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Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Regulatory actions significantly reduced methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN)‐induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from cosmetics in Europe. Turkey banned MDBGN in 2015.To assess sensitization and ACD rates to MDBGN before and after its ban in Turkey.Data from 2653 consecutively patch tested patients between 1996 and 2023 with MDBGN 0.1% pet. (n = 573) or 0.2%–0.3% pet. (n = 1310) or 0.5% pet. (n = 770) were analysed. MDBGN was tested as MDBGN/phenoxyethanol (PE) in 1434 patients.The sensitization prevalence was 1.7% (45/2653), peaking at 5.3% in 2018 and 2023 with MDBGN 0.3% pet. There was a two‐fold male predominance, with patients exclusively ≥20 years old. None of the patients reacted to PE. ACD occurred in 0.7% (19/2653), mainly affecting hands and linked to non‐occupational exposure (78.9%), particularly from rinse‐off/leave‐on cosmetics. The pattern of ‘middle‐aged men with hand eczema and fragrance allergy' was particularly notable. Occupational ACD was rare (21.1%), occurring mainly in hairdressers from hair gel. Positive reactions with current clinical relevance dropped from 48.3% (1996–2014) to zero after 2015 (p < 0.001).The ban effectively reduced MDBGN‐induced ACD in Turkey, yet the prevalence of positive patch test reactions remains high, likely due to past exposures or other undisclosed sources. We suggest continued testing of MDBGN in the EBS in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the biphasic phenoxyethanol–citric acid (PECA) pretreatment for bamboo residues (BRs) and its corresponding effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis performance. It is found that increasing the concentration of citric acid in the pretreatment system from 2.5% to 15% greatly enhanced the delignification and xylan removal for BRs. Consequently, the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of pretreated BRs significantly enhanced, increasing from 12.4% to 58.2% and 28.0%72.4% when the concentration of citric acid was increased from 2.5% to 15.0% at 160°C and 170°C, respectively. The characterization results from cellulose crystallinity, accessibility, and hydrophobicity of pretreated bamboo residues indicated that their changes possessed a beneficial performance on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield, which could result from the synergistic removal of lignin and xylan. The Chrastil model analysis showed that pretreatment at higher conditions resulted in the pretreated BRs possessing weaker diffusion resistance for cellulase, which is attributed to its higher enzymatic hydrolysis yield.

Density (ρ) and ultrasonic speed (u) of butoxyethanol and phenoxyethanol in aqueous solution of biotin concentrations (0.0012, 0.0017, 0.0022) mol·kg−1 at varying temperature range (288.15, 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15) K at 0.1 MPa were measured using Anton Paar DSA 5000 M. The volumetric and acoustical properties such as apparent molar properties (V∅), partial molar volume (V∅0),partial molar volume of transfer (ΔV∅0),apparent molar isentropic compression (K∅),partial molar isentropic compression (K∅0),partial molar isentropic compression of transfer are computed using the experimental data of density (ρ) and ultrasonic speed (u). This investigation is useful to understand the solvation behavior of biotin. Additionally, partial molar expansibilities (E∅0) along with their first order derivatives (∂E∅0/∂T)pare determined using the obtained experimental data. These results are effective in understanding the nature of interaction occurring inside the solution. Further, pair and triplet coefficients are evaluated which determines the structure making and breaking ability of glycol ethers in aqueous solution of biotin. Also, spectroscopic study of solutions is mentioned in current research which reveals the nature and strength of bond formation and various interactions in the mixture. The present study suggests the molecular interaction between the solute and solvent present in aqueous solution of Biotin (Vitamin B7) as solvent, butoxyethanol (BE) and phenoxyethanol (PE) as solute.

