micro-ring circuit can be employed in microsystems that require high specific capacitance and high power for their operations.

A unique RFID silicon chip is proposed for sensing applications. The RFID silicon chip is a microring circuit that has a panda ring form where the working principle is based on the space-time function. The RFID silicon chip operates in the frequency range of 150-250THz. The input light wavelength of 1.55 μm, which forms the input space signal via the input port enters the system and at the add port multiplexes with time to form the space-time function. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) with appropriate parameters is observed at the center ring of the silicon chip. The silver bars embedded at the center ring form the antenna of the RFID silicon chip. The antenna directivity and gain of 7.25 and 2.41 respectively are obtained. The sensing capabilities of the RFID silicon chip is determined where the temperature change range of the system is 0 °C-70 °C. The sensitivities of 2.34 × 1014rads-1oC−1, 0.20mWoC−1, 0.045NKg-1oC−1, 3.75mWNKg−1, 0.007 mW−1 and 0.080 mW−1 are respectively obtained. The RFID silicon chip can be employed as a quantum sensor. The device is applied for antenna-based applications, where the main objective is the broader wavelength where the connection between light and microwave can be realistic.

A unique device is proposed for ultra-high density up- and downlink transmission. The device comprises of the chalcogenide Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and panda ring resonator with silver bars at the center microring at the upper and lower parts of the MZI. The device is operative based on the space–time function where the input space (soliton) via the input port multiplexes with time at the add port of the device with a wavelength bandwidth of 1.50–3.50 µm and the frequency bandwidth of 85–250 THz. The WGM is observed at the upper (uplink) and lower (downlink) center microring with suitable parameters. The silver bars at the center microring form the dipole oscillation, where the uplink and downlink plasmonic antennas have the directivity 18.68 and 13.27, and gain is 9.34 and 6.64, respectively. The light fidelity (LiFi uplink and downlink) employs the wavelength spectrum while the wireless fidelity (WiFi uplink and downlink) employs the frequency spectrum. The LiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum wavelength of 2.30 µm and 2.27 µm, respectively, while the WiFi uplink and downlink have an optimum frequency of 130 THz and 132 THz. For the transmission signal, the bit rate of 28 Pbits−1 is achieved. The bit error rate (BER) value of 0.36 is obtained which indicates the system performance. Low BER value indicates high system performance. The device can be employed for the coverage of the light-wave and microwave wavelength link for 6G communication, where AI (artificial intelligence), 3D communication, code encryption, and secured transmission can be applied.

This work presents and discusses a method for evaluating a dynamic eddy-current damping (ECD) force that is automatically generated in response to eddy currents induced within a conductive plate while moving across a magnetic field in relative motion to a nearby stationary magnet. In the experiment, a Doppler shift frequency signal between the optical interference fringe frequencies was used to calculate the velocity of the moving conductive plate. The other relevant mechanical quantities acting on the plate, such as the displacement, acceleration, and resultant force, were then evaluated by performing numerical calculations of the velocity. Finally, the evaluation of the ECD force could be achieved by performing a calculation to remove the frictional force component from the resultant force. Furthermore, an approximation analysis used to calculate the value of the ECD force was proposed and compared with the measured value as well. From the experimental results, the combined standard uncertainty for evaluating the ECD force was approximately 3.57 mN, corresponding to 3.13% of the maximum eddy-current force of approximately 114.0 mN.

The biased plasmonic circuit is proposed using a Panda-ring infinitesimal space–time function control. The circuit has two small rings alongside the main microring. The small rings act as phase modulators inducing the nonlinearity effect in the circuit. The gold grating at the center microring induces plasmonic polaritons resulting in plasmonic wave oscillations and the Bragg wavelength (plasma frequency). By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is formed at the center ring, where the small change of light optical path difference is compensated and resonant. The coupling side ring radii $${R}_{L}$$ - $${R}_{R}$$ → 0 is generated, where the unified space–time function is obtained. The saturation uncertainty space–time function known as a singularity is formed, which can be applied for fully biased plasmonic circuit characteristics. The circuit is fed by the input light with 1.50 µm center wavelength, where the input power varied from 1 to 10 mW. The bright soliton with a wavelength of 1.50 µm can move both back and forward (biased) on the time axis by the three different modulated Gaussian pulses of 0.60 µm, 1.10 µm, and 1.30 µm, where the full biased of the 1st space to the 2nd various spaces in terms of wavelengths is achieved.