Background and Aims: This study develops and validates a new liquid chromatographic method for determining the phenoxyethanol used as an antimicrobial preservative in pharmaceutic and cosmetic products. The study applies the developed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to pomade formulation using a diode array detector to determine the phenoxyethanol. Methods: The phenoxyethanol in the sample was analyzed in a C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm ID) under chromatographic conditions where the flow rate was determined as 1.0 mL/min. The column oven was 30.0°C, and phenoxyethanol was detected at 270 nm. Isocratic application of acetonitrile-water (50:50, v/v) was used as the mobile phase system. The validation of the developed method was performed according to the guidelines from the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH, 2005) Guidelines Q2 (R1). Results: The linearity range of the phenoxyethanol was 0.125-0.375 mg/mL, and the limits of detection and quantification were calculated as 31.25 ng/mL and 125.0 ng/mL, respectively. The assay recovery and precision of the phenoxyethanol from the pomade formulation were evaluated at 0.125 mg/mL, 0.250 mg/mL, and 0.375 mg/mL concentrations. The mean recoveries for phenoxyethanol in the pomade formulation were calculated at 99.99%-102.86%. Conclusion: The validated methodwas successfully applied for determining phenoxyethanol in a topical formulation. The proposed method is cheap, fast, and simple and can be used safely for routine analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of emerging pollutants (EPs) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has raised serious concerns about the possible adverse effects on ecosystem integrity and human health. Wastewater treatment facilities appear to be the main sources of PPCPs released in aquatic environments. This research examines the effectiveness of groundwater microbial community activities to remove phenoxyethanol (Phy-Et), currently exploited as a preservative in many cosmetic formulations at a maximum concentration of 1% but which has shown, at higher levels of exposure, adverse systemic effects on animals. Mesocosm experiments were carried out for 28 days using two different concentrations of the substance (5.2 mg/L and 27.4 mg/L). The main results obtained through chemical and microbiological investigations revealed a significant Phy-Et reduction (≈100% when added at a concentration of 5.2 mg/L and ≈84% when added at a concentration of 27.4 mg/L), demonstrating that some autochthonous microorganisms in the analyzed samples played a "key role" in removing this compound, despite its proven antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, the decrease in the "natural attenuation" efficacy (≈16%) when using higher concentrations of the chemical suggests the existence of a "dose-dependent effect" of Phy-Et on the process of biodegradation. Biomolecular investigations carried out through next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed (i) the presence of a significant fraction of hidden microbial diversity to unravel, (ii) variations of the composition and species abundance of the groundwater microbial communities induced by Phy-Et, and (iii) a biodiversity reduction trend correlated to the increase of Phy-Et concentrations. Overall, the preliminary information obtained from the experiments carried out at the laboratory scale appears encouraging, although it reflects only partially the complexity of the phenomena that occur in natural environments and influences their "auto-purification capability". Accordingly, this research paves the way for more in-depth investigations to develop appropriate tools and protocols to evaluate the occurrence and fate of Phy-Et in nature and assess the impact of its release and the effects of long-term exposure (even at low concentrations) on ecosystems and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the determination of adapalene and phenoxyethanol was developed and validated. An excellent resolution with RF values 0.43 ± 0.03 and 0.75 ± 0.02 for adapalene and phenoxyethanol was achieved by using optimized chromatographic conditions. A mixture of toluene‒acetone (8:2, V/V) was chosen as the mobile phase and detected at 228 nm. When the marketed formulation was analysed by the developed method, the percentage of drug contents were found to be 100 ± 1.3839% w/w for adapalene and 101 ± 1.1809% w/w for phenoxyethanol. The developed method was validated for linearity range, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, robustness, solution stability, specificity and forced degradation studies. The method was found to be linear, accurate, precise, robust and sensitive. The method was found to be linear in the range of 40‒240 ng per band for adapalene with R2 value of 0.99 and 100‒600 ng per band for phenoxyethanol with R2 value of 0.994. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 4.79 and 14.52 ng per band for adapalene and 6.91 and 20.93 ng per band for phenoxyethanol, respectively. The percentage of drug recovery was found to be near 100% w/w confirming the accuracy of the method. In the case of precision studies, relative standard deviation (%RSD) values were found to be less than 2, indicating that the method was precise. The %RSD values of deliberate variations like amount of mobile phase and saturation time were found to be less than 2 showing that the method was robust. Forced degradation study concluded that adapalene and phenoxyethanol were highly labile for acid and alkali hydrolysis. Both were found to be stable during photo and thermal degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on two cases of contact urticaria (CU) caused by the application of cosmetics containing the preservative phenoxyethanol. The reactions occurred on the face and not on other skin sites. Patch tests were performed, but the results were negative. Open tests on the forehead with the patients' own products and phenoxyethanol resulted in positive reactions. Phenoxyethanol is a rare allergen and can cause CU. The varying cutaneous reactivity of different body areas to the same substance, such as phenoxyethanol, may explain potential intolerance to cosmetics. [Extracted from the article]