In this work, a microring circuit using space–time distortion control is proposed for plasma source applications. The microring circuit consists of a center microring with two small rings at its sides. The center microring circuit is embedded by a metallic film. The space–time control is applied to the circuit, where the minimum space–time distortion is achieved by the resonant optical path difference of the two-side rings. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is established by the matching of the space–time distortion in terms of the optical path difference. The coupling between the WGM and electrons on the metallic film surface introduces the trapped electron cloud oscillation. The plasma frequency of the electron cloud is generated by the plasmonic wave oscillation, in which the plasma force can be calculated and obtained. The plasmaforce generated by selected metallic films is investigated for dried spray, force sensor, and electron cloud speed applications. By using the practical device parameters, the simulation results obtained have shown that the plasma frequencies of $1.93\times1016$ , $1.91\times1016$ , and $1.88\times 1016\,\,{\mathrm {rad}} \mathord {\left /{ {\vphantom {{\mathrm {rad}} s}} }\right. } s$ are obtained for gold, silver, and copper films, respectively. The force sensor sensitivity and electron cloud plasma speed are calculated.

An electron cloud spectroscopy system consisting of a microring and Bragg grating Fabry-Perot is proposed. It has the form of a Panda-ring formed by an add-drop filter with nonlinear two-phase modulators. The input light of $1.50\mu \text{m}$ center wavelength is fed into the system. By using suitable two-phase modulator parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light is formed at the center ring. The gold plate at the center microring illuminated by light leads to electron cloud oscillations forming the electron density that results in the spin up and spin down of electrons. The electron cloud spins (spin up and spin down) form the qubits which can be transmitted to the Fabry-Perot sensing unit by the spin waves. The Fabry-Perot sensing unit measures the spectral profile of the electron cloud spins. To observe the spectral profile of the electron cloud spins a large bandwidth is employed. The space-time function is applied to distinguish the electron cloud spins, which leads to having the selected spin switching time and sensor sensitivity resolution. By varying the input power and the gold grating gaps, the change in optical path difference formed in terms of the electron cloud spins at the center ring, where the optimum of ~10Pbit is obtained. Both the reflection and transmission schemes of the microring Fabry-Perot circuit have bit rates of ~6Pbit $s^{-1}$ . The reflection and transmission spectra have a free spectral range of ~0.04–0.14 $\mu \text{m}$ . The optimum sensitivity of the microring Fabry-Perot sensor is $0.31\mu \,\,\text{m}^{-1}$ .

The microring circuit is designed to form the upstream and downstream quantum communications. There are one space and two-time functions applied to form the transmission. A circuit consists of 3 microring resonators, where there are three processes of each transmission. Firstly, the space function pulse (soliton) fed into the system via the main ring input port. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated at the center ring with suitable parameters. The dipole oscillation is formed by the coupling between plasmonic wave and gold grating, which will change in the dipole oscillation frequency inducing the change in the plasmonic sensor. The flip-flop signals obtained from the bright and dark soliton via the throughput and drop ports can apply for the transmission clock signals. Secondly, the quantum codes formed by a time-energy function input into the system via a silicon ring, which induced the four-wave mixing induced by the coherent light in a GaAsInP ring, can be identified and the quantum bits(qubits) formed by the polarized signal orientation. The quantum information is multiplexed into the system. Thirdly, the carrier time function will input via the add port main ring. By using the resonant condition, the multiplexed signals of those processes will transmit via either WGM or throughput port for wireless or cable transmission, respectively. The downstream process is processed the same way as the upstream, where the multiplexer is placed by the de-multiplexer. By varying the input power, the manipulation result has shown the potential realistic application for quantum and telepathic communications.

A unique micro-metamaterial antenna for light and microwave wavelength conversion is proposed, where the antenna has the form of a panda ring which consists of the mu negative metamaterial silver bars embedded at the microring center. The micro-metamaterial antenna characteristics are investigated, where the antenna resonance frequency and frequency range of 1.60 THz and 1–2.2 THz are achieved. The radiation pattern of the micro-metamaterial antenna is plotted, where the obtained gain and directivity of the antenna are − 8.13 dB. The optimum antenna radiation efficiency is 1 when the antenna has dissipative loss is neglected. The micro-metamaterial antenna can be used as a converter between light and microwave, which is useful for a wavelength converter device.

We propose the use of the specific form of the integrated device known as the boxcar filters for big data transmission, where the advantage of such device is the number of roll-off (bandwidth) can be increased to meet the large demand of the future bandwidth requirements. A boxcar filter system is formed by the serial Panda-ring resonators, where the initial and end rings are used to form the whispering gallery mode beams for the light fidelity (LiFi) up-down-link conversion. There are 5 boxcar circuits within the system. Each of boxcar devices has the electro-optic connection that can be used to perform the external signal processing applications, where all electronic signals are changed to be the light signals and connected to the network via the free-space up-down link nodes. In a simulation, the selected light source is fed into the boxcar filters via the input port, in which the single roll-off bandwidth of 300 THz is obtained. The frequency guard band is given by each boxcar separation. In applications, the electromagnetic immunity interference (EMI) signals can be obtained by the electro-optic conversion circuit, which is the medical instrument specification requirement. The low EMI signals can be connected to the network and transmission using the LiFi network to the remote area. In addition, the medical information to home using the big data via the ad hoc LiFi network and the internet of thing platform arrangements are also proposed.

Distributed microring sensors using space-time function control is proposed for artificial microfacial sensors. The system consists of 6 different node locations, corresponding to the form of the human microfacial structure. Two space-time function input sources are fed into the system simultaneously. The distributed stereo network sensors are investigated. Each sensor node is embedded by a different gold grating period, in which the coupling between the photon and grating generates different plasmonic Bragg wavelengths outputs, which can be used to identify the node positions. The changes introduced to the sensor nodes via the space-time function relationship, such as the polariton (phonon), wavelength, frequency, and temporal change of the Bragg wavelength, can be measured. By using the whispering gallery mode output, the dipole oscillation of each node can be obtained, which can be used for a distributed facial sensor network. The distributed network is connected by the microring coupling in the system. By using the stereo sensor and space-time function sources, a balance of the two-channel sensing signals, known as a stereo sensor, can enable a self-calibration of the sensor, which is achieved. Moreover, exchange between the polariton and electron can be achieved, and electro-optic conversion is obtained. Moreover, the electro-optic conversion obtained by exchanging the polariton and electron energies means that both wireless and cable transmission modes can be employed.

This paper presents the use of space and time function applied simultaneously into the silicon microring system arrangement for double vision problem solving and enhancement. The eye structure formed by three silicon ring resonators, in which the 3D imaging constructed and modulated by the space function and time function rings, respectively. The double vision problem manipulated by the interference of the whispering gallery modes generated by the system, the final image information connected the central nerve cells. The 3D imaging constructed by the space function formed by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) named as object and reference beams. The image information modulated by the WGM of time function signals from the small ring (3rd eye). By using the suitable parameters, the WGMs of light beams within a system generated, from which the coupling of an object and reference beams used for imaging perception. The control part is the WGM beam generated by the time function that inputs into the small ring. The simulation results obtained have shown that the double vision control and adjust by the space-time function achieved, in which the vision wavelength and frequency can be expanded from 0.40–1.80 μm and 150–700 THz, respectively, which has the potential for artificial eye application.

We propose the use of the electron cloud generated by quasi-particle waves called polariton dipoles, which oscillated within a silicon microring-embedded gold grating system for quantum consciousness processing model. An embedded gold grating is coupled by a whispering gallery mode beam generated by a soliton pulse, from which the polariton waves oscillated with the plasma frequency at the Bragg wavelength. The excited polariton cloud by the external stimuli can be detected at the system output ports. The two states of the polariton (electron) are spin-up and spin-down that can process automatically and deliver to the network and cloud. In manipulation, the results obtained show the electron density increased by increasing the input power into the system. In application, the cell polariton cloud coupled by the external stimuli and patterned by the quantum cellular automata results, which localized in the cloud network and connected to the nerve cell access nodes. The coded polaritons connected to the nerve cell memory clouds, while the required commands are delivered to resonant cells via the network link. More stenographic codes can also be generated by other external stimuli sources, which can process similarly.