BackgroundPreservatives are often necessary components of commercial products. Large-scale North American studies on preservative allergy are limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate demographics, positive patch test reactions (PPTRs), clinical relevance, and trends for preservatives tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch testing results of preservatives from 1994 through 2016.ResultsA total of 50,799 patients were tested; 11,338 (22.3%) had a PPTR to at least 1 preservative. The most frequent reactions were to methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqueous (aq) (12.2%), formaldehyde 2% aq (7.8%), formaldehyde 1% aq (7.8%), quaternium-15 2% petrolatum (pet) (7.7%), and methyldibromo glutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2% pet (5.1%). Paraben mix 12% pet (1%), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate 0.1% pet (0.4%), benzyl alcohol 1% pet (0.3%), and phenoxyethanol 1% pet (0.2%) had the lowest PPTRs. Linear regression analysis of preservatives tested showed that only methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 0.01% aq (parameter estimate, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.17-0.66; P

Biological drugs intended for multi-dose application require the presence of antimicrobial preservatives to avoid microbial growth. As the presence of certain preservatives has been reported to increase protein and peptide particle formation, it is essential to choose a preservative compatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredient in addition to its preservation function. Thus, this review describes the current status of the use of antimicrobial preservatives in biologic formulations considering (i) appropriate preservatives for protein and peptide formulations, (ii) their physico-chemical properties, (iii) their in-/compatibilities with other excipients or packaging material, and (iv) their interactions with the biological compound. Further, (v) we present an overview of licensed protein and peptide formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new biphasic organic solvent, phenoxyethanol-maleic acid, was carried out to pretreat and fractionate vinegar residue into glucan, xylan and lignin under mild conditions. Additional effects of key factors, temperature and phenoxyethanol concentration, on vinegar residue, were evaluated. Under the biphasic system (0.5% maleic acid, 60% phenoxyethanol), 140 °C cooking vinegar residue for 1 h, 80.91% of cellulose retention in solid residue, 75.44% of hemicellulose removal and 69.28% of lignin removal were obtained. Optimal identified conditions resulted in maximum XOS of 47.3%. Then, the solid residue was enzymatically digested with a glucose yield of 82.67% at 72 h with the addition of 2.5 g/L bovine serum albumin. Finally, the residue was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the phenoxyethanol-maleic acid pretreatment yielded XOS, fermentable sugar, and lignin with high processibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) restriction, tattoo and permanent make‐up (PMU) inks placed on the European Union market after January 4, 2022, shall not contain methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), or other skin sensitizers in concentrations of 10 mg/kg or higher and phenoxyethanol (PE) or other eye irritants or damaging substances in concentrations of 100 mg/kg or higher. In addition, preservatives and other substances enlisted in Annex II to Cosmetic Product Regulation shall not be present in concentrations of 0.5 mg/kg or higher. Objectives: This study aims to quantify 14 preservatives in 99 tattoo and 39 PMU inks from the Italian market and presents a comparison with concentration limits set by the REACH restriction. Methods: Inks were analysed by applying validated analytical methods based on liquid chromatography techniques. Results: About 24.0%, 15.2% and 1.5% of the overall samples contained BIT, PE and OIT, respectively, at concentrations exceeding REACH concentration limits. The number of noncompliant tattoo inks (49.5%) would be significantly greater than that of the PMU inks (17.9%). Conclusions: About 40.6% of the samples would be noncompliant with the restriction for the presence of preservatives above the permitted level. Additional concentration limits will apply to skin sensitizing preservatives for proper labelling of inks under CLP (Classification, Labelling and Packaging) Regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of seven common preservatives used in Iranian cosmetic products on facial skin microflora.Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers, aged 20 to 35 years, were recruited. Three symmetrical sites from the cheeks of each volunteer were selected and samples were collected. DNA was extracted from the culture using the boiling method. The fungi's internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS1/ITS4 primers, for 16s to identify bacteria and Staphylococcus specific primers. The effects of the preservatives were assessed based on growth on broth culture media.Results: Primary identification was based on yeast on CHROM agar, in which 15 different yeasts were isolated; then, PCR was used to identified the species as: C. albicans (n: 14; 93%), C. orthopsilosis (n: 1; 7%). One primary identified yeast on Dixon media was precisely differentiated as M. furfur using the PCR method. Fifteen primary identified cocci on tryptic soy agar media were identified as Staphylococcus epidermis. All the preservatives showed to inhibit the growth of isolated fungi, but not that of bacterial microflora.Conclusion: The present study showed preservatives in cosmetic products can alter skin microflora while also preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the biphasic phenoxyethanol-citric acid (PECA) pretreatment for bamboo residues (BRs) and its corresponding effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis performance. It is found that increasing the concentration of citric acid in the pretreatment system from 2.5% to 15% greatly enhanced the delignification and xylan removal for BRs. Consequently, the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of pretreated BRs significantly enhanced, increasing from 12.4% to 58.2% and 28.0%72.4% when the concentration of citric acid was increased from 2.5% to 15.0% at 160°C and 170°C, respectively. The characterization results from cellulose crystallinity, accessibility, and hydrophobicity of pretreated bamboo residues indicated that their changes possessed a beneficial performance on the enzymatic hydrolysis yield, which could result from the synergistic removal of lignin and xylan. The Chrastil model analysis showed that pretreatment at higher conditions resulted in the pretreated BRs possessing weaker diffusion resistance for cellulase, which is attributed to its higher enzymatic hydrolysis yield., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Cheng, Zhao, Li, Liao and Huang.)