A micro Sagnac interferometer is proposed for electron cloud distributed sensors formed by an integrated (micro-electro-mechanical systems) MEMS resonator structure. The Sagnac interferometer consists of four microring probes integrated into a Sagnac loop. Each of the microring probes is embedded with the silver bars to form the plasmonic wave oscillation. The polarized light of 1.50µm wavelength is input into the interferometer, which is polarized randomly into upstream and downstream directions. The polarization outputs can be controlled by the space-time input at the Sagnac port. Electrons are trapped and oscillated by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where the plasmonic antennas are established and applied for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and light fidelity (LiFi) sensing probes, respectively. Four antenna gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB, respectively. In manipulation, the sensing probe electron densities are changed by input source power variation. When the electron cloud is excited by the microscopic medium, where the change in electron density is obtained and reflected to the required parameters. Such a system is a novel device that can be applied for brain-device interfering with the dual-mode sensing probes. The obtained WGM sensors are 1.35µm-2, 0.90µm-2, 0.97µm-2 and, 0.81µm-2, respectively. The WGMs behave as a four-point probe for the electron cloud distributed sensors, where the electron cloud sensitivities of 2.31prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.27prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.22prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.38prads-1mm3(electrons)-1 are obtained, respectively.

A negative entropic system formed by a close successive polariton filtering within a modified optical add–drop filter is proposed. The device ends are embedded by the gold gratings and TiO2 materials, in which the close successive polariton filtering can be formed. The selected light source is input into the system via the input port. There is no light energy injected and left into and from the system after the initial input, which can be configured as the adiabatic-like system. Polariton forms by the coupling between the intense optical field and the optical dipole generated by the gold grating. The suitable reflector (TiO2 material) lengths are applied to all device ends, from which only a small amount of the polariton output energy can be transmitted and measured at the add port output. By using the Optiwave and MATLAB programs, the polariton outputs regarding wavelength, time and frequency of the stopping states can be found and plotted. The relative polariton negentropic values of the red- and blueshifted signals are also calculated. The maximum relative negentropic value of 6.8 × 1015 m2 s−2 is obtained. The possible hibernation and quantum consciousness interpretation using the proposed system are also discussed.

The distributed optical sensors using the multi-input light sources have been designed and simulated. It consists of 6 sensor nodes coupled to the main ring resonator, which is an optical circulator operation. It is a micro-scale device that can be fabricated by the current technology. The three distance light sources are simultaneously fed and the cross-connected signals combined in the circulator. By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are generated at the center nodes from which the channel spacing signals can be obtained and used for distributed sensors. The analytical details and the simulation using the selected parameters are presented. The channel spacing of the cross-connected outputs of 1.2 µm is achieved. The simultaneous sensor sensitivity in the terms of ( Δ λ / λ ) of approximately 1.28 is obtained.

Polaritonic signal processing model and manipulation using a microring successive filtering circuit are proposed. The polariton signals are generated by the coherent light within the microring embedded a gold nanograting island, from which the successive filtering of the polariton signals within the designed on-chip circuit is manipulated by adjusting the device end reflection coefficients. The almost closed system of the two-level system of polaritons is formed, where there are initially two oscillation frequencies called the Rabi frequencies, the ground an excited state respectively. The required signals of this characteristics study are presented in the domains of wavelength, time and frequency, which can be used to characterise the brain signals in the meditation situation. When the successive polariton switching time (Δt) is approaching zero, from which the stopping polariton state is established, while the polariton frequencies can be tunable. The results obtained have shown that switching time of the 2nd successive round-trip of 25.55 fs is obtained, and in addition, the tunable frequencies of the ground and excited states of the two-level system are achieved.