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for the important chemical phenoxyethanol (PhE) and its metabolite phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) was built via GastroPlusTM software (version 9.0) using currently available analytically measured plasma and urinary time-courses of both PhE and its metabolite PhAA. This model was validated and used to predict tissue and urine concentrations of PhE and its metabolite PhAA in rats and humans after oral and dermal exposures. The prediction results showed that most predicted tissue concentrations of PhE or PhAA were lower than the experimental tissue concentrations based on total radioactivity. The predicted cumulative excretion of PhAA in both rats and humans fits very well with most experimental data. With this GastroPlusTM-based model, the margins of exposure (MOE) of PhE and PhAA were also calculated as 194 and 73.7, respectively. The predicted MOE of PhE is two-fold higher than the previous PBPK model built using total radioactivity-based tissue time courses, and the predicted MOE of PhAA was comparable to the previous PBPK model. These data indicate that for chemicals like PhE, GastroPlusTM can integrate multiple data sets into PBPK models to predict PK parameters for parent and metabolites in both rats and humans following intravenous, dermal, or oral exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Producing ethanol, PLA, and wood adhesive from bamboo residues. • Exhibiting the environmental benefits of biphasic pretreatment technology. • Trade-off between product yield and environmental impacts are revealed. • High-value lignin-based adhesive can bring environmental benefits. • Key drivers of environmental performance are identified. Utilizing bamboo residues to produce decarbonization energy products or materials diverts wastes from low-value treatment and supports the circular bioeconomy at the same time. This study develops a cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessment (LCA) for a biorefinery converting bamboo residues into bioproducts (ethanol, polylactic acid (PLA), and bio-based wood adhesive) in China. To combat the low enzymatic hydrolysis performance of bamboo residues and valorize the lignin, this study adopts a biphasic pretreatment by coupling phenoxyethanol and sulfuric acid solution (1%) to achieve high fermentable sugar production. The LCA study is coupled with a process simulation for an industrial-scale biorefinery based on the experimental data. Our results show that the life-cycle Global Warming Potential (GWP) is 17.0–32.1 gCO 2 e/MJ for ethanol cases and 3.2–3.7 kgCO 2 e/kg for PLA cases, when biphasic pretreatment is adopted. The lower GWP values are achieved by using 1:1 phenoxyethanol: acid solution, though it has a lower product yield than 4:1 phenoxyethanol: acid solution cases. Without biphasic pretreatment, the GWP is 135.8 gCO 2 e/MJ ethanol and 4.4 kgCO 2 e/kg PLA. For the perspective of treating 1 dry t bamboo residues, with biphasic pretreatment, the GWP is −174 to −66 kgCO 2 e for ethanol cases and −542 to −432 kgCO 2 e for PLA cases. The lower GWP is also from using 1:1 phenoxyethanol: acid solution (1%). These GWP ranges are lower than conventional landfilling (2969 kgCO 2 e) and landfilling with landfill gas recovery (−28 kgCO 2 e). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiological stability of medicines is an integral part of their quality, therefore, at the stage of pharmaceutical development, the issues of ensuring microbiological purity should be considered. To this end, various chemicals are added to the composition of semisolid medicines that actively inhibit the growth of microorganisms that enter the pharmaceutical system during production and reuse. Insufficient amount of a preservative can lead to the adaptation of microorganisms, and excess- to increase the toxicity of the drug. In the development of the composition of the anti-allergic action gel containing dimethindene maleate and dexpanthenol in order to select a preservative and its concentration, the following antimicrobial substances have been chosen: phenoxyethanol, benzalkonium chloride, methylparahydroxybenzoate (nipagin, E218), propylparahydroxybenzoate (nipasol, E216) and potassium sorbate (E202). The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of these antimicrobial preservatives in the composition of the gel under study. For microbiological studies 5 samples have been developed: N 1 – gel + phenoxyethanol 0.75%; N 2 – gel + benzalkonium chloride 0.015%; N 3 – gel + nipagin 0.15% + nipasol 0.05%; N 4 – gel + potassium sorbate 0.2%; N 5 – gel without preservatives added. The research used the method for evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives given in SPU 2.0 (Section 5.1.3). As a result of the experiment, it has been determined that the sample of gel without preservative does not meet the requirements of SPU and proved the need to add antimicrobial preservatives to the composition of the developed gel. The results of the study for samples with preservatives phenoxyethanol 0.75%, benzalkonium chloride 0.015%, nipagin 0.15% + nipasol 0.05% completely meet the requirements of SPU on the indicator «antimicrobial effectiveness of preservatives» for medicinal products for external use. An experimental study of the sample with a potassium sorbate 0.2% preservative showed that it did not fully meet the requirements of the above article of SPU. Among the samples that meet the requirements of SPU, the highest antimicrobial efficacy against strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 885-653, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATSC 16404 has shown a sample of 0.75% phenoxyethanol preservative (N 1). Therefore, for further microbiological studies, samples of gels with phenoxyethanol concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% were prepared and the antimicrobial efficacy of these samples has been studied. Based on experimental studies, it has been found that 0.75% is the optimal concentration of phenoxyethanol in the composition of gel containing dimethidene maleate and dexpanthenol. Thus, a complex of studies has been conducted to prove the antimicrobial effectiveness of the phenoxyethanol preservative and its concentration.