Mindfulness foundation is an excellent method of the human spiritual development by the reasonable thinking and consideration, which was established by Lord Buddha a long time ago. There are four ways of thinking and consideration-(i) form (body), (ii) sensation, (iii) spiritual and (iv) Dhamma. In this paper, we propose the use of the form consideration for the spiritual development, in which the form can be considered thoroughly inside the body by the spiritual projection. By using the nonlinear microring resonator known as a Panda-ring resonator, the electromagnetic (EM) signals called polaritons can be generated by the coupling interaction between the intense EM fields and the ionic diploes within the almost closed system, where the dipoles can obtain from the coupling between the gold grating and the strong electromagnetic fields. In the manipulation, cells, tissues, and organs inside the human body can communicate with the spiritual (polaritonic) signals and investigation. The simulation results obtained have shown that the Lorentz factor of 0.99999959 is obtained. The successively filtering of the signal circulation within the body during the meditation can be formulated and the meditation behaviors modeled. The aura, the stopping, and the cold body states can be configured and explained. Keywords: Meditation science, Mindfulness Foundation, Buddhism philosophy, Mathematics foundation, Natural science

We propose a new concept of the nonlinear effect called the Kerr-Vernier effect by using cascaded Si-ChG microring circuits. The circuit is simulated for two materials of different refractive indices which results in phase difference in propagating light and hence observed in the output signal. By varying the input power into the system, the Vernier effects in terms of the Kerr-Vernier effects are seen. In application, the comparative results of the two-channel outputs are used to form the phase sensors, while the self-calibration between the two-channel outputs can be performed. The change in wavelength at the whispering gallery mode of 8 nm is achieved when the applied input power was fixed at 10 mW. A sensitivity of ∼120 µm W-1 is obtained for this proposed sensor.

3D interference fringe pattern recognition using a plasmonic sensing circuit is proposed. The plasmonic sensing in the form of a panda ring comprises an embedded gold grating at the microring center. WGM (whispering gallery mode) is observed at the microring center with suitable parameters. The dark soliton of 1.50 µm wavelength excites the gold grating which leads to electron cloud oscillation and forms the electron densities where the trapped electrons inside the silicon microring are transported via wireless connection using WGM and cable connection. The spin down $$\left| \downarrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 1 \right\rangle } \right)$$ and spin up $$\left| \uparrow \right\rangle\left( {\left| 0 \right\rangle } \right)$$ result from the electron cloud oscillation. By using the changes in gold lengths, the excited electron pattern recognition can be manipulated, where the values “0” and “1” are useful for pattern recognition. The fringe patterns of the plasmonic interferometric sensor are recorded, which means that the novel 3D pattern recognition can be possibly implemented and used in many applications. Therefore, the plasmonic sensing circuit can be used to form the quantum code, quantum encryption, quantum sensor, and pattern recognition.

A micro Sagnac interferometer integration is proposed for electron cloud distributed sensors. The Sagnac interferometer consists of four microring probes integrated into a Sagnac loop. Each of the microring probes is embedded with the silver bars to form the plasmonic wave oscillation. At the center microrings, electrons are trapped and oscillated by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where the plasmonic antennas are established and applied for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and light fidelity (LiFi) transmissions for distributed sensors. The antenna gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB respectively for the four antennas formed at the center microrings. The polarized light of 1.50µm wavelength is fed into the interferometer input, which is polarized randomly into upstream and downstream directions. The polarization components can be obtained by the space-time modulation control. By controlling the electron cloud spin orientation, the space-time projection can be applied, and the ultra-high measurement resolution can be obtained in terms of fast switching time (change in phase). In manipulation, the applied stimuli are substituted by the change in input source power. The light input power variation causes a change in electron cloud density. Similarly, when the electron cloud is excited by the microscopic medium, which can be employed as the microscopic sensors. The WGM sensors have sensitivities of 1.35µm-2, 0.90µm-2, 0.97µm-2 and, 0.81µm-2, respectively. The WGMs behave as a four-point probe for the electron cloud distributed sensors, where the electron cloud sensitivities of 2.31 prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.27prads-1mm3 (electrons)-1, 2.22 prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.38prads-1mm3(electrons)-1 are respectively obtained.