A prerequisite for ensuring the quality of medicines is their production in accordance with the rules of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products), one of the most important requirements of which is equipment cleaning. Modern disinfectants that are used for the sanitary processing of technological equipment are multicomponent. These include not only the active substances of disinfectants, but also surfactants, stabilizers. In case of violation of the regimes of final washing of these agents from the surfaces of technological equipment, there is a possibility of their introduction into pharmaceutical products. This problem in Ukraine is practically unexplored due to the lack of effective methods for determining the microconcentrations of disinfectants. Washing and disinfecting agent «Incidin Pro» (active ingredients: N,N-bis- (3-aminopropyl) dodecylamine, benzalkonium chloride, phenoxyethanol) is used to clean pharmaceutical equipment. A risk analysis was carried out and a component for detecting residual amounts of this agent – phenoxyethanol (MAСO – 2.9 μg/ml) was determined. The aim of this work is to develop an easy-to-use, express, selective HPLC method for determining residual amounts of phenoxyethanol in washes. Object of study – phenoxyethanol – a component of washing and disinfecting agent «Incidin Pro». For quantitative determination, high performance liquid chromatography was used. Chromatography was performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity 2D LC System liquid chromatograph (USA) with a UV detector. The optimal conditions for the analysis were experimentally established: chromatographic column (0.10 m x 4.6 mm, filled with octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography (3.5 μm)), eluent composition and its gradient, column temperature (30 °C), wavelength (210 nm) and detection time are required to ensure that all components (including excipients) are exited from the column, selective determination of phenoxyethanol, and minimization of analysis time. The methodology is validated by the following parameters: specificity, linearity, limit of quantification. The specificity of the method is based on the ability to reliably determine the content of phenoxyethanol in the washes, which is achieved by using an external standard. The calibration graph shows that the detection limit of phenoxyethanol is 0.04 μg/ml. The developed method can be recommended for determination of residual quantities of phenoxyethanol in quality control of cleaning of pharmaceutical equipment.

Understanding the molecular dynamics and intermolecular interaction of liquid mixtures can be greatly aided by ultrasonic study. Sound speed and Density of glycols ethers (phenoxyethanol and butoxyethanol) in solutions of a well-known sugar alcohol (d-Mannitol), were measured using the AntonPaar (DSA 5000 M) at concentrations of (0.02, 0.06, and 0.10) mol.kg−1 and fixed experimental pressures (0.1 MPa) over the entire temperature range (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15) K. With the experimental data of velocity and density, a number of additional dependent basic acoustic-thermodynamic parameters, namely Vander Waal’s constant (b), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (Z), adiabatic compressibility (β), Rao’s constant (R), and Wada’s constant (W) have been evaluated. Through these parameters, interactions between solutes and their solvents are expressed in terms of solute-solvent interactions. Research is also done on the solute’s capacity to create or destroy structures in a solvent. The inter-molecular interactions amidst the ternary mixture of glycols ethers and d-mannitol in aqueous medium were analyzed.

A new biphasic organic solvent, phenoxyethanol-maleic acid, was carried out to pretreat and fractionate vinegar residue into glucan, xylan and lignin under mild conditions. Additional effects of key factors, temperature and phenoxyethanol concentration, on vinegar residue, were evaluated. Under the biphasic system (0.5% maleic acid, 60% phenoxyethanol), 140 °C cooking vinegar residue for 1 h, 80.91% of cellulose retention in solid residue, 75.44% of hemicellulose removal and 69.28% of lignin removal were obtained. Optimal identified conditions resulted in maximum XOS of 47.3%. Then, the solid residue was enzymatically digested with a glucose yield of 82.67% at 72 h with the addition of 2.5 g/L bovine serum albumin. Finally, the residue was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD and BET analysis. This work demonstrated the phenoxyethanol-maleic acid pretreatment yielded XOS, fermentable sugar, and lignin with high processibility.

The article presents the literature data and the authors’ own observations on the current state of the issue in the clinical use of octenidine dihydrochloride and phenoxyethanol in thermal burns of the skin in clinical and outpatient surgery.

A new certified reference material has been developed by National Institute of Standards according to ISO Guides 30-35 and ISO 17034:2016 for preservatives in cosmetic cream to be used for validation and verification of analytical methods, proficiency testing and as internal quality control sample for quality assurance in testing laboratories. The material was prepared gravimetrically and mass fraction of each analyte was confirmed be validated liquid chromatographic method. The material along with analytes homogeneity and stability were completely evaluated. The certified value of phenoxyethanol, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl paraben and their corresponding expanded uncertainties (k = 2.0) were found (0.500±0.017) %, (0.150±0.006) %, (0.051±0.003) %, (0.101±0.004) % and (0.050 ±0.003) %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple and rapid method for the quantitative determination of the antimicrobial preservative 2-phenoxyethanol, based on reverse phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The validation was performed according the ICH Q2 guideline "Validation of Analytical Procedures". The desired chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Symmetry C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using an isocratic elution, with detection at 270 nm wavelength. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water (55:45, v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The calibration curve and the analytical procedure are linear (r 2 = 0.999) from the concentration of 0.07 mg/mL to 1.1 mg/mL. The percent relative standard deviation for intra- and inter-day precision was <1%. The recovery of 2-phenoxyethanol in vaccines ranged between 96.5 and 100.60%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1.3 × 10−4 and 2.7 × 10−4 mg/mL, respectively. The method was found to be robust by changing the column working temperature, the percentage of acetonitrile of the mobile phase and the flow rate. The validated method can be successfully and reliably used to quantify as well as to exclude presence of 2-phenoxyethanol preservative in marketed vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embalming fixatives such as formaldehyde and phenol have been associated with occupational health hazards. While anatomists aim at replacing these chemicals, this seems presently unfeasible in particular for formaldehyde. Furthermore, fixation protocols usually require well‐equipped facilities with highly experienced staff to achieve good fixation results in spite of only a minimal use of formaldehyde. Combining these aspects, a technique robust enough to be carried out by morticians is presented, resulting in durable tissues with minimal formaldehyde use. An embalming protocol involving phenoxyethanol was established, using concentrations of 7 and 1.5 Vol% of phenoxyethanol in the fixative and the conservation fluid, respectively. Visual, haptic, histological, and biomechanical properties and their perceived potential to positively influence student learning outcomes were compared to standard embalming techniques. The phenoxyethanol technique provides esthetic, durable, and odorless tissues. Bleaching is less pronounced compared to ethanol‐ or formaldehyde‐based protocols. The tissues remain pliable following the phenoxyethanol‐based embalming and can be used for biomechanical experiments to some extent. Phenoxyethanol‐fixed tissues are well suited for undergraduate teaching with perceived positive learning outcomes and partly for postgraduate training. Phenoxyethanol tissues provide the option to obtain well‐preserved histology samples, similar to those derived from formaldehyde. The provided protocol helps replace the use of phenol and formaldehyde for conservation purposes and minimizes the use of formaldehyde for the initial injection fixation. Phenoxyethanol‐based embalming forms an effective alternative to standard embalming techniques for human cadavers. It is simple to use, allowing fixation procedures to be carried out in less sophisticated facilities with non‐anatomy staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating inks of suspicion is one of the important areas in document analysis. Dating involves the detection of changes in the structure of the ink on documents over time using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. For detection, validated analytical methods must be used. The laboratory must apply these developed methods to samples with known age and preserving conditions (temperature, humidity, light) and create a time curve. In this study; Thermal Desorption- Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV) systems were used simultaneously. Phenoxyethanol, which was used as a solvent and dyes (crystal violet, methyl violet, tetramethyl pararosaniline and victorian blue) within the structure of the ink were detected in 20 different brands and models of blue pens. Methods were developed in thermal desorber-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy for the detection of phenoxyethanol, and for the detection of dyes, methods were developed in high pressure liquid chromatography. Using the developed method, ink samples from 900 documents composed between 1999-2005 with different pens were analyzed. Aging curve was drawn by calculating the dye ratio (peak area of crystal violet/peak area of methyl violet). The combined methods that determine both solvents and dyes are the ones that present the most reproducible results over longer periods after the ink has been deposited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Density and speed of sound of 2-BE/2-PhE in aqueous maltitol. • Discussion on solute–solvent interactions. • Solutes act as structure breaker as well as structure maker. • FT-IR spectra recorded to analyses the structural changes occurred in the mixed system. In this study, interactions occurring among solute and solvent in aqueous solutions containing maltitol and 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PhE) as a solute were studied (Viz volumetric, acoustic and spectroscopic study). Density, ρ , and speed of sound, s , of 2-BE and 2-PhE in aqueous solutions of maltitol with concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) mol ∙ k g - 1 were measured at various temperatures ranging from 288.15 K to 308.15 K at 0.1 MPa. The data was used to calculate acoustic and thermodynamic parameters, such as the apparent molar volume (V ϕ), apparent molar isentropic compression (K ϕ , s ), partial molar volume (V ϕ 0) and partial molar isentropic compression at infinite dilution (K ϕ , s 0). This analysis helped us understand the solvation behaviour of maltitol, which is a key component in sugar-free products. Additionally, the co-sphere overlap model was used to examine several intermolecular interactions in the ternary systems. We investigated the partial molar expansibilities (E ϕ 0) and their first-order derivatives ∂ E ϕ 0 / ∂ T p to examine the solute's structure-making and structure-breaking properties. Finally, we also carried out spectroscopic studies for both binary and ternary mixtures. The observed molar properties indicate the presence of significant interactions between the solute and solvent components within the ternary mixture. This is further supported by the positive values of partial molar expansibility. Moreover, the partial molar properties of the mixture strongly imply the occurrence of hydrogen bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to investigate first-care procedures for the newborn’s umbilical cord at maternity hospitals in Slovenia and Croatia. The study was based on an empirical survey research approach and quantitative research paradigms and included all Slovenian (n=14) and all Croatian (n=35) maternity hospitals. Leaders of midwifery team of 14 Slovenian and 35 Croatian labor wards were invited to participate. The study was conducted in 2013, with 67% of Slovenian and 66% of Croatian maternity hospitals having responded. A causal and non-experimental method of empirical research was used. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used on data analysis. The independence hypothesis was tested with the χ2-test or Kullback 2Î-test. A vast majority of study wards employed delayed umbilical cord clamping, i.e. clamping the cord after pulsation had ceased. Only 10% of Slovenian in comparison with 36.4% of Croatian maternity hospitals practiced dry cord care. Others applied disinfectant on the cord, in Slovenia most frequently 6% potassium permanganate, and in Croatia a combination of octenidine and phenoxyethanol. Most Croa-tian ­maternity wards (95.7%) still covered the stump, while it was not regular practice in Slovenia. The authors estimate that the prevailing Slovenian and Croatian practices in regard to cord clamping are in accordance with the evidence, while improvements could be made regarding stump care, since dry cord care is the recommended method.