Light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi) can be applied with the same network under the different constraints, which is suitable for COVID-19 surveillance in hospitals. The LiFi network is a high-capacity and security platform. A COVID-19 surveillance system using LiFi is proposed, which consists of two switching modes: communication and surveillance. Firstly, the communication targets are to accommodate the electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity and high-capacity and security data transmission, where secondly the COVID-19 surveillance can be applied. In operation, the up and downlink system uses a metamaterial antenna embedded by Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI). An antenna consists of silver bars embedded at the microring center with two-phase modulators at its sides. The entangled source namely a dark soliton is applied to form the transmission, where the information security based on quantum cryptography can be managed. By using the suitable parameters, the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are generated and the up and downlink nodes are formed. The input information is multiplexed with time to form the multiplexed signals, where the big data transmission (40 Pbit \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathrm{s}}^{-1})$$\end{document}s-1) can be employed. By using the surveillance mode, the plasmonic antenna can be applied for temperature and electric force sensors, which can offer the disinfectant spray and temperature sensor for COVID-19 applications. The optimum plasma force sensitivity is 0.16 N kg−1 mW−1. The center frequencies of 191.48 THz and 199.41 THz are obtained for uplink and downlink antennas, respectively. The optimum temperature sensitivity is 0.05 rads−1 °C−1. In conclusion, the novelty of proposed work is that the integrated sensor circuits are employed for COVID-19 surveillance in the hospital. The fuzzy-based system is designed for critical patient monitoring alert using this surveillance and management inside the hospital for COVID-19 patients.

The creation of the Internet of Things (IoT), along with the latest developments in wearable technology, has provided new opportunities in human activity recognition (HAR). The modern smartwatch offers the potential for data from sensors to be relayed to novel IoT platforms, which allow the constant tracking and monitoring of human movement and behavior. Recently, traditional activity recognition techniques have done research in advance by choosing machine learning methods such as artificial neural network, decision tree, support vector machine, and naive Bayes. Nonetheless, these conventional machine learning techniques depend inevitably on heuristically handcrafted feature extraction, in which human domain knowledge is normally limited. This work proposes a hybrid deep learning model called CNN-LSTM that employed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for activity recognition with the Convolution Neural Network (CNN). The study makes use of HAR involving smartwatches to categorize hand movements. Using the study based on the Wireless Sensor Data Mining (WISDM) public benchmark dataset, the recognition abilities of the deep learning model can be accessed. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure statistics are employed using the evaluation metrics to assess the recognition abilities of LSTM models proposed. The findings indicate that this hybrid deep learning model offers better performance than its rivals, where the achievement of 96.2% accuracy, while the f-measure is 96.3%, is obtained. The results show that the proposed CNN-LSTM can support an improvement of the performance of activity recognition.

A silicon microring circuit embedded gold film with unique characteristics is proposed for Hall effect, current, and temperature sensing applications. The microring circuit is operated by the input polarized laser sources, in which the space-time distortion control can be employed. A gold film is embedded at the microring center. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated and applied for plasmonic waves, from which the trapped electron cloud oscillation is formed. Through the input port, the input polarized light of 1.55 μm wavelength fed into the space-time control circuit. Spin-up |↑〉(|0〉) and spin-down |↓〉(|1〉) of polarized electrons result when the gold film is illuminated by the WGM. The electric current passing through the gold film generates a magnetic field (B), which is orthogonal to the electric field. Hall voltage is obtained at the output of the circuit, from which the microring space-time circuit can operate for Hall's effect, current, and temperature sensing device. The simulation results obtained have shown that when the input power of 100-500 mW is applied, the optimum Hall effect, current, and temperature sensitivities are 0.12 μVT-1 , 0.9 μVA-1 , and 6.0 × 10-2 μVK-1 , respectively. The Hall effects, current, and temperature sensors have an optimum response time of 1.9 fs.

In this paper, the ultra‐wideband source for light fidelity (LiFi) and high‐density 3D imaging applications is proposed. The system consists of an add‐drop multiplexer. The center ring is formed by the Chalcogenide glass (ChG), which is coupled with two GaAsInP/P side rings. The nonlinear effect within the side rings (phase modulators) is induced in the central ring. The superposition of light signals from side rings generates wider wavelength band, which makes the original input. The output is the set of squeezed light pulses known as whispering gallery mode (WGM) which is generated at the center of the system. Three different input sources are investigated, where the simulated results are comparatively plotted and discussed. The results show that the wavelength of 1.30 μm is the best input source. The output wavelengths band is ranged from 0.7‐3.1 μm, which is suitable for LiFi source and high‐density 3D imaging applications.

© 2018 The Authors We propose a new variant of electro-optic multiplexing scheme using the boxcar filter arrangement. The circuits consist of multistage add-drop multiplexers that can offer external input-output connections. Input from a single light source can be fed into the system through the input port or through the free-space from light fidelity (LiFi) node. The light signal is fed into boxcar filters and the roll-off bands are obtained. The output of the circuits is formed at the drop, through and the whispering gallery mode (WGM) node of the circuit output. By using the electro-optic conversion in Si-Graphene-Au layer stack, time division (TDM), wavelength division (WDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM) can be performed. The simulations have shown that a combination of 7 roll-off bands with the maximum spectral widths or bandwidths of ∼6.09 µm or ∼7.63 THz can be obtained.

We have proposed a model of polariton generation, which is normally generated by the dipole and the strong coupling field interaction. This system consists of a gold grating embedded on the plasmonic island, which is embedded at the center of the nonlinear microring resonator, which is known as a panda-ring resonator. The strong coupling between the plasmonic waves and the grating can be formed by the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of light within a Panda-ring resonator, in which the output is a dipole-like particle known as a polariton and seen at the system output. By varying the energy of high-intensity laser pulse in the system and gold granting a strong field is generated at the output. A dipole is formed by a pair of the grating signals, where one propagates in the opposite direction of the other. By using suitable parameters, dipole-like signals can be generated. Theoretical formulation is performed for a two-level system and polariton oscillation frequency i.e., the Rabi frequency is plotted. The obtained ground and excited state frequencies of this two-level system are 187.86 and 198.20 THz, respectively.

This paper presents a modified quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with its advantage ability to against the photon number splitting (PNS) strategy. As a result of the proposed protocol with the specified parameters of $k =$ 1024 bits, $y =$ 10 bits, and the round repeating of n = 10, the eavesdropper can achieve the correct information with a probability of only 1.97 $\times$ 10$^{-31}$. Moreover, the proposed protocol allows each the photon pulse can consist of a few of photons, which is valuable to the maximize photon number of $\mu=$ 1 and resulting in a significant higher useful bit rate. From the simulation results, the obtained useful bits rates for each the photon pulse of 800 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm, are approximately of 242.2 kbit/s, 7.4 Mbit/s, and 119.8 kBit/s, can be achieved at the distances of 20 km, 60 km, and 120 km, respectively. The QKD system parameters for each the considered wavelength are specified as: the photon pulses rate of 1 GHz and 10 GHz, the photon number of $\mu=$0.1 and 1.0, The attenuations of 2.0, 0.35, and 0.25 dB/km, the detector efficiencies of 50%, 20%, and 10%, with the dark count probabilities of 10$^{-7}$, 10$^{-5}$, and 10$^{-5}$, respectively. The potential of using such the proposed protocol with a double layers QKD system is performed and discussed.

An on-chip-scale, up-down link conversion circuit for electro-optic signals to use in a light fidelity network application is proposed. A system consisting of a loop microring resonator (known as a Panda-ring resonator), is coupled inline to the input of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). When the light from that source is input into the system, a fraction of the power is coupled inline through successive pumping and then circulated within the system. By using the most appropriate device parameters, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of the light, with the inline successive pumping condition, is generated at the resonance condition. The transmitted signals are a combination of the comb and WGM signals and are obtained at the MZI output. The simulation results obtained have shown that a maximum power of 300 mW is achieved from the device. A comb signal, over the spectral band from 1.350–1.750 µm is obtained, with the center wavelength at 1.55 µm. The results show an up-downlink switching speed of is ~ 20 fs is also obtained.

This work presents an optical switching model that the tweezer probe uses for manually switching the controlled by an external switch, in which the upward and downward switching can be operated and simultaneously switched. By using the microring resonator incorporated with the two non-linear phase modulators, the optical tweezer can be generated and the switching probes controlled. The switching time with the table force of ~2 fs is obtained. The tweezer force and torque are calculated and interpreted for molecule trapping and injecting from and to the trapping and the target surfaces. The relative forces and torques are calculated and plotted. In applications, the specific forces and torques can be controlled to perform the appropriate trapping and injecting. The switching time depends on the external switching module, which may be electronically controlled.