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surfactants in a mixed concentrated (∼30 wt% and higher)-surfactant system self-assemble to form a variety of liquid crystal (lc) types depending the lc curvature determined by the surfactant chemistries and their relative compositions. Preservatives, fragrances and other minor additives present in an industrial formulation can either incorporate into the lc and/or influence the aqueous phase ionic strength to alter the spatial arrangements of the surfactants and the lc curvature. These mechanisms could additively or competitively determine the lc curvature and thereby the lc types formed. We report on the mechanisms for preservatives Phenoxyethanol (PE) and Sodium benzoate (NaB) governing the lc phase behavior for a mixed concentrated-surfactant system: 16 wt% zwitterionic Cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), and 7 wt% each of anionic Sodium Lauroyl isethionate (SLI), Sodium Methyl Lauroyl Taurate (SMLT), and 6 wt% Lauric acid. The lc type(s), the lc dimensions including inter- lc distances were derived from SAXS and polarized microscopy images. The predominant lc phase without preservatives was H 1 lc , while anionic SLI and SLMT present in excess were insoluble to form dispersed crystals. The addition of PE molecules resulted in their incorporation in the lc surfactant film to cause a transition to micelles, and Lα lc due to incorporation-induced flattening of the film. NaB molecules prevented micelles formation and preserved the H 1 lc by serving as a hydrotropic agent. The NOESY spectra for the lc systems with PE or NaB at 0–3 wt% confirmed incorporation of PE in surfactant film as opposed to NaB. For both PE and NaB present in a lc system, the dominance of hydrotropic nature of NaB causing film bending rather than the film flattening effect of PE at low (∼1 wt%) PE levels resulted in H 1 lc as the predominant phase, and reduced dominance of film bending effect at a high PE level (≥ 2 wt%) led to the formation of Lα lc. [Display omitted] • The predominant lc (liquid crystal) was H1 for a concentration surfactant system. • Phenoxyethanol molecules incorporated in the lc to transition it into worm-like micelles, and Lα. • NaB molecules prevented worm-like micelles formation and preserved the H 1 lc. • The film flattening effect of PE at low (∼1 wt%) levels resulted in H1 lc as the main phase • Reduced film bending effect at a high PE level (≥ 2 wt%) led to the Lα lc as the main phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: case report; contact urticaria; phenoxyethanol EN case report contact urticaria phenoxyethanol 63 64 2 12/21/22 20230101 NES 230101 CASE REPORT A 29-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of recurrent episodes of urticarial reactions affecting her face. Contact urticaria caused by phenoxyethanol in ultrasound gel. Her clinical presentation, exposure history and positive short contact patch testing results were consistent with a diagnosis of contact urticaria to phenoxyethanol. [Extracted from the article]

Ink dating is a significant problem in terms of forensic science. Ballpoint pens are generally used as writing tools on the documents. Aging is determination of the changes in dyes and solvents in the composition of ink over time by analytical methods. The evaporation of the solvents from the paper surface is faster than the decomposition process of the dyes. In this study, in 2017, we were asked by the court to determine whether the texts on the suspicious pages of an agenda dated 1996 were written within 2 years or earlier. Phenoxyethanol and dyes were examined in the composition of all suspected ink samples. The results show the determination of both the decomposition process of the dyes and the evaporation process of phenoxyethanol in the aging of the document entries written by ballpoint pen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Antimicrobial testing is a time consuming and cost-intensive but essential method for evaluation of newly developed pharmaceutical formulations for topical use. In this study the correlation between free preservative concentration in emulsion gels measured by equilibrium dialysis and the successful preservative effectiveness testing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis (analyzed according to Ph. Eur. and USP) was investigated. The higher the lipophilicity of the oil phase and the lower the content of the aqueous phase with regard to dissolved ingredients the more preferably distributed is phenoxyethanol to the water phase and, consequently, the higher was the efficacy against the microbes. Increased emulsifier concentrations reduced the free amount of the preservative due to micellar interactions. Aspergillus brasiliensis was the most resistant and Staphylococcus aureus the most sensitive germ towards phenoxyethanol in o/w-emulsion gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octenidine dihydrochloride is an effective antiseptic compound which mode of action is based on destabilization plasma membrane of microorganisms. This ensures that microorganisms cannot develop the drug resistance in a straightforward way, as the entire cellular structure, rather than specific molecular target is affected. Since the octenidine is a hydrophobic compound, it requires organic solvent such as phenoxyethanol in order to be effectively administered. However, the presence of phenoxyethanol has strong irritating effect, particularly when applied on open wounds and mucous membranes. Phospholipids are known as neutral excipients free of side effects and in their aggregated form may serve as solvent for octenidine. In this article, we propose a new antiseptic formulation composed of equimolar ratio of lipids and octenidine. The resulting particles are ∼4 nm in diameter showing that their topology is different from that known for liposomes. The new formulation has proven to be equally effective as octenidine dihydrochloride formulation marketed under the name of Octenisept®. The main advantage of the new formulation is that it does not contain phenoxyethanol, which opens new possibilities for broader application spectrum of octenidine, including treatments of mucous membranes and open wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common contaminant associated with product recalls in the home and personal care industry. Preservation systems are used to prevent spoilage and protect consumers, but greater knowledge is needed of preservative resistance mechanisms used by P. aeruginosa contaminants. We aimed to identify genetic pathways associated with preservative exposure by using an industrial P. aeruginosa strain and implementing RNA-Seq to understand gene expression changes in response to industry relevant conditions. The consistent differential expression of five genetic pathways during exposure to multiple industrial growth conditions associated with benzisothiazolone (BIT) and phenoxyethanol (POE) preservatives, and a laundry detergent (LD) formulation, was observed. A MexPQ-OpmE Resistance Nodulation Division efflux pump system was commonly upregulated in response to POE, a combination of BIT and POE, and LD together with BIT. In response to all industry conditions, a putative sialic acid transporter and isoprenoid biosynthesis gnyRDBHAL operon demonstrated consistent upregulation. Two operons phnBA and pqsEDCBA involved in Pseudomonas quinolone signaling production and quorum-sensing were also consistently downregulated during exposure to all the industry conditions. The ability to identify consistently differentially expressed genetic pathways in P. aeruginosa can inform the development of future targeted preservation systems that maintain product safety and minimise resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Phenoxyethanol is a widely used preservative in personal care products. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1) on cell membrane is activated by TRPV1 agonist capsaicin resulting in an opening of the channel for calcium influx, which is linked with neurosensory sensations characterized by itching, burning and stinging of skin. Whether uncomfortable skin sensations caused by phenoxyethanol claimed by people having sensitive skin are also due to activation of TRPV1 has not been reported in the literature. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the TRPV1 is involved in the induction of itching and burning sensation by phenoxyethanol. Methods and materials The effect of phenoxyethanol on TRPV1 was assessed in vitro on HaCaT cells. The activation of TRPV1 and its inhibition by a TRPV1 antagonist were evaluated by cellular calcium influx. TRPV1 protein expression was also investigated by Western blot. In vivo in a split-face study, phenoxyethanol formulated at 1% was compared to a formulation additionally containing a TRPV1 antagonist. By applying the formulations to the nasolabial fold, the scores of phenoxyethanol-induced sensations were compared to those of the TRPV1 antagonist. Results In vitro phenoxyethanol induced calcium influx in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner after 20 min. This effect was abolished by a solution containing the TRPV1 antagonist trans-tert-butyl cyclohexanol ( ID1609). Phenoxyethanol had no effect on the expression of TRPV1, whereas capsaicin caused a significant downregulation of this receptor in the same experiment. In vivo 1% phenoxyethanol induced a skin burning and itching sensation in a cohort of 60 of 243 Chinese female subjects being sensitive to phenoxyethanol discomfort. The uncomfortable skin sensations were significantly inhibited by ID1609. Conclusions Different to capsaicin, phenoxyethanol did not downregulate the expression of TRPV1 in HaCaT cells, suggesting that different regulatory mechanisms may exist for capsaicin and phenoxyethanol. Our experiments demonstrated that phenoxyethanol induces skin misperception and uncomfortable skin sensations like itching and burning comparable to capsaicin via activating TRPV1. The stimulation was inhibited by blocking TRPV1 with ID1609. The present data strengthened hitherto studies that TRPV1 plays a critical role in sensitive skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]