We have proposed the simple method of the squeezed light generation in the modified microring resonator, which is known as the microring conjugate mirror (MCM). When the monochromatic light is input into the MCM, the general form of the squeezed coherent states for a quantum harmonic oscillator can be generated by controlling the additional two side rings, which are the phase modulators. By using the graphical method called the Optiwave program, the coherent squeezed states of coherent light within an MCM can be obtained and interpreted as the amplitude, phase, quadrature and photon number-squeezed states. This method has shown potentials for microring related device design, which can be used before practical applications.

We propose the remote charger model using the light fidelity (LiFi) transmission and integrate microring resonator circuit. It consists of the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials known as a plasmonic island placed at the center of the modified add-drop filter. The input light power from the remote LiFi can enter into the island via a silicon waveguide. The optimized input power is obtained by the coupled micro-lens on the silicon surface. The induced electron mobility generated in the gold layer by the interfacing layer between silicon-graphene. This is the reversed interaction of the whispering gallery mode light power of the microring system, in which the generated power is fed back into the microring circuit. The electron mobility is the required output and obtained at the device ports and characterized for the remote current source applications. The obtained calculation results have shown that the output current of ∼2.5 × 10−11 AW−1, with the gold height of 1.0 µm and the input power of 5.0 W is obtained at the output port, which is shown the potential application for a short range free pace remote charger.

A method for measuring the dynamic impact responses that acting on a spherical object while dropping and colliding with dried sand, such as the velocity, displacement, acceleration, and resultant force, is presented and discussed. In the experiment, a Michelson-type laser interferometer is employed to obtain the velocity of the spherical stainless steel object. Then the obtained time velocity profile is used to calculate the acceleration, the displacement, and the inertial force acting on the observed sand particles. Furthermore, a high-speed camera is employed to observe the behavior of the sand during the collision. From the experimental results with the sampling interval for frequencies calculation of 1 ms, the combined standard uncertainty in the instantaneous value of the impact force acts on the observed object is obtained and approximated to 0.49 N, which is related to a corresponding 4.07% of the maximum value at 12.05 N of the impact force. Keywords: Sand particle, Collision response, Dynamic force, Inertial mass, Optical interferometer

This letter presents the use of a plasmonic sensing transducer on an embedded Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) arm, allowing the sensing transducer to be formed through the stacked layers of the silicon–graphene–gold materials and embedded on an MZI arm with a gripping force to allow it to be used in sensing applications. The transduction process introduces an energy conversion between the input light and the excited electron mobility within the silicon and graphene layers. That way the electron drift velocity within the gold layer can drive the plasmonic wave group velocity induced through the interaction with the graphene layers, and consequently, the electron mobility in the gold layer increases. The driven electron mobility in the gold layer, caused by the plasmonic waves from graphene in the embedded sensing layers, will affect the electron output mobility, where the relative change in the phase of the light in the silicon can be seen at the output port of the MZI. To optimize the key parameters of such a system (especially input optical power and dimensions of the gold layer), simulations are performed at various input optical powers and the results are graphically represented. A maximum sensitivity of ~ $2\times {10}^{-14}$ mV−1s−1 in electron mobility sensing is obtained through these simulations, designed to optimize the performance characteristics of the proposed sensor.

A conventional Michelson interferometer is modified and used to form the various types of interferometers. The basic system consists of a conventional Michelson interferometer with silicon-graphene-gold embedded between layers on the ports. When light from the monochromatic source is input into the system via the input port (silicon waveguide), the change in optical path difference (OPD) of light traveling in the stacked layers introduces the change in the optical phase, which affects to the electron mean free path within the gold layer, induces the change in the overall electron mobility can be seen by the interferometer output visibility. Further plasmonic waves are introduced on the graphene thin film and the electron mobility occurred within the gold layer, in which the light-electron energy conversion in terms of the electron mobility can be observed, the gold layer length is 100 nm. The measurement resolution in terms of the OPD of ∼50 nm is achieved. In applications, the outputs of the drop port device of the modified Michelson interferometer can be arranged by the different detectors, where the polarized light outputs, the photon outputs, the electron spin outputs can be obtained by the interference fringe visibility, mobility visibility and the spin up-down splitting output energies. The modified Michelson interferometer theory and the detection schemes are given in details.